Plan D'actions En Faveur De La Flore Remarquable Du Parc Naturel

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Plan D'actions En Faveur De La Flore Remarquable Du Parc Naturel Pour des raisons de confidentialité les fiches de suivi et localisations précises des stations ont été retirés de cette version du rapport. Si vous désirez plus d’informations merci de contacter le Parc naturel régional de Brière ou le Conservatoire botanique national de Brest. Plan d’actions en faveur de la flore remarquable du Parc naturel régional de Brière - 2017 - MASSARD Olivier, Parc naturel régional de Brière MESNAGE Cécile, Conservatoire botanique national de Brest MARQUET Matthieu, Parc naturel régional de Brière Avec la collaboration de, LACHAUD Aurélia, Bretagne Vivante SEPNB D’HIER Guillaume, SANDER Giovanni, BADIE Thomas, DUBOIS Théo, PnrB 1 Table des matières Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 1. Préambule ................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Le Parc naturel régional de Brière ................................................................ 4 1.2. Les 15 plantes remarquables du plan d’actions .............................................10 1.3. Contributions ...........................................................................................11 2. Méthodologie d’inventaire et d’élaboration du Plan d’actions .............................12 2.1. Rassemblement des données .....................................................................12 2.2. Protocole d’inventaire ...............................................................................12 3. Résultats ....................................................................................................15 3.1. Bilan général – Effort de prospection ..........................................................15 3.2. Bilan spécifique et répartition des 15 plantes remarquables ciblées .................15 3.3. Approche spécifique : le cahier d’espèces ....................................................19 3.4. Synthèse par communauté végétale ...........................................................20 3.5. Les principales menaces ............................................................................22 4. Principales préconisations de gestion .............................................................25 4.1. Préconisations par entité géographique .......................................................25 4.2. Les moyens mobilisables ...........................................................................30 4.3. Spatialisation des enjeux ...........................................................................30 4.4. Synthèse du plan d’actions par espèce ........................................................31 5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................32 Cahier d’espèces ................................................................................................33 Orchis des marais .................................................................................................34 Ail des landes .......................................................................................................45 Canche des marais ...............................................................................................55 Laîche filiforme .....................................................................................................66 Thorelle ...............................................................................................................79 Crypsis piquant ....................................................................................................89 Etoile d'eau ........................................................................................................ 100 Cicendie naine .................................................................................................... 113 Gentiane des marais ........................................................................................... 123 Isoète épineux ................................................................................................... 133 Littorelle à une fleur ............................................................................................ 142 Ophioglosse des Açores ....................................................................................... 153 Pilulaire ............................................................................................................. 165 Renoncule blanche .............................................................................................. 173 Troscart des marais ............................................................................................ 183 Acronymes ........................................................................................................ 193 Bibliographie ...................................................................................................... 194 2 Introduction Le territoire du Parc naturel régional de Brière (PnrB) recèle un patrimoine naturel exceptionnel, qui s’exprime notamment à travers l’étendue et la richesse de ses zones humides, que sont les marais de Brière, du Brivet et du Mès. La reconnaissance de la valeur patrimoniale de ces zones humides et de leur importance pour le maintien de la biodiversité a été confirmée par de nombreux classements et labellisations régionales, nationales et internationales : Site Ramsar, Natura 2000, Réserve naturelle régionale... Certaines zones humides bocagères en périphérie des marais présentent également une biodiversité exceptionnelle, c’est le cas entre autres des landes humides et tourbières. Malheureusement, ce patrimoine exceptionnel est menacé par de nombreuses pressions dont la prolifération d’espèces allochtones, les changements de modes de gestion, la dégradation des masses d’eau, l’urbanisation… (charte du PnrB 2014-2026). Conscient des enjeux de conservation sur son territoire, le PnrB a identifié dans les mesures phares de sa charte 2014-2026 la participation à la conservation des milieux et espèces remarquables dans la continuité de ses chartes précédentes. Parmi les enjeux de biodiversité, la flore et les habitats revêtent un intérêt majeur avec plus de 900 taxons identifiés sur le territoire du parc, 170 espèces d’un intérêt patrimonial élevé dont 50 sont protégées et 6 font l’objet d’un plan de conservation ou d’action à l’échelle régionale ou nationale. De nombreux travaux ont fortement contribué à la connaissance sur la flore et les habitats de Brière (Dupont et François, 1978 ; Clément et al., 1982 ; Magnanon, 1991 ; Persici, 1997 ; Lachaud 1998, 2012, 2014, 2015 ; Blond, 1999, 2002, 2005 et 2006 ; Guitton et al., 2007 ; Pouvreau et Marquet, 2009). Il en ressort que les habitats de gazons amphibies et de prairies humides oligotrophes concentrent une part importante des enjeux de conservation pour la flore remarquable présente sur le territoire du PnrB. La richesse de ces groupements s'explique notamment par l'hétérogénéité des milieux, des facteurs écologiques tels que l’oligotrophie et la situation charnière de la Brière sur 4 territoires biogéographiques. Ces habitats sont par ailleurs fortement menacés d’évolutions et de dégradations en lien notamment avec les pratiques de gestion, les facteurs hydrologiques et les risques liés aux espèces invasives animales et végétales. L’objectif de ce travail est tout d’abord d’affiner notre connaissance sur la répartition, l’écologie et l’état de conservation de 15 plantes remarquables présentes sur le territoire du PnrB. Les espèces retenues ont été choisies car elles sont d’un fort intérêt patrimonial et sont liées aux gazons amphibies, landes et prairies humides oligotrophes comme une part importante de la flore remarquable du PnrB. Le Crypsis piquant est une exception, ce dernier lié aux pelouses eutrophiles, a été retenu parce qu’il bénéficie d’un plan régional de conservation, comme l’Ail des landes, l’Ophioglosse des Açores et l’Isoète épineux. 3 Le présent plan vise à proposer pour ces espèces des mesures de gestion adaptées à l’échelle de la station ou de l’habitat. Les propositions de gestion ont vocation à compléter les plans de conservation déjà existants en apportant des précisions à l’échelle du PnrB, à affiner le cahier des charges des mesures agroenvironnementales et climatiques, à contribuer à la définition des futurs plans de gestion des réserves naturelles régionales, à contribuer au volet flore patrimoniale du pacte local de lutte contre le développement de la Jussie et à « prioriser » les actions de conservation des espèces et milieux remarquables de la charte du PnrB. 1. Préambule 1.1. Le Parc naturel régional de Brière 1.1.1. Localisation Le Parc naturel régional de Brière a été créé en 1970, c’est l’un des plus anciens Parcs naturels régionaux français. Il est localisé en Loire Atlantique dans la région des Pays de la Loire. Il couvre une surface de 54 800 ha répartie sur 20 communes (Figure 1). Figure 1 : Le territoire administratif du PnrB 1.1.2. Géologie Le territoire du PnrB s’inscrit dans l’histoire géologique de la Bretagne méridionale au cœur d’une dépression étendue qui va du Golfe du Morbihan au nord-ouest, jusqu’au lac de Grand-Lieu au sud-est. Le socle est principalement constitué par des roches métamorphiques. A l’est ce sont les micaschistes qui forment l’essentiel des affleurements de Besné, Donges et Montoir et à l’ouest, ces micaschistes viennent butter contre les 4 granites de Guérande. La grande surface actuellement marécageuse résulte du comblement d’un ensemble
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