A Brief History of Transfer Printed Tiles by Wendy Harvey

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Brief History of Transfer Printed Tiles by Wendy Harvey A Brief History of Transfer Printed Tiles By Wendy Harvey ass produced or a glue bat. The im- Mtransfer printed age could then be fired tiles trace their history at a relatively low tem- to the tiles first pro- perature for a very brief duced by printer John time (15 minutes). This Sadler and his partner method had the obvi- Guy Green in the year ous advantage of has- 1756. On a sworn af- tening production both fidavit Sadler states in decoration and fir- “without the aid or as- ing. However, since the sistance of any person decoration was placed or persons, did, within atop the tin glaze it was the space of six hours, subsequently much less to wit, betwixt the hours durable and subject to of nine in the morning wear. and three in the after- noon of the same day, The first decorations print upwards of twelve that Sadler and Green Fireplace Surround w/ Sadler & Green Tiles. hundred earthenware produced were reminis- tiles of different patterns, at Liverpoole [sic] aforesaid, and cent of Dutch tiles. Since there was huge demand for blue which as these depondents have heard and believe, were painted Dutch tiles originating from Liverpool as well as more in number and better and neater, than one hundred from Holland, it is easy to see that this was an obvious skillful pot painters could have painted in the like space of attempt to compete in a well established marketplace. In time in the common and usual way.” (Van Lemmon p.127) fact, a certificate by Thomas Shaw and Samuel Gilbody, at- tached to the Sadler affidavit, states, “We are also assured Using available handmade white tin glazed delftware that the Dutch may by this improvement be considerably tiles, John Sadler applied the newly developed method undersold.” (Van Lemmon p.128) The original Dutch de- of printing on ceramics to tiles. This printing method al- sign “copies” were soon abandoned and tile designs in- lowed for an image engraved onto a copper plate or cut cluded romantic themes, genre scenes, ships, fables and from a wood block to be transferred to a tile using paper fashionable society encapsulated by elaborate or scrolled 2 Examples of early 19th Century Sadler and Green Tiles. TCC Bulletin 17 health following the cholera epidem- ics of 1831-32 and 1848-49. These epidemics provided the impetus for changes in the sewage system and the first public sewers were built in 1858- 1874 replacing open cesspools. Up- per class homes had indoor toilets and bathrooms by mid century and most homes had indoor plumbing by the end of the century. Believing that the odors in the air carried diseases, reformers began ad- vocating for building with non-porous surfaces just as city planners were ad- vocating for non-flammable building materials following several devastating city fires, including one at the Palace of Westminster in 1834. Doctors and architects campaigned for the use of tiles as practical, beautiful, and wash- The Crystal Palace, London, site of the Great Exposition of 1851: able for use in the new bathrooms, Minton tiles featured there were seen by 10s of thousands of English kitchens, sculleries and food shops. consumers. Style advocates and trendsetters urged the use of tiles around the fireplace. and twisted borders were produced. transfer printed tiles until the middle The tiles were printed in black, red or of the nineteenth century. Desire for tiles was fostered in the brown as the traditional Dutch cobalt rapidly increasing middle classes by their exposure to the Great Exposition blue oxide proved difficult to use on The New Age of copper plates. of the Works of Industry of All Nations The business expanded and Sadler transfer printed tiles of 1851. Championed by Prince Al- and Green began a partnership with bert, the exhibition building covered Josiah Wedgwood and started fairly Beginning in 1828, Herbert Minton, 700,000 square feet and hosted 17,000 extensive decoration of Wedgwood’s son of Thomas Minton founder of the exhibitors from countries as far away creamware even at the expense of firm, became interested in encaustic as China. Minton displayed a huge se- their own tile making. Over the next tile production. His interest coincid- years, others makers started produc- ed with a renewed interest in Gothic tion of printed tiles and, after 12 years, architecture and technological inno- Wedgwood started his own facility for vations. Herbert had the foresight to printing creamware and tiles. anticipate the market for tiles and the Transfer printed Sadler and Green wealth and business savvy to do so. tiles were not only used in England, Extolling the virtues of tile, he used they were also exported. Fine colo- his club connections with prominent nial homes in America used Sadler and architects and Prince Albert to create Green tiles around the fireplaces and demand and cachet. Following the more examples of Sadler and Green club demonstration, Queen Victoria tiles remain in situ here than in Eng- and Prince Albert used Minton encaus- land. As anticipated by Shaw and Gil- tic floor tiles in their home on the Isle body, Sadler and Green’s use of trans- of Wight. Building on his successes, fer printing contributed to the demise Minton soon expanded his production of the British delftware industry. into transfer printed and relief wall Transfer printed tin-glazed tile use tiles. He was quickly joined by other declined in the 1780’s. This may have tile producers. been due to changing fashion or the Portrait of Herbert Minton, Concurrent with the significant tendency for the tiles to craze when who’s foresight brought the Min- mechanical advances that made mass exposed to heat or the previously men- ton Pottery to the forefront of production of tiles possible, there was tion lack of durability. This decline in English tile production. tin-glazed tile use signaled the end of an increased awareness of disease and 18 TCC Bulletin lection of wall and floor tiles at the ex- hibition. One third of the population of Great Britain at the time, 6.2 million people, attended. They were brought to the exposition from the countryside by the newly constructed railroads which made transportation faster and safer. Telegraphs and newspapers spread the excitement and wonders of the exhibition throughout the world. England was the most powerful nation in Europe in 1850 and exerted enormous worldwide influence. Eng- lish building throughout the Empire and world expansion created a ready Transfer decorated tiles from the last quarter of the 19th Century. marketplace for tiles. Steamships en- sured quick and dependable transport In 1876, the Philadelphia Exhibi- Partial Bibliography: of goods. As early as 1838, the use of tion included elaborate displays of Atterbury, P. and Batkin, M., The steamships had reduced the travel time English tiles from 15 tile and 13 terra Dictionary of Minton Suffolk 1990 to cross the Atlantic to a mere 19 days. cotta companies. These impressive Austwick, J.&B. The Decorated Tile displays of tiles gave rise to the Ameri- London 1980 Transfer printing which used one can tile industry and by 1885 there Barnard, J. Victorian Ceramic Tiles color and the similar block printing were at least 25 American tile produc- London 1972 process which used many colors en- ers. Drawing on the expertise of the Batkin, M. Wedgwood Ceramics abled a wide variety of patterns and British tile industry, most of the Ameri- 1846-1959 London 1981 design subjects to be produced effi- can companies were started with Eng- Herbert,T.& Huggins,K. The Deco- ciently and economically. Minton and lish potters, artists, and ceramicists, rative Tile London 1995 the other tile manufactures employed and initial American tiles were similar Lewis, G. A Collector’s History of both in-house and free lance artists or identical copies of English produc- English Pottery Suffolk 1992 to design and/or engrave scenes both tion. Very quickly, however, the U.S. Lockett, T. Collecting Victorian Tiles historic and imagined. Artists drew tile makers developed unique products Suffolk 1979 upon interests of the era such as the and glazes. The American tile indus- Van Lemmon, H. Delftware Tiles natural world, history, ancient civiliza- try was a significant one until about London 1997 tions, literature, and science. Tile out- 1929, but very few transfer printed Van Lemmon, H. Tiles, 1,000 Years put during the last half of the century tiles were ever produced here. of Architectural Decoration London was extensive and both the quality and 1993 quantity produced remains unrivaled to this day. English Tiles in America America proved to be a fertile mar- ketplace for English tiles for the same reasons they were used in England, and many English tile companies had offices and/or representatives in major U.S. cities. American fashion for tiles was, in part, created by the writings of Andrew Jackson Downing, a promi- nent American landscape designer, writer and advocate of the Gothic Re- vival style in the U.S. In 1850, he pub- lished an extremely influential book entitled; “The Architecture of Country Mintons Tile display at the 1876 Philadelphia (Centennial) Exposition, Houses.” In his book, Downing advo- one of a number of English tile displays credited with igniting the cated the extensive use of tiles. American tile industry, which thrived until 1929. TCC Bulletin 19.
Recommended publications
  • Ceramics Handling Collection
    Ceramics handling collection . Ceramics handling collection Teachers notes Welcome to the National Museum of Scotland. Our ceramics handling collection contains 17 pieces from our collection and we encourage everyone to enjoy looking at and touching the objects to find out all about them. These notes include: • Background information on ceramics. • Details about each piece. • Ideas for questions, things to think about and to discuss with your group. NMS Good handling guide The collection is used by lots of different groups so we’d like your help to keep the collection in good condition. Please follow these guidelines for working with the objects and talk them through with your group. 1 Always wear gloves when handling the objects (provided) 2 Always hold objects over a table and hold them in two hands 3 Don’t touch or point at objects with pencils, pens or other sharp objects 4 Check the objects at the start and the end of your session 5 Please report any missing or broken items using the enclosed form National Museum of Scotland Teachers’ Resource Pack Ceramics handling collection What are ceramics? • Ceramics are objects made from clay mixed with water and then fired in a kiln. • There are three types of ceramics: porcelain, stoneware and earthenware (pottery). • Ceramics have been made for thousands of years. The oldest known ceramics are animal and human figures that date to around 24,000BC. • Ceramics are used for many purposes - vases, tiles and sculptures. One of the most common uses is for tableware - plates, bowls, cups etc. • Ceramics can be for practical or decorative purposes – or both at the same time! • Ceramics can be made by one person or in a factory, where groups of people design, make and decorate the objects.
    [Show full text]
  • “Wanted - Blue Willow in Any Color” Blue and White, Blue Willow, Flow Blue and Asiatic Pheasants China
    “Wanted - Blue Willow in any Color” Blue and White, Blue Willow, Flow Blue and Asiatic Pheasants China away in Etruria, Josiah Wedgwood had created a fine new white earthenware, known as pearl ware, which had a lovely smooth surface, ideal to print on. By 1784 Spode was using his improved printing process to create lovely designs on this new pearl ware. For the first time a potter was making quality earthenware with beautiful designs, which would not wear off or fade from use, as they were under the glaze. It was tableware that was both durable and affordable and a mass market was born. y Transfer Printing rust.) Conceptually, transfer printing is simple, but to be suc- y potter T cessful it depends on the skill of execution. First select your design and ask your highly skilled engraver to care- fully engrave the design on a copper printing plate. After 6 to 8 weeks of painstaking work the engraver has finished one printing plate, which will be used to decorate the din- ner plate. He now starts to engrave the next copper plate to be used for the lunch plate and so his work goes on. tesy of Spode Museum Taking the freshly engraved plate, you hand it to your s working in a 19th Centur equally skilled printer, who covers the printing plate with er warm printing ink mixed with cobalt, wipes off the excess err awing cour ink leaving just the engraved lines and hatchings full of ansf r (Dr T ink, then prints an exact image onto fine, but strong tissue paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Gallery Guide Marx-Lambert Collection Compton Verney
    Gallery Guide Marx-Lambert Collection Compton Verney Please return to the gallery after use 1 Marx-Lambert Collection Gallery Guide Marx-Lambert Collection Compton Verney The Marx-Lambert Collection Gallery Guide and re-display was Written and compiled by made possible by funding from: Dr Steven Parissien, Director and Penelope Sexton, Curator The DCMS/Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund Compton Verney and With support from The Estate of Enid Marx Gallery guide: Designed by Anne Odling-Smee and Ana Gomes, O-SB Design, London Marx-Lambert Galleries: Curated by Penelope Sexton, Compton Verney Designed by O-SB Design, London and Jeremy Akerman All works by Enid Marx © The Estate of Enid Marx Photographs by Harminder Judge All other works © Compton Verney Photographs by Harminder Judge Photograph of Enid Marx © University of Brighton Design Archives Introduction 7 Biography 8 Collection Introduction 9 Cooking Utensils and Decorative Containers 10 Eating and Drinking 14 Furniture 28 Ornaments 32 Pictures 42 Textiles 48 Toys and Miscellanea 52 Introduction Enid Crystal Dorothy Marx (1902–1998) was one of the brightest stars to emerge from the Design School of London’s Royal College of Art (RCA) during the interwar years. Her generation at the RCA – an outstanding cohort which artist and RCA tutor Paul Nash (1889–1946) subsequently hymned as ‘an outbreak of talent’ – included her close friends Eric Ravilious (1903–1942) and Edward Bawden (1903–1989), as well as future giants of British painting such as John Piper (1902–1992). Marx’s own artistic talents were prodigious: she excelled as a textile designer, an author, designer and illustrator of children’s books, a printmaker and a painter.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Description of English Porcelain Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH PORCELAIN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK William Burton | 277 pages | 01 Jun 1988 | E.P. Publishing | 9780854099023 | English | United Kingdom History and Description of English Porcelain PDF Book Twitchett, John. Ltd : Hanley, , earthenware, ironstone, etc. Mackenzie, Sir Compton. Brears, Peter C. Hughes, G. Blue and White Transfer Ware, A Qing plate depicts Christ being baptized by John—with magnolia trees blossoming in the background. Today, one can still marvel at the strange game of decorative, Orientalist telephone that this development created. King, William. Reprint Philadelphia: Seifer, Both the French and the English porcelain of the 18th century is of the artificial kind using powdered glass - with the frequent addition in England of ash from charred bones, beginning the specifically British tradition of bone china. Pine, Lynda and Nicholas Pine. This level of materialism, after all, is never about necessity. During the 17th century imports of china become much more common, particularly of delicate wares to accomodate Europe's new craze of tea-drinking. Spode logo since London: Chapman and Hall, In general a better substance. John, Willliam D. Crown Derby Porcelain. This is despite it being fired at the same high vitrifying temperature as hard-paste porcelain. A Century of Potting in the City of Worcester from I am doing my best to raise the phoenix from the ashes with my ongoing company making English bone china figurines. Another patent was applied for by Frye on 17 November , and the specification was enrolled 17 March Since the site had been a 'potworks' and at the time of the Spode purchase it was described as including: ' potworks potovens pothouses workhouses warehouses compting house… '.
    [Show full text]
  • China Paint & Overglaze Ebook
    CHINA PAINT & OVERGLAZE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Paul Lewing | 238 pages | 01 Mar 2007 | American Ceramic Society | 9781574982695 | English | none China Paint & Overglaze PDF Book Not for use with dry grounding materials The ferrule brushes generally dont need conditioning Southwell, Sheila. In his company began to make a fine hard-paste porcelain in small quantities. A light violet may turn into a dark blue, and a pale pink into a brown-crimson. On the other hand, using a thick viscous medium can hold substantially more powder and thus result in a heavy layer of paint on the glazed surface. Kakiemon dish, Arita, porcelain with overglaze enamels c. Continuing a family tradition of the finest in china painting. Chinese University Press. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Also, lead can significantly alter the color of some yellows, reds, browns and greens. Consider using a ceramic tile as your palette. Ended: 04 Dec, GMT. The acrylics dry to a hard finish and are difficult to remove once they dry. The J. Learn about Hispano-Philippine ivories on Wed. Do what I laughingly call the "kitty-butt wiggle" Related sponsored items Feedback on our suggestions - Related sponsored items. Outline drawn in water-based OHP pen. A factory for white tin-glazed soft porcelain was founded at Chantilly around A fairly long bristle of about an inch or so is prefered over a short detail brush. An image is drawn with a greasy crayon on a smooth stone or zinc surface, which is then wetted. The Great Artists of China Decoration.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than Meets the Eye
    MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE The Archeology Of Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas Prepared By Author William J. Hunt, Jr. Midwest Archeological Center Technichal Report 102 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center Lincoln, Nebraska 2008 Cover Caption Hot Springs National Sanitorium, Ark. Arlington Hotel, Central Ave. and Bath House Row in 1888 “Postcard printed by Eastern National based on a poster by J.R. Buckingham and printed in 1888 by Woodward and Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis. This report has been reviewed against the criteria contained in 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 (a) (1) and, upon recommendation of the Midwest Regional Office and the Midwest Archeological Center, has been classified as Available Making the report available meets the criteria of 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 (a) (1). MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE The Archeology Of Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas By William J. Hunt, Jr. Midwest Archeological Center Technical Report No. 102 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Midwest Archeological Center United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center Lincoln, Nebraska 2008 hot sprinGS ABSTRACT For many, the oldest “park” managed by the federal government is not Yellowstone National Park (set aside in 1872) but Hot Springs National Park (HOSP) in Arkansas. Congress set aside the hot springs and adjoining mountains here as a federal reservation in 1832 to protect the resource and preserve it for public use. For centuries before this, the hot springs may have used by Native Americans, their occupations having little impact on the resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting Canadian Hand Painted Porcelain from the 1880’S Onwards1 O Colecţie De Porţelan Pictat De Mână În Canada De La 1880 Până În Prezent
    MUZEUL NAŢIONAL Vol. XX 2008 COLLECTING CANADIAN HAND PAINTED PORCELAIN FROM THE 1880’S ONWARDS1 O COLECŢIE DE PORŢELAN PICTAT DE MÂNĂ ÎN CANADA DE LA 1880 PÂNĂ ÎN PREZENT Paula Gornescu-Vachon* Abstract After being practiced in the large factories of Europe, the art of decorating porcelain became an amateur domestic industry especially for women. In Canada, it mostly remained a feminine specialty that was linked to the Arts and Crafts Movement introduced into the country in the last quarter of the 19th century. Because the movement was North American in scope, it is important to compare developments in Canada with those in the United States. On the Canadian scene, the brothers John and James Griffiths were largely responsible for spreading of this “professional” hobby. The Cabot Commemorative State Dinner Service presented in 1898 to Lady Aberdeen, the Governor General’s wife, exemplifies the degree of skill attained by Canadian women artists of the time. The article highlights the achievements of several artists in the field from its beginnings in Canada. Key words: china painting, Canadian hand painted china, collectibles hand painted china porcelain, Canadian Historical Dinner Service, Alice Mary Hagen After being practiced in large factories in Europe, the art of decorating porcelain became an amateur domestic industry for many women. In Canada, this art, in which women were the most active, was linked to the Art and Crafts Movement introduced into the country in the last quarter of the 19th century. The movement was North American in scope, which inevitably leads us to compare the Canadian scene with developments across the border in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • TERMINUS POST QUEM LIST Washington College Archaeology
    TERMINUS POST QUEM LIST Washington College Archaeology Amunition 1871 Bottle necked cartridges 1866 Rim fire cartridges 1852 Mini balls 1850 Shotgun cartridges, center fire 1846 Brass or copper cartridge cases 1814 Percussion caps Ceramics 1891 "Made in..." as part of mark 1884 "Rd. No...." as part of mark 1880 Decalomania printed pattern 1880 Liquid gold gilding, bright gold 1875 Ivory body, introduced by Spode 1870 Japanese style patterns, transfer printed 1862 "Trade mark" as part of mark 1861 "Ltd" as part of mark 1850 "Royal" as part of mark 1845 White granite or undecorated ironstone 1840 Sponged decoration 1840 Flow blue transfer printed patterns 1830 Yellow ware, American 1830 Polychrome transfer printed patterns 1828 Red, green, or purple transfer printed patterns 1820 Whiteware 1820 Embossed edge ware 1810 Underglaze black and brown transfer printing 1810 Printed marks, including the pattern name 1810 Stippling in transfer printed wares 1805 Stone China introduced 1805 Albany slip 1800 Royal Coat of Arms as part of pottery mark 1800 English Bone China 1800 Canton Porcelain, Chinese Export 1795 Underglaze painted pearlware 1795 Mocha 1795 Willow pattern, transfer print 1790 Lustre glaze, English 1790 Dipped Creamware, (i.e. annular ware, common cable) 1788 B ennington ware 1787 Underglaze transfer print on earthenware 1780 Underglaze blue and green shell edge decoration 1776 Pearlware 1775 Debased Rouen Faience in Williamsburg 1775 Light colored Creamware 1768 English hard paste porcelain 1765 Debased scratch blue on white saltglazed
    [Show full text]
  • Early 19Th to Mid-20Th Century Ceramics in Texas
    Early 19th to Mid 20th Century Ceramics in Texas Becky Shelton, TASN Training Fort Worth, July 18th 2015 Adapted from: Sandra and Johnney Pollan and John Clark Texas Archeological Stewardship Network 2006 Workshop Presentations Ceramics generally fall into two categories: High temperatures Low temperatures Vitreous Nonvitreous 1. Stoneware Earthenware 2. Porcelain 1. Creamware 2. Pearlware 3. Whiteware 4. Red earthenware OET Porcelain Compact and grainy in cross-section with glassy edges. Used all decorating techniques to make decorative as well as useful wares. England developed two kinds of porcelain – hard-paste and soft-paste. Soft-paste porcelain is fritted with crushed glass. Bone China, or bone ash porcelain (fritted with glass and animal bone ash), became the standard English porcelain body throughout the 19th Century. It is more translucent than hard-paste porcelain. Its broken edges will discolor, and the overglaze decoration often wears away with use. Soft-paste porcelain: very Bone China: ivory, white, vitreous vitreous Earthenware • Fired at low temperatures • Coarse, porous clay bodies • Non-vitreous; require interior surface coating to prevent leakage • Opaque body; transmits no light • Includes “red wares, yellow wares, and white wares” Earthenware-Red • Coarse, porous body that is fragile and must be glazed to prevent leakage. • Pinkish buff to red to brown body • Wheel-thrown and drape-molded most common • Pre-1830: bulbous, ovoid shapes • Post-1830: Straight-sided cylindrical vessels • Decor: Slip-trailing, Manganese glaze, and simple Lead glaze Earthenware-Red, cont. Tooling marks Manganese glaze mostly pre-1850 Slip-trailed and coggled pie plate Milk pan with simple interior glaze Majolica - Early 20th Century Earthenware - Yellow • Coarse, porous body that is finer and more durable than redware, but less vitreous than stoneware.
    [Show full text]
  • White Bodied Earthenware, European, and American Stoneware Texas Archeological Stewards Network Becky Shelton - THC July 18, 2015
    White Bodied Earthenware, European, and American Stoneware Texas Archeological Stewards Network Becky Shelton - THC July 18, 2015 Deciphering White Earthenware 1) Introduction a) Table 1 – Ceramic body types and their characteristics 2) Reference Collection used and further research 3) When it is white, but not white earthenware a) Stoneware b) China, Chinese porcelain (Cat #25) c) Porcelain –English or European (THC Cat#53/#74/#79/#94) i) Bone (THC #24) ii) Bisque porcelain – Parian Ware (THC Cat #3) 4) Categories of White-bodied Earthenware (Price 1979). a) Creamware – ca. 1760-1820 (THC Cat #100/#109/#111) i) Refined (high fired) earthenware with yellowish or cream-colored paste and a clear lead glaze which has a yellowish or greenish cast. When glaze pools, appears deep green or yellow-green. ii) Contemporaneous with Pearlware iii) Decorations (1) Painted underglaze (2) Transfer printed (3) Painted overglaze b) Pearlware ca. 1780-1840 i) Refined earthen ware with white paste ii) Clear lead, blue-tinted (cobalt) glaze. Decoration under the glaze in blue paint (THC Cat #44/#16/#81/#95/#88/#89/#91/#108), printing, and over the glaze in monochrome and polychrome painting (THC Cat #46/#30) (enamels). c) Whiteware ca. 1800-late 19th century i) Refined earthen ware with white paste (THC Cat #37/#48/#90/#113) ii) Blue cobalt was omitted from the glaze, but added to the clay body to make it appear white. Overlaps Pearlware production. Every conceivable decorative style (THC [2006] 2012). (1) Handpainted (THC Cat #112/#92/#93/#45), English origin, Delft (THC Cat #27) East Texas 1820+, South Texas 1830+ (2) Transfer print (THC Cat #12/#13/#14): English origin, 1800 to ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Did Benjamin Franklin Invent Transferware?
    MA.JULY.Erich.pg.proof.corrs:Layout 1 29/06/2010 14:41 Page 464 Did Benjamin Franklin invent transferware? by WENDY W. ERICH ON 3RD NOVEMBER 1773 Benjamin Franklin (1706 –90) wrote a letter to Peter Perez Burdett, a young engraver then based in Liverpool, thanking him for sending his recently produced specimen of transfer-printed chinaware (see Appendix below). 1 Following words of appreciation and encouragement for the china, the elder statesman then makes an astonishing claim that he himself had pursued his idea for transferring pictures to pottery more than twenty years earlier, only to be laughed at by the English pottery trade. The invention of transferware pottery has been subject to academic dispute, but credit was ultimately bestowed on John Brooks as the creator and John Sadler, of Sadler & Green, Liverpool, as the developer of the transfer-print - ed style that revolutionised the surface decoration of ceramics for 2 the following two hundred years. However, the importance to 20. The Franklin bowl, attributed to Josiah Wedgwood. c.1777. Transfer-printed ceramic history of this 1773 letter written by Franklin has been creamware, diameter 22.9 cm. (State Museum of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania overlooked. Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg). By 1773 Franklin was sixty-seven years old and a well- respected figure in worldwide political and scientific realms. His image appeared ubiquitously in periodicals, on trinkets and on but Wedgwood was reluctant. Burdett had given Wedgwood a home furnishings, including popular exported items such as the few engravings: a landscape, dead game and a third with shells transfer-printed creamware bowl celebrating America’s heroes and seaweed, but the great potter did not want to confuse his (Fig.20).
    [Show full text]
  • Vertical Facility List
    Facility List The Walt Disney Company is committed to fostering safe, inclusive and respectful workplaces wherever Disney-branded products are manufactured. Numerous measures in support of this commitment are in place, including increased transparency. To that end, we have published this list of the roughly 7,600 facilities in over 70 countries that manufacture Disney-branded products sold, distributed or used in our own retail businesses such as The Disney Stores and Theme Parks, as well as those used in our internal operations. Our goal in releasing this information is to foster collaboration with industry peers, governments, non- governmental organizations and others interested in improving working conditions. Under our International Labor Standards (ILS) Program, facilities that manufacture products or components incorporating Disney intellectual properties must be declared to Disney and receive prior authorization to manufacture. The list below includes the names and addresses of facilities disclosed to us by vendors under the requirements of Disney’s ILS Program for our vertical business, which includes our own retail businesses and internal operations. The list does not include the facilities used only by licensees of The Walt Disney Company or its affiliates that source, manufacture and sell consumer products by and through independent entities. Disney’s vertical business comprises a wide range of product categories including apparel, toys, electronics, food, home goods, personal care, books and others. As a result, the number of facilities involved in the production of Disney-branded products may be larger than for companies that operate in only one or a limited number of product categories. In addition, because we require vendors to disclose any facility where Disney intellectual property is present as part of the manufacturing process, the list includes facilities that may extend beyond finished goods manufacturers or final assembly locations.
    [Show full text]