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Phase Evolution of Ancient and Historical Ceramics
EMU Notes in Mineralogy, Vol. 20 (2019), Chapter 6, 233–281 The struggle between thermodynamics and kinetics: Phase evolution of ancient and historical ceramics 1 2 ROBERT B. HEIMANN and MARINO MAGGETTI 1Am Stadtpark 2A, D-02826 Go¨rlitz, Germany [email protected] 2University of Fribourg, Dept. of Geosciences, Earth Sciences, Chemin du Muse´e6, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland [email protected] This contribution is dedicated to the memory of Professor Ursula Martius Franklin, a true pioneer of archaeometric research, who passed away at her home in Toronto on July 22, 2016, at the age of 94. Making ceramics by firing of clay is essentially a reversal of the natural weathering process of rocks. Millennia ago, potters invented simple pyrotechnologies to recombine the chemical compounds once separated by weathering in order to obtain what is more or less a rock-like product shaped and decorated according to need and preference. Whereas Nature reconsolidates clays by long-term diagenetic or metamorphic transformation processes, potters exploit a ‘short-cut’ of these processes that affects the state of equilibrium of the system being transformed thermally. This ‘short-cut’ is thought to be akin to the development of mineral-reaction textures resulting from disequilibria established during rapidly heated pyrometamorphic events (Grapes, 2006) involving contact aureoles or reactions with xenoliths. In contrast to most naturally consolidated clays, the solidified rock-like ceramic material inherits non-equilibrium and statistical states best described as ‘frozen-in’. The more or less high temperatures applied to clays during ceramic firing result in a distinct state of sintering that is dependent on the firing temperature, the duration of firing, the firing atmosphere, and the composition and grain-size distribution of the clay. -
'A Mind to Copy': Inspired by Meissen
‘A Mind to Copy’: Inspired by Meissen Anton Gabszewicz Independent Ceramic Historian, London Figure 1. Sir Charles Hanbury Williams by John Giles Eccardt. 1746 (National Portrait Gallery, London.) 20 he association between Nicholas Sprimont, part owner of the Chelsea Porcelain Manufactory, Sir Everard Fawkener, private sec- retary to William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the second son of King George II, and Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, diplomat and Tsometime British Envoy to the Saxon Court at Dresden was one that had far-reaching effects on the development and history of the ceramic industry in England. The well-known and oft cited letter of 9th June 1751 from Han- bury Williams (fig. 1) to his friend Henry Fox at Holland House, Kensington, where his china was stored, sets the scene. Fawkener had asked Hanbury Williams ‘…to send over models for different Pieces from hence, in order to furnish the Undertakers with good designs... But I thought it better and cheaper for the manufacturers to give them leave to take away any of my china from Holland House, and to copy what they like.’ Thus allowing Fawkener ‘… and anybody He brings with him, to see my China & to take away such pieces as they have a mind to Copy.’ The result of this exchange of correspondence and Hanbury Williams’ generous offer led to an almost instant influx of Meissen designs at Chelsea, a tremendous impetus to the nascent porcelain industry that was to influ- ence the course of events across the industry in England. Just in taking a ca- sual look through the products of most English porcelain factories during Figure 2. -
Grand Tour of European Porcelain
Grand Tour of European Porcelain Anna Calluori Holcombe explores the major European porcelain centres Left: Gilder. Bernardaud Factory. embarked on a modern version of the 17th and 18th century Grand Limoges, France. Tour of Europe in summer of 2010 and spent two months researching Right: Designer table setting display. porcelain (primarily tableware) from historical and technical per- Bernardaud Factory. Limoges, France. Photos by Anna Calluori Holcombe. Ispectives. The tradition of Grand Tour promoted the idea of travelling for the sake of curiosity and learning by travelling through foreign lands. On a research leave with a generous Faculty Enhancement Grant A factory was started in 1863 by some investors and, at about from the University of Florida (UF), I visited factories and museums in that time, an apprentice was hired 10 major European ceramics centres. named Léonard Bernardaud. He Prior to this interest in investigating European porcelain, I spent time worked his way up to become a studying Chinese porcelains with fascination and awe. On one of my partner, then acquiring the company in 1900 and giving it his name. many trips to China and my first visit to the famous city of Jingdezhen, I In 1949, the factory introduced climbed Gaoling Mountain, where the precious kaolin that is essential to the first gas-fuelled tunnel kiln in the Chinese porcelain formula was first mined more than 1000 years ago. France operated 24 hours a day, a Soft paste porcelain, which does not have the durability and translu- standard in most modern factories today. Although they had to cut 15 cency found in hard paste porcelain was in popular use in Europe prior percent of their employees in recent to their discovery of hard paste porcelain. -
A Detective Story: Meissen Porcelains Copying East Asian Models. Fakes Or Originals in Their Own Right?
A detective story: Meissen porcelains copying East Asian models. Fakes or originals in their own right? Julia Weber, Keeper of Ceramics at the Bavarian National Museum, Munich he ‘detective story’ I want to tell relates to how the French mer- fact that Saxon porcelain was the first in Europe to be seriously capable of chant Rodolphe Lemaire managed, around 1730, to have accurate competing with imported goods from China and Japan. Indeed, based on their copies of mostly Japanese porcelain made at Meissen and to sell high-quality bodies alone, he appreciated just how easily one might take them them as East Asian originals in Paris. I will then follow the trail of for East Asian originals. This realisation inspired Lemaire to embark on a new Tthe fakes and reveal what became of them in France. Finally, I will return business concept. As 1728 drew to a close, Lemaire travelled to Dresden. He briefly to Dresden to demonstrate that the immediate success of the Saxon bought Meissen porcelains in the local warehouse in the new market place copies on the Parisian art market not only changed how they were regarded and ordered more in the manufactory. In doing this he was much the same in France but also in Saxony itself. as other merchants but Lemaire also played a more ambitious game: in a bold Sometime around 1728, Lemaire, the son of a Parisian family of marchand letter he personally asked Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and of faïencier, became acquainted with Meissen porcelain for the first time whilst Poland, to permit an exclusive agreement with the Meissen manufactory. -
Ackland Ceramics Guide
! ! CERAMICS!GUIDE! Ceramics:"objects"formed"from"moistened"clay"and"hardened"by"firing;"distinguished"by" permeability"and"firing"temperatures" • Earthenware:"Porous,"low<firing" • Stoneware:"Non<porous,"high<firing" • Hard<Paste"Porcelain:"Non<porous,"high<firing" Single!firing:"clay"mixture"and"glaze"reach"maximum"density"and"hardness"in"a"single"firing,"with" the"glaze"being"applied"directly"to"the"unfired"clay"beforehand" Biscuit!firing:"glazed"objects"can"also"undergo"multiple"firings,"the"first"being"the"firing"of"the" unglazed"(biscuit)"object;"helps"stabilize"a"work"before"a"glaze"or"painted"decoration"is"applied" Glost!firing:"fuses"glaze"to"an"object"that"has"already"been"biscuit<fired" Glaze:!natural"materials"applied"to"a"clay"object"(either"as"a"powder"or"mixed"with"water)," fusing"with"the"clay"when"fired;"makes"porous"ceramics"impervious"to"liquid;"also"used"on"non< porous"ceramics"for"purely"decorative"effects,"either"as"transparent"coating"or"colored"by"the" addition"of"various"metal"oxides;"comprised"of"ground"silica,"which"melts"to"create"a"glassy" surface,"as"well"as"(1)"an"alumina"stabilizer"to"increase"viscosity"and"(2)"a"mineral"flux"to"lower" the"silica’s"melting"point." Common!glaze!types:"distinguished"by"flux"material" th • Lead:"low<firing,"used"on"earthenware;"largely"discontinued"by"the"late"19 "century"due" to"dangers"of"prolonged"lead"exposure" • Tin:"lead"glaze"with"the"addition"of"tin"oxide,"resulting"in"an"opaque"white"surface;" originates"in"Middle"East,"9th"century;"European"tin<glazed"earthenware"classified"by" -
9. Ceramic Arts
Profile No.: 38 NIC Code: 23933 CEREMIC ARTS 1. INTRODUCTION: Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. It may take forms including art ware, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. Ceramic art is one of the arts, particularly the visual arts. Of these, it is one of the plastic arts. While some ceramics are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artifacts in archaeology. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture and decorate the art ware. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as "art pottery".[1] In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery. Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials), shaped and subjected to heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae. There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures. Elements of ceramic art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times, are the shape of the object, its decoration by painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics. 2. -
Noritake Garden Entrance Exit Fascinating Cycle of Life up Close
天 Parking Lot Encounter nature at the biotope 1F A biotope is an area in an urban setting that provides oritae uare aoa C a living environment for plants, insects, sh, birds, iestle so Parking Gate and other forms of life. Come experience the General Discover the Culture, Rest in the Forest. Noritake Garden Entrance Exit fascinating cycle of life up close. Information See everything Noritake and Enjoy lunch and dessert served Free Admission (Admission fees apply for the Craft Center and Noritake Museum only) Okura Art China have to offer, on casual Noritake tableware. The Enormous “Six Chimneys” “The Detached Kiln” * All facilities are barrier-free. from elegant daily-use tableware Come and take a break from A monument symbolizing instills visitors with a sense to prestige products. A full lineup shopping or walking. Admission fees for the Craft Center and Noritake Museum of tableware is also available. Noritake’s dream the enthusiasm of its time. Adults/university students 500 yen These are relics from the tunnel This old kiln, nestled amidst a Visitors aged 65 or over 300 yen North Gate Nishi-Yabushita kilns built in 1933 to bake quiet forest, exudes the High school students and younger Free Discover the Culture, Rest in the Forest. Visitors with ID verifying disability Free CRAFT CENTER ceramics. The Noritake dream, a enthusiasm of the soil and Pedestrian access constant beacon of inspiration ames from its time. (Be prepared to present the ID) Noritake Museum * Group discounts available Groups of 30 or more 10% off Noritake Garden The “Red Brick Buildings”, ever since the early Meiji Period, Groups of 100 or more 20% off 4F Admire the grand “Old Noritake” symbolic of Japan’s burns on bright today. -
Etch Imitation System for Porcelain and Bone China (One-Fire-Decal-Method)
Etch Imitation System for Porcelain and Bone China (One-Fire-Decal-Method) 1 General Information Etched decorations belong to the richest, most valuable precious metal designs to be found on tableware. However, etched decorations are not only work-intensive and expensive but they also require working with aggressive acids. Instead, producers work with etching imitation systems in which first a decal with a matt underlay and a bright relief on top is produced, applied onto the substrate to be decorated, and fired. Secondly, a liquid precious metal is applied by brush on top of the relief and the item is fired for a second time. With this Technical Information, Heraeus Ceramic Colours introduces a one-fire-etch imitation system for decals. The new decoration system consists of carefully adjusted components: special underlay, special medium, relief, precious metal paste. The perfect harmony of these components allows the production of an imitation etching in one decal, which only needs to be transferred and fired once! 2 Firing Conditions Substrate Firing Condition s Porcelain 800 - 820°C (1470-1508°F), 2 to 3 hours cold/cold Bone China 800 - 820°C (1470-1508°F), 2 to 3 hours cold/cold Worldwide there are many different glazes. The firing conditions differ from producer to producer. Pre-tests under own individual conditions are absolutely necessary. 3 Characteristics of the Products The product composition and the production process determine the major product characteristics of the components of the decoration system. Testing each production lot guarantees a constant product quality. With regard to the bright precious metal pastes of the system we regularly check the viscosity, the printing characteristics, the outline of printed test decorations as well as the precious metal colour shade and the brightness of the decoration after firing on a defined test substrate. -
Getting the Most out of Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes
getting the most out of ceramic glazes and underglazes using commercial ceramic glazes and underglazes to achieve color, depth, and complexity Getting the Most out of Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes Using Commercial Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes to Achieve Color, Depth, and Complexity Ceramic glazes and underglazes are varied and wondrous concoctions. Because they can be complex, as well as for ease of use and time savings, most of us use commercial ceramic glazes to some extent. Chances are, even if you are a ceramic glaze mixing master, you have a few commercial ceramic glazes or underglazes around the studio for specific pot- tery applications. Maybe you want to rely on commercial glazes for your liner glaze, so you’re sure it will be food safe, or perhaps a commercial ceramic glaze provides that hard-to-formulate color you need for details in your surface decoration. Getting the Most out of Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes: Using Commercial Ceramic Glazes and Underglazes to Achieve Color, Depth, and Complexity provides several approaches and techniques to successfully identifying, applying and firing commercial ceramic glazes. A World of Color by David Gamble Underglazes are one of the most popular ways to add color to clay surfaces. They’re easy to use, and underglaze colors are pretty much a “what you see is what you get” kind of proposition—blue fires blue and orange fires orange. The best part is that underglazes come in all forms like underglaze pens, underglaze pencils, underglaze crayons, and more. Homemade Underglazes by Holly Goring Underglazes are widely avaialble but if you’re adventurous, you may want to try to mix your own. -
Ceramics & China Painting
COMPETITIVE EXHIBITOR GUIDE CERAMICS AND CHINA PAINTING Superintendent: Brenda Freeman Last Day to Drop off Entry Form/Submit Online Entry Thursday, July 22 by 5:00 p.m. Exhibits Received Friday, July 23, 3:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Exhibits Received Saturday, July 24, 8:30 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. Exhibits Judged Monday, July 26 Exhibits Released Monday, August 2, 2:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Premiums offered per Class Rosettes/Awards Blue (1st) $5.00 Best of Show $20 & Rosette Red (2nd) $4.00 Best of Youth Division $10 & Rosette White (3rd) $3.00 Merit Award Rosette Superintendent’s Choice Rosette People’s Choice Rosette 1. General rules and regulations apply in this department. 2. For entry instructions, please refer to the General Information section of the Competitive Exhibitor Guide. 3. EXHIBITOR MAY MAKE ONLY ONE ENTRY IN EACH CLASS. 4. All articles must be the handwork of the exhibitor and must have been completed within the last year. 5. Entries considered too fragile, too large or too valuable may be refused in this department. 6. Amateur is defined as a student or a person producing for his/her own pleasure. A professional is any person who owns, operates or conducts a ceramic shop, studio or business, past or present, who teaches ceramics and who sells finished ceramics commercially for profit. Competitive Exhibitor Guide • July 29-August 1, 2021 111 South 22nd Ave, Caldwell, ID 83606 | www.canyoncountyfair.org | #FindYourFun @2CFair COMPETITIVE EXHIBITOR GUIDE CERAMICS AND CHINA PAINTING DIVISION 401 CLASS 401: Ceramics Earthenware - Amateur -
Chromaphobia | Chromaphilia Presenting KCAI Alumni in the Ceramic Arts
Chromaphobia | Chromaphilia Presenting KCAI Alumni in the Ceramic Arts Kansas City Art Institute Gallery March 16 – June 3, 2016 Exhibition Checklist Chromaphobia Untitled Chromaphilia Lauren Mabry (’07 ceramics) 2015 Curved Plane Laura De Angelis (’95 sculpture) Silver plated brass and porcelain Cary Esser (‘78 ceramics) 2012 Hybrid Vigor 13 x 16 x 20 inches Chromaphilia Veils Red earthenware, slips, glaze 2012 Courtesy of the Artists 2015-2016 24 x 60 x 15 inches Ceramic, encaustic, fresh water pearls Glazed earthenware Dick and Gloria Anderson Collection, 20.5 x 16 x 9 inches Nathan Mabry (’01 ceramics) 16 x 79 x .75 inches Lake Quivira, Kansas Courtesy of Sherry Leedy Vanitas (Banana) Courtesy of Sherry Leedy Contemporary Art, Kansas City 2007 Contemporary Art, Kansas City and Fragmented Cylinder Cast rubber the Artist 2012 Teri Frame (’05 ceramics; art history) 8 x 8 x 8 inches red earthenware, slips, glaze Sons of Cain Lithophane #1 Courtesy of Cherry and Martin, Los Christian Holstad (’94 ceramics) 20 x 24 x 22 inches 2016 Angeles and the Artist Ouroboros 6 (Red with green and yellow snake) Dick and Gloria Anderson Collection, Bone china, walnut 2012 Lake Quivira, Kansas 9 x 7 x .25 inches Nobuhito Nishigawara Vintage glove, fiberfill and antique obi Courtesy of the Artist (’99 ceramics) 39 x 17 x 16 inches Pipe Form Untitled - Manual 3D Like Printer Courtesy of the Artist and Andrew 2014 Sons of Cain Lithophane #2 2013 Kreps Gallery, New York Red earthenware, slips and glaze 2016 Clay 20 x 28 x 28 inches Bone china, walnut 23 x -
ASIAN ART REFERENCE BOOKS and SELECTIONS from CT LOO LIBRARY 13 September 2012 New York, Rockefeller Plaza
ASIAN ART REFERENCE BOOKS AND SELECTIONS FROM CT LOO LIBRARY 13 September 2012 New York, Rockefeller Plaza Lot 801 [LOO, CT, EXHIBITIONS AND SALES] -- ROSTOVTZEFF, M Inlaid Bronzes of The Han Dynasty in the Collection of CT Lo... Price Realized $4,750 Lot 802 [HAN, TANG and SONG DYNASTIES -- EXHIBITION CATALOGUES] -- D'ARDENNE DE TIZAC, H Chinesische Tierplastik und T... Price Realized $1,625 Lot 803 [GERMAN LANGUAGE] -- PERZYNSKI, Friedrich Von Chinas Göttern Reisen in China Munich: Kurt Wolff Verlag, 192... Price Realized $2,500 Lot 804 [SCULPTURE] -- LOEHR, Max Relics of Ancient China from the Collection of Dr Paul Singer New York: The Asia ... Price Realized $1,375 Lot 805 [PAINTINGS] -- WHITE, William Charles Chinese Temple Frescoes A Study of Three Wall-Paintings of the Thirteenth... Price Realized $3,000 Lot 806 [MURALS AND STONE ART] -- WHITE, William Charles Tomb Tile Pictures of Ancient China Toronto: University of... Price Realized $375 Lot 807 [BUDDHIST ART] -- ANESAKI, M Buddhist Art In Its Relation to Buddhist Ideals Boston and New York: Houghton ... Price Realized $56,250 Lot 808 SIRÉN, Osvald Chinese Sculpture from the Fifth to the Fourteenth Century London: Ernest Benn, Limited, 1925 Price Realized $40,000 Lot 809 [OSVALD SIRÉN, WORKS IN FRENCH] -- SIRÉN, Osvald Histoire Des Arts Anciens De La Chine Paris and Brussels: ... Price Realized $30,000 Lot 810 MIZUNO, Seiichi, and Toshio NAGAHIRO Yun-Kang The Buddhist Cave-Temples of the Fifth Century AD in North China<... Price Realized $74,500 Lot 811 [JOURNALS] -- LI, Chi Archaeologia Sinica Number Two Hsiao-T'un (The Yin Shang Site at Anyang, Honan), Volume I..