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Ackland Ceramics Guide

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Ackland Ceramics Guide ! ! CERAMICS!GUIDE! Ceramics:"objects"formed"from"moistened"clay"and"hardened"by"firing;"distinguished"by" permeability"and"firing"temperatures" • Earthenware:"Porous,"low<firing" • Stoneware:"Non<porous,"high<firing" • Hard<Paste"Porcelain:"Non<porous,"high<firing" Single!firing:"clay"mixture"and"glaze"reach"maximum"density"and"hardness"in"a"single"firing,"with" the"glaze"being"applied"directly"to"the"unfired"clay"beforehand" Biscuit!firing:"glazed"objects"can"also"undergo"multiple"firings,"the"first"being"the"firing"of"the" unglazed"(biscuit)"object;"helps"stabilize"a"work"before"a"glaze"or"painted"decoration"is"applied" Glost!firing:"fuses"glaze"to"an"object"that"has"already"been"biscuit<fired" Glaze:!natural"materials"applied"to"a"clay"object"(either"as"a"powder"or"mixed"with"water)," fusing"with"the"clay"when"fired;"makes"porous"ceramics"impervious"to"liquid;"also"used"on"non< porous"ceramics"for"purely"decorative"effects,"either"as"transparent"coating"or"colored"by"the" addition"of"various"metal"oxides;"comprised"of"ground"silica,"which"melts"to"create"a"glassy" surface,"as"well"as"(1)"an"alumina"stabilizer"to"increase"viscosity"and"(2)"a"mineral"flux"to"lower" the"silica’s"melting"point." Common!glaze!types:"distinguished"by"flux"material" th • Lead:"low<firing,"used"on"earthenware;"largely"discontinued"by"the"late"19 "century"due" to"dangers"of"prolonged"lead"exposure" • Tin:"lead"glaze"with"the"addition"of"tin"oxide,"resulting"in"an"opaque"white"surface;" originates"in"Middle"East,"9th"century;"European"tin<glazed"earthenware"classified"by" point"of"origin,"e.g.,"Hispano<Moresque"ware"(Spain),"maiolica"(Italy),"Delftware" (Netherlands,"Britain),"and"faïence"(France,"Germany)" • Alkaline"(lithium,"sodium,"potassium):"low<"to"high<firing"depending"on"particular"flux," used"on"earthenware,"stoneware,"and"porcelain;"soft"appearance,"often"with"crazing" (fine"cracks);"produces"brilliant"colors"when"oxides"are"added" • Salt:"high<firing,"used"on"stoneware;"salt"added"to"kiln"during"firing;"sodium"from" vaporized"salt"fuses"with"alumina"and"silica"in"clay,"resulting"in"a"textured,"granular" surface;"originates"in"Germany,"12th"century" • Feldspathic:"high<firing,"used"on"porcelain"and"stoneware;"hard,"glossy"appearance" " Underglaze!decoration:"colored"decoration"applied"to"an"unglazed"body"and"then"covered"with" a"transparent"glaze,"which"“seals”"the"decoration"during"the"glost"firing;"colors"are"limited,"as" only"certain"pigments"(known"as"the"grand&feu"colors)"can"withstand"the"high"heat"of"the"glost" firing" In@glaze!decoration:"used"in"tin<glazed"earthenware"such"as"maiolica,"Delftware,"and"faïence;" colored"decoration"applied"over"a"dried"but"unfired"opaque"glaze;"color"and"glaze"fuse"together" during"glost"firing,"creating"a"uniform"surface" On@glaze!/!overglaze!/!enamel!decoration:"colored"decoration"applied"over"a"fired"transparent" glaze;"object"is"then"fired"a"third"time"to"set"the"colored"decoration;"third"firing"is"at"a"lower" temperature"than"glost"firing,"allowing"for"a"greater"range"of"pigments" " " " EARTHENWARE! • Earliest"Known"Sculpture:"Venus"of"Dolni"Vestonice,"Czech"Republic,"27,000"<"25,000"BCE" • Earliest"Known"Pottery:"Xianrendong"Cave,"China,"18,000"BCE" • Firing"Temperature:"800<1100°C"(approx."1470<2000°F)" • Body:"fires"white"to"gray"to"red<orange"to"brown,"depending"on"clay"and"kiln"conditions;" opaque"and"porous"when"fired"" • Glazes:"lead,"tin,"and"alkaline"glazes"are"common;"applied"to"make"porous"object"impervious" to"liquid"as"well"as"for"decorative"effect" " STONEWARE! • Earliest"Known"Pottery:"Shang"Dynasty,"China,"c."1600<1400"BCE" • Firing"Temperature:"1200<1400°C"(approx."2190<2550°F)" • Body:"fires"white"to"red"to"buff"to"brown;"opaque"and"non<porous"when"fired" • Glazes:"salt,"feldspathic,"and"alkaline"glazes"common" " HARD@PASTE!PORCELAIN! • Originates"in"China,"6th"century;"developed"in"Europe"(Meissen"Manufactory),"early"18th" century" • Firing"Temperature:"1300<1400°C"(approx."2370<2550°F)" • Body:"fires"pure"white"to"cream"to"pale"gray;"translucent"and"non<porous"when"fired;" comprised"of"white"clay"called"kaolin"(china"clay),"quartz,"and"a"flux"to"lower"melting"point" (e.g.,"feldspar)"" • Glazes:"feldspathic"and"alkaline"glazes"common" • Soft<Paste"Porcelain:"often"classified"as"“imitation”"porcelain;"similar"in"appearance"to" “true”"(i.e.,"hard<paste)"porcelain,"but"contains"little"to"no"kaolin"and"does"not"have"the" same"density"and"impermeability"due"to"a"lower"firing"temperature"of"1000<1200°C" (approx."1830<2190°F) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! EARTHENWARE( 1. Chinese:!Water!Jar,!c.!2200!BCE;!painted!earthenware,!25.4!cm!high.!The!William!A.!Whitaker!Foundation!Art!Fund.! 2. Iranian:!AnimalEShaped!Pouring!Vessel,!3rdE1st!century!BCE;!painted!earthenware,!23.3!cm!high.!Gift!of!Osborne!and!Gratia!B.!Hauge!in! honor!of!Dr.!and!Mrs.!Sherman!E.!Lee.! 3. Mexican,!Nayarit!Culture,!200!BCEE300!CE:!Seated!Male!Figure;!gray!earthenware!with!red!paint,!22.9!cm!high.!Ackland!Fund.! 4. Chinese,!Eastern!Han!Dynasty!(25E220!CE):!Hill!Jar,!1st!–!2nd!century;!earthenware!with!lead!glaze!and!molded!decoration.!Ackland!Fund.! 5. Italian,!Urbino:!Molded!Dish!with!Europa!and!the!Bull,!c.!1550;!earthenware!with!tin!glaze!(maiolica),!28!cm!diameter.!Gift!of!the!William! E.!Shipp!Estate,!by!exchange.! 6. Dutch:!William!III!as!an!Adolescent!on!Horseback,!18th!century;!earthenware!with!tin!glaze!(Delftware),!38.1!x!38.1!cm.!Gift!of!Richard!D.! Pardue!in!honor!of!Mary!and!Jim!Patton.! 7. American,!North!Carolina,!Eastern!Piedmont:!Porch!Vase,!c.!1940s;!earthenware!with!lead!glaze,!50.8!cm!high.!Ackland!Fund.! 8. Pablo!Picasso,!Spanish,!1881E1973:!Centaur,!1956;!white!earthenware,!45.6!cm!diameter.!Gift!in!honor!of!Carolyn!P.!Young.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! STONEWARE( 1. Cambodian:!Cinerary!Urn,!12th!century;!stoneware!with!brownEiron!glaze,!spout!with!celadon!glaze,!23.4!cm!high.!Ackland!Fund,!selected! by!The!Ackland!Associates.! 2. Chinese:!Tea!Bowl!(Jizhou!ware),!12th!or!13th!century;!stoneware!with!“tortoiseshell”!glaze,!5.5!cm!high.!Gift!of!F.!Eunice!and!Herbert!F.! Shatzman!! 3. Thai,!Sawankhalok!region:!Jar!in!the!Shape!of!a!Crab,!14thE15th!century;!stoneware!with!ironEblack!underglaze!decoration,!3.8!cm!high.! Gift!of!Lena!J.!Stewart.! 4. Daniel!Seagle,!1805E67,!American,!North!Carolina:!TenEgallon!Jar,!c.!1840E50;!stoneware!with!alkaline!glaze,!42.1!high.!Ackland!Fund.! 5. Shiro!Tsujimura,!Japanese,!born!1947:!Small!Jar,!2003;!stoneware!with!woodEash!glaze.!Ackland!Fund.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! HARD5PASTE(PORCELAIN( 1. Chinese:!Covered!Box!with!Mouse,!c.!1300;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!lightEblue!glaze!(yingqing),!9.3!cm!high.!Ackland!Fund.! 2. Chinese,!Ming!dynasty!(1368E1644),!Xuande!reign!(1425E35):!Dish;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!red!glaze,!4!cm!diameter.!Gift!of!Herbert!and! Eunice!Shatzman!in!honor!of!Ruth!and!Sherman!Lee.! 3. Japanese:!Kendi!with!Landscape!and!Tree!Design,!c.!1660E80;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!blue!underglaze!decoration,!19.7!cm!high.!Gift!of! Lena!J.!Stewart.! 4. Japanese:!Bowl!and!Stand,!c.!1710E30;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!red!overglaze!decoration!(Imari!ware).!Richard!D.!Pardue!Collection!in! honor!of!Morgan!Pitelka.! 5. Chinese,!Qing!dynasty!(1644E1912),!Yongzheng!reign!(1722E35):!Stem!Cup;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!yellow!glaze,!10.5!cm!high.!Gift!of! Eunice!and!Herbert!Shatzman!in!honor!of!Sherman!Lee.! 6. Chinese:!Plate,!c.!1740E45;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!polychrome!overglaze!decoration,!26.7!cm!diameter.!Richard!D.!Pardue!Collection.! 7. Johann!Joachim!Kändler,!German,!1706E1775:!Apollo,!from!the!'Apollo!Bath'!centerpiece,!ca.!1749;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!clear!glaze,! 53.8!cm!high.!Gift!of!the!William!E.!Shipp!Estate,!by!exchange.! 8. Chinese!with!Dutch!additions:!Shaped!Dish,!c.!1730E50,!reworked!c.!1750E70;!hardEpaste!porcelain!with!blue!underglaze!decoration!and! later!polychrome!and!gold!decoration.!Richard!D.!Pardue!Collection.!.
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