Evaluation of Ceramic Materials on Art
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Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(6): 790-795, 2010 © 2010, INSInet Publication Evaluation of Ceramic Materials on Art Murat Bayazit and Elif Bayazit Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Ceramic Engineering, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey. Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the ceramic art materials. In art history, ceramics and ceramic art mean art objects such as figures, tiles, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of pottery. Some ceramic products are regarded as fine art, while others are regarded as decorative, industrial or applied art objects, or as artifacts in archaeology. They may be made by one individual or in a factory where a group of people design, make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art pottery. Ceramic vases, sculptures are important in art history and ceramic engineering. Key words: Ceramic art, ceramic materials,ceramic engineering INTRODUCTION Ceramics as Wall Decoration: The earliest evidence of glazed brick is the discovery of glazed bricks in the In art history, ceramics and ceramic art mean art Elamite Temple at Chogha Zanbil, dated to the 13th objects such as figures, tiles, and tableware made from century BCE. Glazed and coloured bricks were used to clay and other raw materials by the process of pottery. make low reliefs in Ancient Mesopotamia, most Some ceramic products are regarded as fine art, while famously the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (ca. 575 BCE), others are regarded as decorative, industrial or applied now partly reconstructed in Berlin, with sections art objects, or as artifacts in archaeology. They may be elsewhere. Mesopotamian craftsmen were imported for made by one individual or in a factory where a group the palaces of the Persian Empire such as Persepolis. of people design, make and decorate the ware. The tradition continued, and after the Islamic conquest Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art pottery". of Persia coloured and often painted glazed bricks or The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos, tiles became an important element in Persian meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from keramos, architecture, and from there spread to much of the meaning "potter's clay." Most traditional ceramic Islamic world, notably the İznik pottery of Turkey products were made from clay, shaped and subjected to under the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are centuries. Transmitted via Islamic Spain, a new generally still made like that. In modern ceramic tradition of Azulejos developed in Spain and especially engineering usage, ceramics is the art and science of Portugal, which by the Baroque period produced making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials extremely large painted scenes on tiles, usually in blue by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic and white. Delftware tiles, typically with a painted made from glass tesserae. There is a long history of design covering only one (rather small) tile, were ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ubiquitous in Holland and widely exported over ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from Northern Europe from the 16th century on. Several vanished cultures, like that of the Nok in Africa over 18th century royal palaces had porcelain rooms with 2,000 years ago. the walls entirely covered in porcelain. Surviving Cultures especially noted for fine ceramics include examples include ones at Capodimonte, Naples, the the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Persian, Mayan, Japanese, Royal Palace of Madrid and the nearby Royal Palace Dominican, and Korean cultures, as well as the modern of Aranjuez. Elaborate tiled stoves were a feature of Western cultures. Elements of ceramic art, upon which rooms of the middle and upper-classes in Northern different degrees of emphasis have been placed at Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries different times, are the shape of the object, its (Fig.1)[1,3,4,5,7,12,14]. decoration by painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics[1-14]. Corresponding Author: Murat Bayazit and Elif Bayazit, Dumlup nar University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Ceramic Engineering, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey, Phone: +5556050023 E-mail:[email protected] 790 J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(6): 790-795, 2010 places, often financed by a local ruler. Soft-paste porcelain was made at Rouen in the 1680s, but the first important production was at St.Cloud, letters-patent being granted in 1702. The Duc de Bourbon established a soft-paste factory in the grounds of his château in Chantilly in 1730, a soft-paste factory was opened at Mennecy, and the Vincennes factory was set up in 1740, moving to larger premises at Sèvres in 1756. The superior soft-paste made at Sèvres put it in the leading position in Europe in the second half of the 18th century. The first soft-paste in England was demonstrated in 1742, apparently based on the Saint- Cloud formula. In 1749 a patent was taken out on the first bone china, subsequently perfected by Josiah Spode. The main English porcelain makers in the 18th century were at Chelsea, Bow, St James's, Bristol, Fig. 1: Ceramic wall decoration Derby and Lowestoft. Porcelain was ideally suited to the energetic Rococo curves of the day. The products Tin-glazed Pottery: Tin-glazed pottery, or faience, of these early decades of European porcelain are originated in Iraq in the ninth century, from where it generally the most highly regarded, and expensive. The spread to Egypt, Persia and Spain before reaching Italy Meissen modeler Johann Joachim Kaendler and Franz in the Renaissance, Holland in the 16th century and Anton Bustelli of Nymphenburg are perhaps the most England, France and other European countries shortly outstanding ceramic artists of the period. Like other after. Important regional styles in Europe include: leading modelers, they trained as sculptors and Hispano-Moresque, maiolica, Delftware, and English produced models from which moulds were taken. By Delftware. By the High Middle Ages the Hispano- the end of the 18th century owning porcelain tableware Moresque ware of Al-Andaluz was the most and decorative objects had become obligatory among sophisticated pottery being produced in Europe, with the prosperous middle-classes of Europe, and there elaborate decoration. It introduced tin-glazing to were factories in most countries, many of which are Europe, which was developed in the Italian still producing. As well as tableware, early European Renaissance in maiolica. Tin-glazed pottery was taken porcelain revived the taste for purely decorative figures up in the Netherlands from the sixteenth to the of people or animals, which had also been a feature of eighteenth centuries, the potters making household, several ancient cultures, often as grave goods. These decorative pieces and tiles in vast numbers,[19] usually were still being produced in China as blanc de Chine with blue painting on a white ground. Dutch potters religious figures, many of which had reached Europe. took tin-glazed pottery to the British Isles, where it European figures were almost entirely secular, and soon was made between about 1550 and 1800. In France, brightly and brilliantly painted, often in groups with a tin-glaze was begun in 1690 at Quimper in Brittany, modelled setting, and a strong narrative element[1-13]. followed in Rouen, Strasbourg and Lunéville. In the 18th century, Josiah Wedgwood (1730–1795) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION formulated a white earthenware body from which he could make light and durable tablewares. As these were Applied art is the application of design and almost as white as tin-glazed pottery and better in aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use. other ways, they replaced it in the 19th century. There Whereas fine arts serve as intellectual stimulation to has been a revival in the twentieth century by studio the viewer or academic sensibilities, the applied arts potters[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,12,13,14]. incorporate design and creative ideals to objects of utility, such as a cup, magazine or decorative park Porcelain: For several centuries Chinese porcelain had bench. There is considerable overlap between the field reached Europe in an expensive trickle, and from the and that of the decorative arts; to some extent they are 16th century onwards there were attempts to imitate it, alternative terms. The fields of industrial design, such as the soft-paste Medici porcelain made in graphic design, fashion design, interior design, Florence. None was successful until a recipe for hard- decorative art and functional art are considered applied paste porcelain was devised at the Meissen factory in arts. In a creative and/or abstract context, the fields of Dresden in 1710. Within a few years, porcelain architecture and photography are considered applied factories sprung up at Nymphenburg in Bavaria (1754) arts. Many applied art objects are collected, for and Capodimonte in Naples (1743) and many other instance ceramics, textiles, jewellry, glass, furniture, 791 J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(6): 790-795, 2010 children's toys, cars, electric guitars, as well as various forms of images produced in commercial contexts, such as film posters or old advertisements. Fine art describes an art form developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concept rather than utility[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Today, the fine arts commonly include visual and performing art forms, such as painting, sculpture, music, dance, theatre, architecture, photography and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums fine art, and frequently the term fine arts (pl.) as well, are associated exclusively with the visual art forms. Art is often a synonym for fine art in this sense, as employed Fig. 3: Tea service, Austria, Vienna, about 1936.