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Croissance Et Remobilisation Crustales Au Pan-Africain Dans Le Sud Du Massif Du Ouaddaï (Tchad Oriental)- Djerossem

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Croissance Et Remobilisation Crustales Au Pan-Africain Dans Le Sud Du Massif Du Ouaddaï (Tchad Oriental)- Djerossem Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 2 Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 Resumé : Cette thèse est consacrée à la croissance et à la remobilisation crustales au Pan- Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï au Tchad, situé à la marge Sud du Métacraton du Sahara et au Nord du Craton du Congo. La cartographie du secteur d’étude a permis de distinguer des roches métasédimentaires comprenant des niveaux d’amphibolites et intrudées par des roches plutoniques de composition intermédiaire à felsique. Les amphibolites correspondent à des basaltes tholeiitiques dérivés de la fusion partielle d’un manteau appauvri (ƐNd540= 4). Les roches felsique, représentées par des leucogranites de type-S, donnant des âges U-Pb sur zircon de 635 ± 3 Ma et 612 ± 8 Ma, sont issues de la fusion partielle des métasédiments. Les granitoïdes potassiques calco-alcalin de type-I, donnant un âge U-Pb sur zircon à 538 ± 5 Ma, incluant une monzonite à pyroxène de nature shoshonitique datée autour de ca. 540 Ma, sont caractérisées par des signatures isotopiques radiogéniques (ƐNd620= -4 et -15) et sont attribuées à la fusion partielle d’un manteau enrichi plus ou moins contaminé. Les roches métasédimentaires sont caractérisées par une foliation composite S0 /S1-2 de direction NE-SW qui est associée à des plis isoclinaux P1 et P2 d’échelle centimétrique à hectométrique et qui porte une linéation L1-2 plongeant faiblement vers le NW. Cette foliation est également affectée par des plis droits ouverts P3 associés à une schistosité de plan axial S3 fortement pentée vers le NNW ou le NW. La présence de grains de zircon détritiques et leurs signatures Hf comprenant une composante héritée Archéenne à Paléoprotérozoique indique que les roches métasédimentaires sont issues de l’érosion des cratons voisins et un dépôt au début du Néoprotérozoique. Ces roches sont affectées par une déformation et un métamorphisme typique du faciès schistes verts daté à 627 ± 7 Ma (Th-U- Pb sur monazite à la microsonde) et à 602 ± 3 Ma (U-Pb sur zircon par LA-ICP-MS) et un faciès amphibolites. Ces données montrent que la croûte continentale exposée au Sud du massif du Ouaddaï en bordure méridionale du Mécraton du Sahara enregistre une accrétion tectonique des séries sédimentaires issues de l’érosion des cratons lors du démantèlement du supercontinent Rodinia, associée à la mise en place de magmas mafiques juvéniles, puis une remobilisation de ces roches lors de l’orogénèse Pan-Africaine accompagnée de la fusion partielle de la racine orogénique et d’un manteau enrichi potentiellement qui correspond soit au manteau sous-continental ou au manteau supra-subduction. Mots clé : Massif du Ouaddaï, Métacraton du Sahara, Ceinture Orogenique Pan-Africaine d’Afrique Centrale, croissance crustale, remobilisation, granite peralumineux, magmatisme shoshonitique. 3 Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 Abstract: This thesis is devoted to crustal growth and Pan-African reworking in the south of the Ouaddaï massif in Chad, located at the southern margin of the Sahara Metacraton and north of the Congo Craton. Geologic mapping has allowed to identify metasedimentary units alternating with amphibolites and intruded by plutonic rocks with intermediate to felsic composition. Amphibolites correspond to pre-tectonic tholeiitic basalts derived from the partial melting of the depleted mantle (ƐNd540= 4). The felsic rocks, represented by S-type leucogranites yielding U-Pb zircon ages of 635 ± 3 Ma and 612 ± 8 Ma, are derived from the partial melting of metasediments. High-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids yielding U-Pb zircon ages at 538 ± 5 Ma, and including a shoshonitic pyroxene-monzonite yielding U-Pb zircon ages at 538 ± 5 Ma are characterized by radiogenic isotopic signatures (ƐNd540= -4 et -15) and are partial melting of an enriched mantle with a potential impact of mixing of mantle and crustal- derived magmas. Metasedimentary rocks display a NE-SW trending S0/S1-2 foliation associated with centimeter to hectometer scales F1 and F2 isoclinal folds delineating hook type interferences pattern and bearing a L1-2 lineation weakly dipping towards the NW. The S0/S1-2 foliation is also affected by upright open F3 folds marked by the development of a faint axial planar S3 schistosity variably dipping to the NNW or NW. Zircon detrital grains with Hf signatures pointing to an Archaean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance indicates that metasedimentary rocks are derived from erosion of the surrounding cratons and were deposited in the early Neoproterozoic. These rocks were subsequently affected by deformation and metamorphism dated at 627 ± 7 Ma (by Th-U-Pb on monazite) and at 602 ±3 Ma (by U-Pb on zircon), typical of green schist facies and amphibolite facies. These data show that the South Ouaddaï massif, marking the southern margin of the Sahara metacraton, has recorded tectonic accretion of sedimentary series issued from erosion of the nearby cratons during break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, associated with the formation of juvenile mafic magmas, followed by tectonic reworking during the Pan-African orogeny associated with partial melting of the root of the orogenic crust and of an enriched mantle that might either correspond to the subcontinental mantle or to the suprasubduction mantle. Key words: Ouaddaï Massif, Sahara Metacraton, Central African Orogenic Belt of Central Africa, crustal growth, reworking, peraluminous granite, shoshonitic magmatism. 4 Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 DEDICACE A mon feu père NENADJI BIANRO Siméon A ma feu mère DENDOUL KILAMIAN Lydie 5 Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 6 Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 REMERCIEMENTS Les quatre dernières années de thèse (2015-2018) en alternance entre N’Djaména et Toulouse ont été pour moi un réel plaisir et ce, grâce à la participation de nombreuses personnes que je voudrais bien remercier avec beaucoup d’enthousiasme. Tout d’abord, merci Olivier Vanderhaeghe d’avoir accepté d’encadrer ce travail. Ta promptitude, ton attention et tes orientations ont été pour moi un réel soutien. Merci de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de participer aux conférences mais aussi de rencontrer d’autres chercheurs dont les échanges ont été très satisfaisant. Merci Moussa Isseini d’avoir proposé et guidé ce projet de thèse depuis les missions de terrain jusqu’à sa réalisation. Je n’oublie pas des séances de travail (du bureau à ton domicile en passant par des discussions enrichissantes autour d’un café) effectués avec toi depuis mon Master jusqu’aujourd’hui. Je te dis simplement merci. Merci Julien Berger d’avoir suivis de près l’évolution de ce travail à travers des séances de travail au microscope ou au bureau. Tes conseils surtout pédagogiques ont été pour moi un soutien inlassable et m’ont donnés le courage afin d’arriver au bout de ce travail. Merci Jérôme Ganne pour ton aide depuis le microscope jusqu’à la réalisation des pseudosections. Ta disponibilité et tes orientations ont été bénéfiques pour ce travail. Mes reconnaissances vont à l’endroit d’Anne-Sylvie Andre-Mayer, Delphine Bosch, Julia De Sigoyer et Michel Gregoire qui ont acceptés d’évaluer ce travail. Le mérite de ce travail revient également à toutes les personnes qui m’ont permis d’obtenir des données de qualité. Je suis reconnaissant à Armin Zeh d’avoir effectué les analyses géochronologiques. Je remercie Fabienne de Parseval et Jean-François Mena d’avoir effectués des lames minces. Je n’oublie pas Thierry Aigouy pour son accompagnement au MEB, Philippe de Parseval et Sophie Gouy pour leur aide à la microsonde. Merci Stephanie Duchène pour le traitement statistique des monazites. Merci à tous les doctorants du GET et plus particulièrement à Léandre Ponthus de m’avoir montré les recoins du laboratoire. Je n’oublie pas Jacques Koné, Augustin Koffi, José Kpoé et Mohamadou Diallo, avec qui nous avons passés de moments (les bons et les moins bons) durant nos séjours à Toulouse. Je voudrais être reconnaissant envers la direction du GET et plus particulièrement à Carine Baritaud pour sa disponibilité et sa qualité d’accueil très chaleureux. 7 Croissance et remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)- Djerossem. N. F- 2015/2018 Mes reconnaissances vont également à l’endroit des autorités administratives et coutumières pour leurs soutiens sur le terrain. Issaka, notre première mission de terrain n’a pas été facile mais on s’en est sortie grâce à notre bon sens bien sûr (désormais il faut se méfier de ce mot « guerip » en arabe tchadien qui veut dire « tout près »). J’espère que tu n’as pas oublié ce mot « tchiii… »? Merci à Aboulfati pour son aide sur le terrain. Merci Etienne et Rirabé pour votre coup de main au traitement d’image satellitale. Merci au SCAC/Ambassade de France au Tchad et au projet NEEDS piloté par Olivier Vanderhaeghe d’avoir financés ce projet de thèse. Je remercie également Nathalie Roubert, responsable de Campus France à Toulouse pour sa collaboration. Merci Mbairamadji Harni et Mahamat Nour Abdallah. Malgré la distance qui nous sépare (Marseille-Toulouse), vous avez toujours été présent quand je m’ennuyais dans mes 9 m2. Mes remerciements vont également à l’endroit de tous ceux qui de près ou de loin m’ont encouragé dans ce projet.
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