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Los Acuerdos De Libre Comercio En La Política

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Los Acuerdos De Libre Comercio En La Política UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología Departamento de Ciencia Política y Derecho Público LOS ACUERDOS DE LIBRE COMERCIO EN LA POLÍTICA COMERCIAL MEXICANA: A LA LUZ DE SUS OBJETIVOS, CONTENIDOS Y TENDENCIAS Tesis presentada para aspirar al título de Doctor en Ciencia Política por: LUIS ENRIQUE HERRERA MARTÍNEZ Realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Albert Galinsoga Jordá Catedrático de Derecho Internacional Público de la Universidad de Lleida y la tutoría del Dr. Joaquím M. Molins López Rodó Catedrático de ciencia política de la UAB Diciembre de 2004 Barcelona, España A Dios por su infinita bondad, a mis padres por su estímulo y cariño, a mi esposa por su ayuda, apoyo y paciencia. “El que no da, nada tiene derecho a pedir” L.E.H.M. ÍNDICE GENERAL página ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................ I PREÁMBULO....................................................................................................... V INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................................................. VIII OBJETO DE LA TESIS............................................................................ X DELIMITACIÓN DEL TRABAJO.......................................................... XI MÉTODO DE LA TESIS.......................................................................... XIV SISTEMÁTICA DEL TRABAJO............................................................. XV FUENTES DE CONOCIMIENTO Y DOCUMENTACIÓN.................. XX CAPÍTULO PRIMERO EL COMERCIO MUNDIAL: GLOBALIZACIÓN E INSTITUCIONALIZACIÓN I.- El contexto del comercio mundial: una visión contemporánea........................ 1 1.- Transformaciones tecnológicas y estructurales contemporáneas y su impacto en todos los ámbitos de la vida............................................................. 5 A.- Los Estados ................................................................................................. 9 B.- Los mercados .............................................................................................. 13 C.- Las empresas ............................................................................................... 16 D.- Los servicios ............................................................................................... 19 2.- El proceso de globalización: fenómeno de fin de siglo.................................... 23 3.- La integración económica: origen y evolución................................................ 29 A.- Definición de integración económica.......................................................... 29 B.- Origen y evolución de la integración económica..................................... 30 C.- Desarrollo de la integración económica y experiencias contemporáneas. 32 D.- Tipología de la integración económica.................................................... 35 E.- Un intento de síntesis de los tres procesos de integración más importantes 40 a.- La integración económica y política en Europa................................ 41 b.- La integración económica en América............................................. 43 c.- La integración económica en Asia.................................................... 56 4.- México y la integración económica............................................................... 62 II.- El régimen jurídico del comercio mundial: El Acuerdo General sobre Aran- celes Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT) 1.- El GATT: Antecedentes históricos................................................................ 69 2.- El GATT: un acuerdo provisional.................................................................. 72 3.- Objetivos del Acuerdo General ..................................................................... 78 4.- Principios fundamentales del GATT ............................................................ 81 5.- Otros principios menores ............................................................................. 91 6.- Estructura orgánica del GATT .................................................................... 99 A.- Las Partes Contratantes .......................................................................... 99 B.- Consejo de Representantes ..................................................................... 104 C.- Comités ................................................................................................... 105 D.- Los Grupos Consultivos y de Trabajo .................................................... 108 E.- La Secretaría y el Director General ........................................................ 109 7.- México y el GATT ...................................................................................... 111 III.- El vigente régimen jurídico del comercio internacional: La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) 1.- La voluntad de reforzar el sistema GATT................................................... 114 A.- El nuevo GATT de 1994 ........................................................................ 117 B.- La Organización Mundial del Comercio: Antecedentes ......................... 123 2.- Razones para la creación de la OMC .......................................................... 126 3.- Ventajas e inconvenientes para una OMC .................................................. 131 4.- Objetivos de la OMC .................................................................................. 136 5.- Los principios de la OMC y sus limitaciones.............................................. 140 A.- Los principios de la OMC...................................................................... 140 B.- Excepciones ............................................................................................ 152 6.- Funciones de la OMC.................................................................................. 154 7.- Miembros de la OMC ................................................................................. 155 8.- Estructura institucional ................................................................................ 159 A.- Órganos principales ................................................................................ 160 B.- Órganos subsidiarios ............................................................................... 166 9.- México y la OMC........................................................................................ 167 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO ORIGEN Y DESARROLLO DE LA POLITICA COMERCIAL DE MEXICO I.- La política comercial de México: Cuestiones conceptuales y antecedentes históricos 1.- La política comercial: conceptos fundamentales......................................... 173 2.- Instrumentos de la política comercial en general........................................ 177 3.- Antecedentes históricos del comercio exterior de México.......................... 181 A.- La época colonial: feudalismo con rasgos mercantilistas....................... 182 B.- El México independiente y el tránsito al liberalismo (1821-1887)......... 184 C.- El inicio del comercio de México con Estados Unidos.......................... 186 D.- El Porfiriato: consolidación del liberalismo independiente..................... 188 E.- El comercio exterior durante la revolución mexicana y los primeros gobiernos revolucionarios (1910-1940).................................................... 190 II.- La política comercial mexicana: Visión contemporánea de esta política ... 192 1.- Las grandes etapas de la política comercial mexicana (1940 a 1982 y 1982 a 2000)................................................................................................ 196 A.- La época proteccionista de la política comercial mexicana: El periodo del gran proceso del desarrollo estabilizador (1956-1971)..... 197 B.- El periodo de expansión económica y el aumento de la protección co- mercial: el sexenio de Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1972-1976).................. 200 C.- Época de la abundancia petrolera y las múltiples devaluaciones: El periodo de José López Portillo (1977-1982)........................................ 204 D.- Instrumentos utilizados durante el programa de la industrialización por sustitución de importaciones (1940-1982)......................................... 207 2.- La apertura comercial de México, el cambio estructural, el ingreso al GATT y la adecuación al NAFTA (1982-1999)......................................... 213 A.- De la transformación mundial a la transformación de la política comercial mexicana: contexto general en las décadas 1980 a 2000 ............... 214 B.- El contexto nacional en su conjunto: estabilización, ajuste y cambio estructural (1982-1999) ............................................................... 215 C.- La apertura comercial de México al exterior (1982-1993)..................... 221 a) Presiones externas para la apertura de México al exterior.............. 222 b) Presiones y argumentos internos para la apertura comercial de México........................................................................................... 224 3.- Instrumentos para la aplicación de la apertura comercial de México (1982- 1993)........................................................................................................... 226 III.- Periodos presidenciales comprendidos en esta etapa de apertura comercial 1.- Inicio del proceso de apertura comercial: El sexenio de Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (1982-1988)................................................................................... 228 2.- Instrumentalización de la apertura comercial y
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