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BIOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of Meloidogyne Incognita (KOFOID &WHITE, 1919) CHITWOOD, 1949 on Cucumis Sativus L

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BIOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of Meloidogyne Incognita (KOFOID &WHITE, 1919) CHITWOOD, 1949 on Cucumis Sativus L BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF Meloidogyne incognita (KOFOID &WHITE, 1919) CHITWOOD, 1949 ON Cucumis sativus L. USING CROP ROTATION BY BUKOLA RUKAYAH AMINU-TAIWO B. Agric (Hons) (Ilorin), M. Sc., M. Phil. (Ibadan) A thesis in the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN National Horticultural Research Institute, Jericho, Idi-Ishin, Ibadan, Oyo State August, 2017 i ABSTRACT Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) is an edible fruit vegetable grown for its nutritional and economic values, but root-knot nematodes such as Meloidogyne incognita (MI) constitute a major constraint to its production. Nematicides, the most effective control option, are expensive and not environment friendly. Cultural practices such as crop rotation could reduce nematode infection but its effect on MI on cucumber has not been adequately documented. Therefore, biology, pathogenicity and management of Meloidogyne incognita with crop rotation were investigated. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes on cucumber in Lagos, Ogun, Osun, Oyo, Kaduna and Plateau States where cucumber is mostly cultivated was carried out using systematic sampling technique. Pathogenicity of M. incognita on Marketer, Ashley, Tokyo and Marketmore varieties of cucumber were assessed in pot and field experiments. Sixty-four one week-old seedlings of each variety was inoculated at four inoculum densities: 0, 10,000, 20,000 and 40,000 eggs of MI in pots (20 kg soil) using a 4x4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design in four replicates. On the field, split-plot design was used with main plots (nematode-infested and nematode-free) and sub-plots (cucumber varieties). Healthy and nematode-infected (unhealthy) cucumber roots of 5 weeks-old were processed for histopathology using standard procedures. Life cycle of MI in Marketer was studied to assess generation time (GT). Twenty-one economic crops were evaluated for resistance to MI (5,000 eggs/5kg soil) using Canto-Saenz’s host designation scheme (Resistant = Gall index (GI)≤2 and Reproduction Factor (RF)≤1; Susceptible = GI≥2 and RF≥1; Tolerant = GI≤2 and RF≥1). Potentials of three resistant crops were evaluated in rotation with cucumber for MI management in the field. Data were collected on fresh shoot weight (FSW), marketable fruit yield (MFY, t/ha), GT, GI and RF. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Eleven plant-parasitic nematode genera were identified and the most prevalent were Meloidogyne spp. (45.5%), while the least were Rotylenchus spp. (0.3%). The four cucumber varieties were susceptible and susceptibility was in order of Marketer (GI=4.0, RF=20) >Ashley (GI=3.8, RF=14) >Marketmore (GI=3.5, RF=10) >Tokyo (GI=3.0, RF=15). However, MI was highly pathogenic at 10,000 eggs/20 kg soil on all cucumber varieties with MFY ranged from zero (Marketer) to 32.5±9.9 t/ha (control). The MI ii infection significantly reduced FSW (62.1%) and MFY (77.7%) on the field. The M. incognita infection collapsed and shrank cells in the cortex, endodermis, vascular and formation of giant cells in unhealthy roots compared to healthy roots. The GT of MI was 30.0±0.0 days. Out of the 21 crops, 10 were resistant, 8 susceptible and 3 tolerant. Cucumber planted in rotation with resistant crops; marigold, sesame and maize each reduced GI by 75.0%, while FSW increased by 60.8% in marigold, 57.2% in sesame and 57.7% in maize. The MFY of cucumber planted after marigold and sesame increased by 96.0% each and 97.0% in maize compared to control (36.0%). The cucumber varieties were susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita infection with more generations per growing season. However, cultivating cucumber in rotation with marigold, sesame or maize reduced Meloidogyne incognita infection in cucumber plots. Keywords: Crop rotation, Cucumber fruit yield, Nematode infection, Meloidogyne incognita, Words count: 500 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude goes to God Almighty the Creator of heaven and the earth, the beginning and the end for His mercy, faithfulness and protection in this journey so far. To Him be all praise, glory and honour forever and ever, Amen. My gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Prof. B. Fawole, who from his experience, patiently gave useful advice, assistance and contributions in the realization of this work. He never tired to promptly attend all the time to questions, requests and visits to all the field experiments even outside his place of work so as to bring out the best in this work. He is more than a supervisor to me, but a great teacher, mentor and father. I appreciate members of my Supervisory Committee: Drs Abiodun Claudius- Cole, Adefoyeke Aduramigba-Modupe of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology and A. Bolanle Olaniyan of Department of Agronomy University of Ibadan for their immense contributions with my Supervisor just to bring out the best in me and in this work. I am grateful to Dr. Danny Coyne for allowing me to make use of some facilities in the Nematology Laboratory of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. My appreciation also goes to Professors V. O. Olowe and J.J Atungwu of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta for the provision of sesame seeds used for this work and their fatherly advice. I appreciate Prof O. K. Adekunle of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Dr E. I. Nwanguma and Prof. T. I. Olabiyi for their brotherly advice. I also appreciate the cares and concerns shown by the Nematology Family: Drs. O. S. Osunlola, Debo Tanimola, Leonard Akpheokhai, Bukola Bamkefa, Thomas Agaba, Rotimi Akinlesi, Mr A. T. Adedeji, Mrs Wumi Adewuyi (IITA), Mr Teslim Bello and Miss Felicia Aigbokhan. It is with a mind of gratitude that I acknowledge the contributions of African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD) for sponsoring various trainings and conferences attended during the course of this work. My appreciation also goes to fellow AWARD colleagues, Dr Titilayo Aladesanmi, Mrs Mariam Osazodowa, Mojisola Ojebola, Jecinta Uramah and other AWARD fellows, mentors and mentees for their words of encouragement. I appreciate Iyabo Atanda, Sheriff Muraina, Folashade Adesanya, Mr Muritala Adeyemo and all other field staff of Spices Programme of National Horticultural Research Institute. I also thank the management team of National Horticultural iv Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan headed by the Acting Executive Director Dr A. A. Olaniyan and also former Executive Director Dr (Mrs) A.O Olufolaji for the opportunity to pursue this great academic task. I really appreciate Emmanuel Nnodim, David Omobusuyi and Mrs O. K. Odeh of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology for the technical assistance rendered during the course of this work. I also appreciate Mr I. C. Mpama of Department of Veterinary Medicine for his contribution to the histopathology aspect of this work. My appreciation also goes to the Management and staff of Teaching and Research farm, University of Ibadan for their support. I thank the present and past HODs, and the highly dedicated members of staff of the Department (CPEB) for assistance given which no doubt facilitated a good stay and work. I am equally grateful for the understanding and encouragement from my colleagues Mrs Dayo Idowu-Agida, Drs Abiola Oke, Ajayi, Fariyike Alaba, Mrs Adeola Akinpelu, Mrs Yemisi Adewale, Mrs Easter Adesegun, Mr Diran Olaleye, Mrs C. M. Adegbemile, Mrs H. T. Akinlolu, Mrs C. F Dairo and a host of others which the space will not allow me to list. I thank Mr and Mrs S.O Olasupo, Mr and Mrs Tony Ogunlusi, Mr and Mrs G.S Ajibaye, Mr and Mrs Peter Eboka, Mr and Mrs Tola Sanni, Mr and Mrs Onih, Sir and Lady Kehinde Shittu, Mr and Mrs E. O. Idowu-Agida, Revd and Mrs Sunday Oyesola, Mr and Mrs Lawrence Alamu for their words of encouragement and prayers. I am so grateful to my father, Late Alhaji Jimoh Aremu Adeyemi and my mother, Late Mrs Ebunoluwa Adeyemi for the gift of education and empowerment. I appreciate my sisters, Mrs. Motunrayo Awojobi, Omotunde, Dasola, Afusat, Aminat, Kafayat Adeyemi and Bose Ajijola and my brothers Dolapo Awojobi, Abdulahi, late Sulaimon, Rahmoh, Taye, Kehinde Adeyemi, Julius Aminu and entire Adeyemi and Aminu families for their support and encouragement. I sincerely appreciate my better half Dr. Francis Taiwo Aminu for his moral and financial support in realizing this great dream, and my children Dominic, Samuel, Anthony, Antonia, John and Peter for their moral support, words of encouragement and prayers towards the success of this work v DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my husband, Francis Taiwo Aminu, my children: Dominic, Samuel, Anthony, Antonia, John and Peter and to the lovely memory of my beloved parents, Late Alhaji Jimoh Aremu and late Mrs. Ebunoluwa Adijat Adeyemi. vi CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Mrs B. R. Aminu-Taiwo in the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan ……………………………………………………………… Supervisor B. Fawole. B.Sc. (Ibadan), M. S., Ph.D (Cornell) Professor, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Dedication vi Certification vii Table of contents viii List of Tables xi List of Figures xiv List of Plates xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Origin and History of Cucumber 4 2.2 Nutritive value and Uses 4 2.3 Common Cultivar Types 7 2.4 Cucumber Characteristics 7 2.5 Growth and Development of Cucumber 9 2.6 Propagation, planting and management of cucumber 9 2.7 Harvesting and yield of cucumber 9 2.8 Production Areas and Figures 9 2.9 Pests and Diseases of cucumber 10 2.10 Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) 12 2.11 Description of the Root-Knot Nematodes.
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