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General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management

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General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management Edited by A. Ciancio C.N.R., Bari, Italy and K. G. Mukerji University of Delhi, India A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-6060-1 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6061-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper Cover Photo: Nectarine powdery mildew showing white mycelium growth on the green fruits (by Peter Sholberg, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre/Centre de recherches agroalimentaires du Pacifique, Summerland, BC, Canada). All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. CONTENTS Contributors xiii Preface xv Section 1 - Modeling, Management and Epidemiology 1 - How to Create and Deploy Infection Models for Plant Pathogens 3 R. D. Magarey and T. B. Sutton 1. Introduction 3 2. Biological Requirements for Infection 6 3. Infection Models 8 4. Disease Forecast 12 5. Weather Inputs 15 5.1. Choice of Input Variables 15 5.2. Source of Weather Data 16 5.3. Canopy Microclimate 17 6. Model Validation 18 7. Information Delivery 21 References 22 2 - A Review of Resurgence and Replacement Causing Pest Outbreaks in IPM 27 J. D. Dutcher 1. Introduction 27 2. Primary Pest Resurgence 28 3. Secondary Pest Resurgence 29 4. Destruction of Natural Enemies 30 5. Hormoligosis 31 6. Detecting and Measuring Pest Resurgence 32 7. Problems and Solutions 34 8. Conclusions 38 References 39 3 - The Role of Plant Disease Epidemiology in Developing Successful Integrated Disease Management Programs 45 F. W. Nutter 1. Introduction 45 1.1. Importance of Quantitative Informations on yo, r, and t 45 1.2. The Relationship between Initial Inoculum (yo) and the Rate of Disease Development (r) 46 1.3. Reducing yo, r, and/or t for Effective Integrated Disease Management 48 1.4. Selecting the Best Model to Estimate yo, r, and t 49 1.4.1. The Monomolecular Model 50 1.4.2. The Exponential Model 51 v vi CONTENTS 1.4.3. The Logistic Model 52 1.4.4. The Gompertz Model 53 2. Sanitation 54 2.1. Disease Management Principle I: Exclusion (yo) 54 2.1.1. Quarantine (yo) 55 2.1.2. Seed/Plant Certification Programs (yo) 55 2.2. Disease Management Principle II: Avoidance (t) 56 2.2.1. Avoidance of Disease Risk in Space (t) 56 2.2.2. Avoidance of Disease Risk in Time (t) 58 2.3. Disease Management Principle III: Eradication (yo) 59 2.3.1. Eradication through Crop Rotation 60 2.3.2. Removal of Alternate and Alternative Hosts 60 2.3.3. Roguing of Diseased Plants (yo and r) 62 2.3.4. Removal and Burial of Crop Residues (Debris), (yo) 63 2.3.5. Pathogen Eradication Programs (yo) 63 2.3.6. Flooding (yo) 64 2.3.7. Soil Solarization (yo) 64 2.3.8. Eradication/Disinfestation by Heat Sterilization/Pasteurization (yo) 65 2.3.9. Soil Fumigation (yo) 65 3. Protection 65 3.1. Disease Management Principle IV: Protection (yo and/or r) 65 3.1.1. Use of Physical Barriers to Protect Crops (yo and r) 65 3.1.2. Use of Chemical Barriers to Protect Crops (yo and r) 66 3.1.3. The Use of Organic and Reflective Mulches (yo and r) 68 3.2. Disease Management Principle V: Host Resistance 69 3.2.1. Resistance Reducing Initial Inoculum (yo) 69 3.2.2. Resistance Reducing the Rate of Infection (Disease Development) 69 3.2.3. Host Resistance Affecting Time (t) 71 3.2.4. Molecular Technologies for Disease Resistant Plants 71 3.3. Disease Management Principle VI: Therapy (yo and Sometimes r) 73 3.3.1. Heat Therapy (yo) 73 3.3.2. Antibiotic and Chemical Therapy (yo) 73 3.3.3. Therapy Methods that Employ Radiation (yo) 73 3.3.4. Removal of Infected Plant Parts (yo and r) 73 4. Integration of IPM Practices at the Disease Components Level 74 Acknowledgements 76 References 76 4 - Concepts for Plant Protection in Changing Tropical Environments 81 A. Ciancio and K. G. Mukerji 1. Introduction 81 2. Environment and Climate Changes 83 2.1. Climate and Anthropogenic Changes 83 2.2. Past Climate Changes in the Tropics 85 CONTENTS vii 2.3. Present Climates 88 2.3.1. The Central Andes and South America 88 2.3.2. The Caribbean and Tropical Pacific 90 2.3.3. The Asian Monsoon System 91 2.3.4. Tropical Africa and Sub-Sahara 92 2.4. Expected Scenarios 93 2.4.1. Monsoon System 93 2.4.2.The Tropical Pacific 94 2.4.3. West Africa 95 3. Climate Changes and Plant Protection 95 3.1. Some General Concepts in Plant Protection 96 3.2. Crop Protection and Anthropogenic Changes 98 3.2.1. Changes Induced by Climate Variations 98 3.2.2. Marginal Benefit and Density Thresholds 99 3.3. Effects of Climate and Environment Changes on Pests and Diseases 101 3.3.1. Insects and Mites 101 3.3.2. Soil Food Webs 103 3.3.3. Plant Pathogens 104 3.4. Habitat Changes and Integrated Management 107 3.4.1. Rainforests 107 3.4.2. Hydrologic Cycles 108 3.5. Epidemics and Biological Control Agents 109 3.6. Plants Reactions to Climate Changes 110 3.6.1. Reaction to Greenhouse Gases 110 3.6.2. Reactions to Irradiation 111 4. Expected Changes in Tropical Regions 112 4.1. Central Andes and South America 113 4.2. Caribbean and Tropical Pacific 114 4.3. Asian Monsoon Region 115 4.4. Africa and Sub Sahara 117 5. Adaptive Strategies for Integrated Management 119 5.1. Adaptive Strategies and Disease Management 119 5.2. Tools and Technologies 120 6. Conclusions 122 References 122 5 - Management of Postharvest Diseases in Stone and Pome Fruit Crops 131 S.-P. Tian 1. Introduction 131 2. Principal Diseases and Infection Process 132 2.1. The Major Pathogens 132 2.2. The Infection Process 132 2.3. The Penetration Ways 133 2.3.1. Wound Infection 133 2.3.2. Direct Infection 134 viii CONTENTS 3. Conditions Affecting Pathogen Infection and Disease Development 134 3.1. Environmental Conditions 134 3.1.1. Temperature 134 3.1.2. Humidity 135 3.1.3. Atmosphere Control 135 3.2. Fruit Resistance to Fungal Attack 135 3.2.1. Maturity 136 3.2.2. Biochemical Defense 136 3.2.3. Wound Healing 136 4. Approaches of Postharvest Disease Control 137 4.1. High-CO2 Treatment 137 4.2. Heat Treatment 138 4.3. Chemical Fungicides 138 4.4. Biological Control 138 4.5. Induced Resistance 141 References 144 6 - Integrated Approaches for Carrot Pests and Diseases Management 149 R. M. Davis and J. Nuñez 1. Introduction 149 2. Diseases Caused by Bacteria 151 2.1. Bacterial Leaf Blight 151 2.1.1. Integrated Management of Bacterial Leaf Blight 151 2.2. Scab 152 2.2.1. Integrated Management of Scab 153 2.3. Soft Rot 153 2.3.1. Integrated Management of Soft Rot 154 3. Foliar Diseases Caused by Fungi 154 3.1. Alternaria Leaf Blight 154 3.1.1. Integrated Management of Alternaria Leaf Blight 155 3.2. Cercospora Leaf Blight 156 3.2.1. Integrated Management of Cercospora Leaf Blight 157 3.3. Downy Mildew 157 3.3.1. Integrated Management of Downy Mildew 158 3.4. Powdery Mildew 158 3.4.1. Integrated Management of Powdery Mildew 159 3.5. Rust 160 3.5.1. Integrated Management of Rust 160 4. Diseases Caused by Soil-Borne Fungi 161 4.1. Black Rot 161 4.1.1. Integrated Management of Black Rot 162 4.2. Cavity Spot 162 4.2.1. Integrated Management of Cavity Spot 163 4.3. Cottony Rot 164 4.3.1. Integrated Management of Cottony Rot 165 CONTENTS ix 4.4. Crown Rot 165 4.4.1. Integrated Management of Crown Rot 166 4.5. Damping-off 166 4.5.1. Integrated Management of Damping-off 167 4.6. Itersonilia Canker 168 4.6.1. Integrated Management of Itersonilia Canker 168 4.7. Phytophthora Root Rot 168 4.7.1. Integrated Management of Phytophthora Root Rot 169 4.8. Root Dieback 169 4.8.1. Integrated Management of Root Dieback 170 4.9. Southern Blight 170 4.9.1. Integrated Management of Southern Blight 171 4.10. Violet Root Rot 171 4.10.1. Integrated Management of Violet Root Rot 172 5. Postharvest Diseases 172 5.1. Black Root Rot 172 5.1.1. Integrated Management of Black Root Rot 173 5.2. Crater Rot 174 5.2.1. Integrated Management of Crater Rot 174 5.3. Licorice Rot 174 5.3.1. Integrated Management of Licorice Rot 175 6. Diseases Caused by Viruses and Phytoplasmas 175 6.1. Carrot Motley Dwarf 175 6.1.1. Integrated Management of Carrot Motley Dwarf 177 6.2. Carrot Thin-leaf 177 6.2.1. Integrated Management of Carrot Thin-leaf 177 6.3. Carrot Virus Y 178 6.3.1. Integrated Management of Carrot Virus Y 178 6.4. Aster Yellows and BLTVA (Beet Leafhopper-transmitted Virescence Agent) Yellows 178 6.4.1.
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