A Security Council for the 21St Century Challenges and Prospects MINISTRY of FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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coleção EVENTOS A Security Council for the 21st Century Challenges and Prospects MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Foreign Minister Aloysio Nunes Ferreira Secretary-General Ambassador Marcos Bezerra Abbott Galvão ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Institute of Research on International Relations Director Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida Center for Diplomatic History and Documents Director Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Junior Editorial Board of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Members Ambassador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Ambassador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Junior Ambassador José Estanislau do Amaral Souza Ambassador Eduardo Paes Saboia Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida Minister Paulo Elias Martins de Moraes Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundation’s mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. A Security Council for the 21st Century Challenges and Prospects Eugênio Vargas Garcia Maria Clara( de Paula Tusco Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Editors) Brasília – 2017 Copyright © Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170 ‑900 Brasília–DF Telefones: (61) 2030‑6033/6034 Fax: (61) 2030 ‑9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E ‑mail: [email protected] Editorial Staff: André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão Graphic Design: Daniela Barbosa Layout: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Printed in Brazil 2017 S446 A security council for the 21st century : challenges and prospescts / Eugênio Vargas Garcia, Maria Clara de Paula Tusco e Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima (editores). – Brasília : FUNAG, 2017. 221p. – (Coleção eventos) ISBN 978-85-7631-685-5 1. Nações Unidas (ONU). Conselho de Segurança. 2. Organização internacional. 3. Segurança coletiva. 4. Cooperação internacional. I. Garcia, Eugênio Vargas. II. Tusco, Maria Clara de Paula. III. Moreira Lima, Sérgio Eduardo. IV. Série. CDD 341.123 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview 07 Programme 15 Concept Note 19 Opening Statements 23 Keynote Address 33 Discussions 47 Papers 181 List of Participants of the Roundtable 209 Photos 213 OVERVIEW This book is a result of the international seminar “A Security Council for the 21st Century: Challenges and Prospects,” which was held at the Itamaraty Palace in Brasilia on 23 June 2016, organized by the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) and the Department for International Organizations of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in association with the Pandiá Calógeras Institute, the Brazilian Center for International Relations (Cebri), and the Igarapé Institute. 7 Eugênio Vargas Garcia Maria Clara de Paula Tusco Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima The seminar was opened by the president of Funag, Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima, and the vice-minister for Political Affairs-I of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Ambassador Fernando Simas Magalhães. In order to provide an opportunity for an inclusive debate, it was organized around a roundtable, comprised of approximately 30 guests, among them government officials, military and representatives from national and foreign academic institutions, civil society and the media. It was also open to the general public, with a limited number of spots. The audience, consisting of more than 100 people, included members of the diplomatic corps, researchers and students. Among the representatives of other governments who attended the event were Ambassador Courtenay Rattray, Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations and former Chair of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on Security Council Reform, as the guest of honor; Ambassador Martín Vidal, director general for political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay; Ambassador Dirk Brengelmann, ambassador of Germany in Brazil; Counsellor Mohamed Bouabdallah, from the Department for United Nations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France; Mr. Djeyhoun Ostowar, policy officer at the Multilateral Organizations and Human Rights Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands; and Minister Kazuhiro Fujimura, Embassy of Japan in Brasilia. The seminar featured the presence of renowned guests from civil society, including Mr. Bruno Stagno Ugarte, deputy executive director for advocacy at Human Rights Watch; former foreign minister of Costa Rica (2006-10); former executive director of the “Security Council Report” (2011-14) and co-editor of “The UN Security Council in the 21st Century”; Ms. Ruchita Beri, senior research associate of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses of India; Mr William R. Pace, president of the Center 8 Overview for UN Reform Education and convenor of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court; and Professor Stephen Schlesinger, fellow at the Century Foundation, New York and author of “Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations.” The following representatives from the media were present: Mr. Demétrio Magnoli, columnist for the Brazilian newspapers, “Folha de S. Paulo” and “O Globo,” and commentator on international politics on the Globo News television network; Mr. Jan Piotrowski, “The Economist’s São Paulo Bureau Chief”; and Mr. Silvio Queiroz, columnist for the newspaper, “Correio Braziliense.” In the opening ceremony, Ambassador Sergio Eduardo Moreira Lima outlined the risk of the United Nations losing its preeminent role for the international security governance system. He advocated a more representative, transparent and legitimate Security Council in order to increase the capacity of that body to contribute to avoid conflict and to protect a greater number of civilians. He pointed out that our foreign policy has benefitted from contacts with the Brazilian civil society and asserted that Funag is working to strengthen and institutionalize this relationship. Moreover, he stressed that Funag is the leading Brazilian institution in terms of the number of books published in the field of foreign policy, international relations and Brazilian diplomatic history. 9 Eugênio Vargas Garcia Maria Clara de Paula Tusco Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Ambassador Martín Vidal, director general for political affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay; Ambassador Fernando Simas Magalhães, vice-minister for Political Affairs-I, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil; Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima, president of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG) Ambassador Fernando Simas Magalhães stressed that the seminar was part of the efforts of the Brazilian government to broaden the dialogue with the public and to raise greater awareness of the need to update and strengthen the multilateral system of peace and security. He recalled that, six years ago in April 2010, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the support of Funag, organized a similar event in Brasilia: the seminar “Emerging Structures of Global Governance,” in which the role of the Security Council in the 21st Century was also discussed. He also recalled that, three years later, in April 2013, Itamaraty and Funag organized yet another round of discussions on the issue with civil society and the media: the seminar “Current Challenges to International Peace and Security: The Need to Reform the United Nations Security Council” (Praia do Forte, 26 April 2013). He argued that, 10 Overview given their paramount importance to the international peace and security agenda, the matters related to the functioning of the Security Council should be further discussed and studied by scholars, journalists and representatives from the civil society in general. At the end of his speech, he expressed his expectation that the seminar will inspire a larger community of experts and bring about fresh perspectives, fostering a deeper understanding of the many roles played by the Security Council. Ambassador Fernando Simas Magalhães, vice-minister for Political Affairs-I, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil; Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima, president of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG) On his turn, the guest of honor, Ambassador Courtenay Rattray, highlighted “Brazil’s long history of being at the vanguard of the discussions on this important issue” and reminded the aspiration of the country for a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. He provided an overview of contemporary efforts being made within the framework of the Intergovernmental 11 Eugênio Vargas Garcia Maria Clara de Paula Tusco Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Negotiations process (IGN). He noted the deep sense of “cynicism and apathy” that has pervaded the reform process for over 20 years, as well as the chronic inability to move beyond procedural concerns towards real give and take negotiations. He also noted that, upon assuming the position of Chair, he recognized, based on the complexity of the issues, that text-based negotiations were the most suitable approach to conduct