DOCSLIB.ORG

East African Prospects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Report East African prospects An update on the political economy of Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda David Booth, Brian Cooksey, Frederick Golooba-Mutebi and Karuti Kanyinga May 2014 May 2014 Report East African prospects An update on the political economy of Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda David Booth, Brian Cooksey, Frederick Golooba-Mutebi and Karuti Kanyinga Prospects in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda are a matter of small variations and stepwise change within ‘limited access orders’ Pockets of crony capitalist success are set to get larger and more dynamic in Kenya, with some spread effects Political obstacles to coordinated sector reform are going to endure, with especially damaging effects in Tanzania The leadership factors that matter are collective and have to do with political organisation and underlying settlements Reforms could be achieved ‘against the odds’ if practical development organisations were to adopt a different way of working Shaping policy for development odi.org Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the large number of individuals who shared views and insights on a confidential basis with the research team. The views expressed in the report are, however, those of the authors alone, and we remain responsible for any errors or omissions. No opinions should be attributed to the Overseas Development Institute. East African prospects i Table of contents Acknowledgements i Abbreviations iv Executive summary vii Framing the study vii Kenya viii Tanzania ix Uganda ix Rwanda x Implications and ways forward x Introduction 1 1 East African political economy: some framing propositions 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Political and economic power linkages under ‘limited access orders’ 4 1.3 Crony capitalism’s islands of effectiveness 5 1.4 Politically supported coordination capabilities 7 1.5 Leadership, group interests and political settlements 9 2 Kenya 13 2.1 Background 13 2.2 Political and economic power linkages 14 2.3 Presidential authority and development leadership 25 2.4 Political challenges and institutional restraints 26 2.5 Issues in the governance of growth 29 2.6 Prospects and risks 31 2.7 Conclusions 34 3 Tanzania 35 3.1 Background 35 3.2 Political and economic power linkages 36 3.3 Presidential authority and development leadership 37 3.4 Political challenges and institutional restraints 39 3.5 Issues in the governance of growth 46 3.6 Prospects and risks 54 3.7 Conclusions 55 4 Uganda 56 4.1 Background 56 4.2 Political and economic power linkages 56 4.3 Presidential authority and development leadership 59 4.4 Political challenges and institutional restraints 61 4.5 Issues in the governance of growth 69 4.6 Prospects and risks 70 4.7 Conclusions 75 ODI Report ii East African prospects ii 5 Rwanda 76 5.1 Background 76 5.2 Political and economic power linkages 76 5.3 Presidential authority and development leadership 80 5.4 Political challenges and institutional restraints 81 5.5 Issues in the governance of growth 82 5.6 Prospects and risks 83 5.7 Conclusions 85 6 Implications and ways forward 86 6.1 How much crony capitalism? 86 6.2 How much reform coordination capability? 87 6.3 What sort of political settlements? 89 6.4 How to achieve reforms against the odds 90 References 93 Figures Figure 1: Variations in Kenya’s economic growth, 1991-2012 30 Figure 2: CCM and opposition parties’ performance in national elections, 1995-2010 40 Tables Table 1: Members of Kenya’s trade and investment delegation to China, August 2013 24 Table 2: Major corporate taxpayers, Tanzania, 2005-11 36 Table 3: Marketing preferences, Tanzania (percent) 48 Table 4: Selected Tanzanian exports by value (USD m) 52 Table 5: Manufactured exports of EAC members, 2000, 2005 and 2010 (USD m) 52 Boxes Box 1: President Kikwete’s agriculture initiatives 37 Box 2: SAGCOT, Tanzania’s agricultural growth corridor 51 Box 3: An insider view of the current EAC impasse 55 ODI Report iii East African prospects iii Abbreviations AFC Agricultural Finance Company (Kenya) ASDP Agriculture Sector Development Programme (Tanzania) AU African Union APPP Africa Power and Politics Programme (research) BRN Big Results Now (Tanzania) CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CCK Communications Commission of Kenya CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi (Party of the Revolution, Tanzania) CHADEMA Chama cha Democrasi (Democratic Party, Tanzania) CIC Commission on the Implementation of the Constitution (Kenya) CORD Coalition for Reforms and Democracy (Kenya) COW Coalition of the Willing (EAC) CP Conservative Party (Uganda) CVL Crystal Ventures Limited (Rwanda) DFID Department for International Development (UK) DP Democratic Party (Kenya, Uganda) DRA Developmental Regimes in Africa (research project DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EPP Elites, Production and Poverty (research project) ETG Export Trading Group (Tanzania FDC Forum for Democratic Change (Uganda) FDI Foreign direct investment FDLR Forces démocratiques pour la liberation du Rwanda ODI Report iv East African prospects iv GDP Gross Domestic Product GMO Genetically modified organism HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (debt initiative) IFI International financial institution (World Bank, International Monetary Fund) ICC International Criminal Court JEEMA Justice, Education, Economic Revitalization, Morality and African Unity (Uganda) JSC Judicial Service Commission (Kenya) IEBC Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (Kenya) IMF International Monetary Funds KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KCC Kenya Cooperative Creameries KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance KK Kilimo Kwanza (Agriculture First, Tanzania) KNCCI Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry LAO Limited access order MONUSCO UN Mission for the Stabilisation of Congo MP Member of Parliament MTP Medium Term Plan (Kenya) M23 23 March Movement (DRC) NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services (Uganda) NAFSN New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (Tanzania) NARC National Rainbow Coalition NGO Non-governmental organisation NCPB National Cereals and Produce Board (Kenya) NMC National Milling Corporation (Tanzania) NRM National Resistance Movement (Uganda) ODI Report v East African prospects v OAO Open access order ODM Orange Democratic Movement (Kenya) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OXFAM Oxford Committee on Famine Relief PAC Public Accounts Committee PEAPA Political Economy of Agricultural Policy in Africa (research project) PIRT Presidential Investment Round Table (Uganda) PNU Party of National Unity (Kenya) PSC Public Service Commission (Kenya) PSF Private Sector Federation (Rwanda) REPOA Research on Poverty Alleviation (Tanzania) RIG Rwanda Investment Group RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front SADC Southern African Development Community SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania SRA Strategy for Revitalising Agriculture (Kenya) TAFSIP Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan TD Tracking Development (research project) TNA The National Alliance (Kenya) TNBC Tanzania National Business Council TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority UN United Nations URP United Republican Party (Kenya) UPC Uganda People’s Congress UPDF Uganda People’s Defence Force WRS Warehouse Receipt System ODI Report vi East African prospects vi Executive summary This report provides an update on the political economy of four East African countries: Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda. Based on published research, media reports, the authors’ inside knowledge on certain topics and recent interviews with well-placed observers in the region, it is intended to provide guidance to any practical development organisation approaching a new phase of strategic planning in East African Community (EAC) member states. The Overseas Development Institute managed the production of the report, but it is an independent study reflecting the perceptions and opinions of the four authors. The report is not a comprehensive treatment of the many important and interesting things currently happening in East Africa. The focus is on political economy and the implications, in particular, for modalities of support to the development of productive sectors in the four countries. In planning the work, the authors sought to address a number of themes of concern to practical development organisations across the region as well as topical issues concerning particular states. These were grouped under five headings: linkages between political and economic power, including the incentives and norms that regulate the behaviour of political and economic actors; presidential authority as a source of development leadership, including its role in either centralising or dispersing the accumulation of rents; political challenges – the extent to which parliamentary politics has become a force for change – and institutional constraints: whether regulatory bodies or governance initiatives are able to check vested interests; issues in the governance of economic growth, including attitudes to competition; and prospects and risks in the near and medium-term future, and strategies for addressing them. The report has four sections that deal in greater or lesser detail with these topics for each of the focus countries. They are preceded by a framing section, which aims to anchor the country analyses in some of the major themes of recent scholarship on comparative development, with particular but not exclusive reference to sub-Saharan Africa. A concluding section pulls together some conclusions
Recommended publications
  • Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya

    Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Elischer, Sebastian Working Paper Ethnic Coalitions of Convenience and Commitment: Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya GIGA Working Papers, No. 68 Provided in Cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Suggested Citation: Elischer, Sebastian (2008) : Ethnic Coalitions of Convenience and Commitment: Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya, GIGA Working Papers, No. 68, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/47826 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort
  • Towards Sustainable Peace in Uganda?

    Towards Sustainable Peace in Uganda?

    TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN UGANDA? - a study of peacebuilding in northern Uganda and the involvement of the civil society during the LRA/ government of Uganda peace process of 2006-2007 Anna Svenson Spring term of 2007 Master thesis Political Sciences, POM 556 Supervisor: Emil Uddhammar TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... 7 PART I – INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT AND METHODOLOGICAL DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Purpose and research questions...................................................................................... 10 1.3 Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Disposition ..................................................................................................................... 11 2. METHODOLOGICAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 13 2.1 The project – choice and
  • Kenya in Crisis

    Kenya in Crisis

    KENYA IN CRISIS Africa Report N°137 – 21 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE ELECTION CRISIS ............................................................................................. 2 A. A TIGHT AND TENSE RACE ...................................................................................................2 1. Coalition building ......................................................................................................3 2. The issues...................................................................................................................4 B. THE RIGGING OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ....................................................................6 III. THE SECURITY CRISIS.............................................................................................. 9 A. PROTEST AND REPRESSION....................................................................................................9 B. ESCALATION IN THE RIFT VALLEY ......................................................................................10 1. The rise of Kalenjin warriors in the North Rift .......................................................11 2. The return of Mungiki..............................................................................................13 3. Coast Province: the next theatre of violence?..........................................................15
  • Special Report No

    Special Report No

    SPECIAL REPORT NO. 490 | FEBRUARY 2021 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE w w w .usip.org North Korea in Africa: Historical Solidarity, China’s Role, and Sanctions Evasion By Benjamin R. Young Contents Introduction ...................................3 Historical Solidarity ......................4 The Role of China in North Korea’s Africa Policy .........7 Mutually Beneficial Relations and Shared Anti-Imperialism..... 10 Policy Recommendations .......... 13 The Unknown Soldier statue, constructed by North Korea, at the Heroes’ Acre memorial near Windhoek, Namibia. (Photo by Oliver Gerhard/Shutterstock) Summary • North Korea’s Africa policy is based African arms trade, construction of owing to African governments’ lax on historical linkages and mutually munitions factories, and illicit traf- sanctions enforcement and the beneficial relationships with African ficking of rhino horns and ivory. Kim family regime’s need for hard countries. Historical solidarity re- • China has been complicit in North currency. volving around anticolonialism and Korea’s illicit activities in Africa, es- • To curtail North Korea’s illicit activ- national self-reliance is an under- pecially in the construction and de- ity in Africa, Western governments emphasized facet of North Korea– velopment of Uganda’s largest arms should take into account the histor- Africa partnerships. manufacturer and in allowing the il- ical solidarity between North Korea • As a result, many African countries legal trade of ivory and rhino horns and Africa, work closely with the Af- continue to have close ties with to pass through Chinese networks. rican Union, seek cooperation with Pyongyang despite United Nations • For its part, North Korea looks to China, and undercut North Korean sanctions on North Korea.
  • Kenya Election History 1963-2013

    Kenya Election History 1963-2013

    KENYA ELECTION HISTORY 1963-2013 1963 Kenya Election History 1963 1963: THE PRE-INDEPENDENCE ELECTIONS These were the last elections in pre-independent Kenya and the key players were two political parties, KANU and KADU. KADU drew its support from smaller, less urbanized communities hence advocated majimboism (regionalism) as a means of protecting them. KANU had been forced to accept KADU’s proposal to incorporate a majimbo system of government after being pressured by the British government. Though KANU agreed to majimbo, it vowed to undo it after gaining political power. The majimbo constitution that was introduced in 1962 provided for a two-chamber national legislature consisting of an upper (Senate) and lower (House of Representative). The Campaign KADU allied with the African People’s Party (APP) in the campaign. KANU and APP agreed not to field candidates in seats where the other stood a better chance. The Voting Elections were marked by high voter turnout and were held in three phases. They were widely boycotted in the North Eastern Province. Violence was reported in various parts of the country; four were killed in Isiolo, teargas used in Nyanza and Nakuru, clashes between supporters in Machakos, Mombasa, Nairobi and Kitale. In the House of Representative KANU won 66 seats out of 112 and gained working majority from 4 independents and 3 from NPUA, KADU took 47 seats and APP won 8. In the Senate KANU won 19 out 38 seats while KADU won 16 seats, APP won 2 and NPUA only 1. REFERENCE: NATIONAL ELECTIONS DATA BOOK By Institute for Education in Democracy (published in 1997).
  • MCW Hosts Dinner to Honor His Excellency President Jakaya

    MCW Hosts Dinner to Honor His Excellency President Jakaya

    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MCW Communications Team Tel: (212) 453-5811 www.miraclecorners.org / [email protected] MCW HOSTS DINNER FOR JAKAYA MRISHO KIKWETE, TANZANIAN PRESIDENT Dinner Brings Attention to MCW-MUHAS Oral Healthcare Project and Need to Promote Maternal Health NEW YORK, New York, October 2, 2009 – Miracle Corners of the World (MCW), a non- profit organization that empowers youth to be positive agents of change in their communities, honored Tanzanian President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete at a special dinner in New York City last week joined by the Minister of Health and Social Welfare Professor David Mwakyusa. The event gave the president and minister the opportunity to meet MCW’s community of friends and supporters, and to highlight the East African country’s healthcare priorities. In his remarks, the president expressed his appreciation for MCW’s work in re-equipping the clinics at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences’ Dental School (MUHAS) in Dar es Salaam. He also stressed the need to improve the country’s maternal healthcare capabilities and challenged the dinner attendees to help Tanzania tackle the problem, noting that many deaths could be prevented through simple interventions. The event was organized and hosted by the Bergman family, including Henry Schein Inc. Chairman and CEO Stanley Bergman and MCW Healthcare Projects Director Dr. Marion Bergman, as well as MCW Co-founder and Executive Director Eddie Bergman, at their private residence. “MCW has a longstanding relationship with Tanzania, dating back to 2001 when the organization built its first youth center in Arusha,” Dr. Bergman said. “Thanks to the support of the president and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, we are currently working with MUHAS and a broad range of private sector partners from the United States to turn the Dental School into a regional center of excellence.
  • TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who Will Benefit from the Gas Economy, If It Happens?

    TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who Will Benefit from the Gas Economy, If It Happens?

    TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013 Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? Supported by: 2 TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Policy Forum would like to thank the Foundation for Civil Society for the generous grant that financed Tanzania Governance Review 2013. The review was drafted by Tanzania Development Research Group and edited by Policy Forum. The cartoons were drawn by Adam Lutta (Adamu). Tanzania Governance Reviews for 2006-7, 2008-9, 2010-11, 2012 and 2013 can be downloaded from the Policy Forum website. The views expressed and conclusions drawn on the basis of data and analysis presented in this review do not necessarily reflect those of Policy Forum. TGRs review published and unpublished materials from official sources, civil society and academia, and from the media. Policy Forum has made every effort to verify the accuracy of the information contained in TGR2013, particularly with media sources. However, Policy Forum cannot guarantee the accuracy of all reported claims, statements, and statistics. Whereas any part of this review can be reproduced provided it is duly sourced, Policy Forum cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. ISBN:978-9987-708-19-2 For more information and to order copies of the report please contact: Policy Forum P.O. Box 38486 Dar es Salaam Tel +255 22 2780200 Website: www.policyforum.or.tz Email: [email protected] Suggested citation: Policy Forum 2015.
  • TANZANIA NATIONAL AGOA STRATEGY Ministry of Industry

    TANZANIA NATIONAL AGOA STRATEGY Ministry of Industry

    TANZANIA NATIONAL AGOA STRATEGY Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment USAID EAST AFRICA TRADE AND INVESTMENT HUB NATIONAL AGOA STRATEGY FOR THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Dar es Salaam, May 10, 2016 Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development/Kenya and East Africa C/O American Embassy United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 629, Village Market 00621 Nairobi, Kenya Prepared by Development Alternatives Incorporated, DAI 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814 DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 2 CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ 4 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 8 SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TANZANIA ......................................................................... 11 1.2 BACKGROUND ON AGOA AND AGOA EXTENSION AND ENHANCEMENT ACT ....... 11 1.3 SSA REGION SOCIO-ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND IMPACT OF AGOA .......................... 13 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY........................................................................................
  • Tanzania's 'Rice Bowl'

    Tanzania's 'Rice Bowl'

    Working Paper 034 Tanzania’s ‘rice bowl’: Production success, scarcity persistence and rent seeking in the East African Community Antonio Andreoni,1 Deograsias Mushi2 and Ole Therkildsen3 January 2021 1 UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, University College London 2 School of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam 3 Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) All correspondence to Dr Antonio Andreoni ([email protected]) Tanzania’s ‘rice bowl’: Production success, scarcity persistence and rent seeking in the East African Community Contents Acronyms and abbreviations 3 Acknowledgements 3 Executive summary 4 1. Introduction 6 2. The political logic of ‘scarcity’ and rent-seeking: why not all crops are the same 8 3. Scarcity in rice: production, trade and regulation 12 3.1. Rice scarcity in the EAC since the 2000s 12 3.2. Rapid increases in production 13 3.3. Rice processing and marketing 16 3.4. Official imports and exports 18 3.5. Trade informality and contradictory regimes 19 4. Rent-seeking processes: the political economies of rice 24 4.1. Rent-seeking in the value chain 24 4.2. Mis-invoicing 27 4.3. Transit, exports and cross-border trade 29 4.4. Puzzling yet persistent price trends 32 4.5. Shifting patterns of rice trade and rent-seeking 33 5. Formalising trade through collective action: an anti-corruption proposal from Tanzania to the EAC 36 6. References 40 1 Tanzania’s ‘rice bowl’: Production success, scarcity persistence and rent seeking in the East African Community Figures Figure 1. The Tanzania ‘rice bowl’ 9 Figure 2.
  • Page 1 of 2 Allafrica.Com: Kenya: Is It Possible Raila Is Being Set up For

    Page 1 of 2 Allafrica.Com: Kenya: Is It Possible Raila Is Being Set up For

    allAfrica.com: Kenya: Is It Possible Raila is Being Set Up for Failure? Page 1 of 2 HOME Kenya: Is It Possible Raila is Being Set Up for Failure? Makau Mutua 5 June 2010 OPINION Nairobi — This is a warning to Prime Minister Raila Odinga. Call it a yellow card. Mr Odinga needs to remember the biblical proverb that "pride cometh before a fall". It is a law of gravity that whatever goes up must come down. He should know that it's a bad omen to count one's chickens before they hatch. The exuberance in the Yes camp is irrational because it belies some irreconcilable contradictions. Some senior PNU members - who are ostensibly in the Yes camp - are setting Mr Odinga up for a hard fall. They are fattening his ego for slaughter. Mr Odinga must remember that the leopard never changes its spots. It's now a fact that the referendum is a contest to succeed President Kibaki. It is no longer only about reform. The leader of the camp that wins the referendum will easily jog to State House in 2012. This is where Mr Odinga becomes an endangered species. There is no doubt that he is the clear leader of the Yes camp. Nor is there any question about President Kibaki's unequivocal support for the proposed constitution. Mr Kibaki is fully behind Mr Odinga. But the two plausible PNU presidential candidates - Vice-President Kalonzo Musyoka and Finance minister Uhuru Kenyatta - have only given tepid support to the proposed constitution. Mr Musyoka has refused to unequivocally back the constitution, or vigorously campaign for it.
  • Milestones 25 Years of the World Economic Forum in Africa

    Milestones 25 Years of the World Economic Forum in Africa

    Regional Agenda Milestones 25 Years of the World Economic Forum in Africa Cape Town, South Africa 3-5 June 2015 Introduction World Economic Forum meetings are convened so that leaders can come together to discuss the challenges affecting the global, regional and industry agendas, discern solutions and catalyse collective action in the spirit of public-private cooperation. The occasion of the 25th meeting of the World Economic Forum on Africa allows us not only to do this, but also to look back on the many milestones that have been achieved since 1990. By learning lessons from past, and bringing together the greatest minds of the present, the Forum is committed to acting as Africa’s trusted partner in transformation as it faces the challenges that will shape its future. Milestones: 25 Years of the World Economic Forum in Africa 3 A Partnership for Transformation: 1990-2000 Forum on Southern Africa – October 1990 Southern Africa Forum – May 1993 The World Economic Forum’s first Africa meeting takes The World Economic Forum holds the first Africa meeting place in Geneva, featuring a multistakeholder cast of in Cape Town, South Africa. This was the first visit to South participants from business, government and civil society, Africa for many Southern African Development Community including many ANC leaders. The success of the meeting heads of state. launched a global roadshow – led by Barend du Plessis, then Finance Minister, and Thabo Mbeki of the ANC – to Global Leaders of Tomorrow – 1993-2003 gain international support for South Africa’s future. This was The Forum launches a new community in response to a the first time that the entire South African political spectrum perceived need for a new approach to global leadership.
  • University of Cape Town

    University of Cape Town

    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Doing entrepreneurship in Uganda: The social construction of gendered identities among male and female entrepreneurs Town Kikooma Julius Fred Cape of ThesisUniversity presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the School of Management Studies Faculty of Commerce UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN December, 2006 CONTENTS Dedication ...................................................... i Acknowledgment ................................................. ii Abstract ...................................................... iii Chapter One Introduction and problem identification 1.0 Introduction ........................................ 1 1.1 Historical overview .................................. 1 1.1.1 Political and economic changes ...................... 4 1.1. 2 Government's responses to changes .................... 7 1.2 Significance of women in Uganda's economy ........... 8 1. 2.1 Challenges to female entrepreneurship ................ 9 1.3 Background to the study ............................ 11 1.4 Research question ..................................Town 15 1.5 Aims of the study .................................. 15 1.4 Definitions ........................................