IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Use of Reprocessed Uranium
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2003/09/17-LES Hearing
-O - ENERGY "RAS 'V87 RESOURCES 3L INTERNATIONAL, INC. , : _ _ ERI-21 29-0301 Market for Uranium Enrichment Services 0 2003 Energy Resources International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. II II Prepared For: I Cz) C-oC Louisiana Energy Services, L.P. * - C- C-, Ir' Cf. -v" I. Ln U) September 17, 2003 5s 0CRIM by: Appflcantkonqit~- NRC SWaf Oler______ IDnesslnaae4!501 WA A~mbkat FECTED VW1D0M1111 (j 6o 1015 18t Street, NW, Suite 650 Washington, DC 20036 , , _ . USA Telephone: (202) 785-8833 FacsImile: (202) 785-8834 LES-04940 iemP/a7Le-- Sl cy- 16g2 Se Cvo,-e - NOTICE ERI believes the information in this report to be accurate. However, ERI does not make any w arranty, e xpress or i mplied, n or a ssume any l egal I iability o r r esponsibility for t he accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informay ntained herein, nor for any consequent loss or damage of jrWit clf this information. * , w * n - LES-04941 ERI-129030203 /Setemer ii nerg Reourcs IteratioalInc ERI-2129-0301/September 2003 .. Energy Resources Internatignal, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Forecast of Installed Nuclear Power Generating Capacity 2 3. Uranium Enrichment Requirements Forecast 7 4. Current and Potential Future Sources of Uranium Enrichment Services 11 5. Market Analysis of Supply #nd Requirements 21 5.1. Scenario A - LES and USEC Centrifuge Plants Are Built in the U.S. 21 5.2. Scenario B - No LES; USEC Deploys Centrifuge Plant and Continues to Operate Paducah GDP 24 5.3. Scenario C - No LES; USEC Deploys Centrifuge Plant and Increases Centrifuge Plant Capability 25 5.4. -
Depleted Uranium Technical Brief
Disclaimer - For assistance accessing this document or additional information,please contact [email protected]. Depleted Uranium Technical Brief United States Office of Air and Radiation EPA-402-R-06-011 Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 December 2006 Depleted Uranium Technical Brief EPA 402-R-06-011 December 2006 Project Officer Brian Littleton U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Radiation Protection Division ii iii FOREWARD The Depleted Uranium Technical Brief is designed to convey available information and knowledge about depleted uranium to EPA Remedial Project Managers, On-Scene Coordinators, contractors, and other Agency managers involved with the remediation of sites contaminated with this material. It addresses relative questions regarding the chemical and radiological health concerns involved with depleted uranium in the environment. This technical brief was developed to address the common misconception that depleted uranium represents only a radiological health hazard. It provides accepted data and references to additional sources for both the radiological and chemical characteristics, health risk as well as references for both the monitoring and measurement and applicable treatment techniques for depleted uranium. Please Note: This document has been changed from the original publication dated December 2006. This version corrects references in Appendix 1 that improperly identified the content of Appendix 3 and Appendix 4. The document also clarifies the content of Appendix 4. iv Acknowledgments This technical bulletin is based, in part, on an engineering bulletin that was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA), with the assistance of Trinity Engineering Associates, Inc. -
Spent Fuel Reprocessing
Spent Fuel Reprocessing Robert Jubin Oak Ridge National Laboratory Reprocessing of used nuclear fuel is undertaken for several reasons. These include (1) recovery of the valuable fissile constituents (primarily 235U and plutonium) for subsequent reuse in recycle fuel; (2) reduction in the volume of high-level waste (HLW) that must be placed in a geologic repository; and (3) recovery of special isotopes. There are two broad approaches to reprocessing: aqueous and electrochemical. This portion of the course will only address the aqueous methods. Aqueous reprocessing involves the application of mechanical and chemical processing steps to separate, recover, purify, and convert the constituents in the used fuel for subsequent use or disposal. Other major support systems include chemical recycle and waste handling (solid, HLW, low-level liquid waste (LLLW), and gaseous waste). The primary steps are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Aqueous Reprocessing Block Diagram. Head-End Processes Mechanical Preparations The head end of a reprocessing plant is mechanically intensive. Fuel assemblies weighing ~0.5 MT must be moved from a storage facility, may undergo some degree of disassembly, and then be sheared or chopped and/or de-clad. The typical head-end process is shown in Figure 2. In the case of light water reactor (LWR) fuel assemblies, the end sections are removed and disposed of as waste. The fuel bundle containing the individual fuel pins can be further disassembled or sheared whole into segments that are suitable for subsequent processing. During shearing, some fraction of the radioactive gases and non- radioactive decay product gases will be released into the off-gas systems, which are designed to recover these and other emissions to meet regulatory release limits. -
Uranium 2001: Resources, Production and Demand
A Joint Report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency Uranium 2001: Resources, Production and Demand NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: − to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; − to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and − to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14 December 2000). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention). -
Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 145/Monday, August 2, 2021/Notices
41540 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 145 / Monday, August 2, 2021 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE III. Investigation Process Producers Will Face Increasing Import A. Initiation of Investigation Competition Bureau of Industry and Security B. Public Comments VIII. Conclusion C. Site Visits and Information Gathering A. Determination RIN 0694–XC078 Activities B. Economic Impacts of 25 Percent U.S.- D. Interagency Consultation Origin Requirement Publication of a Report on the Effect of E. Review of the Department of Commerce C. Public Policy Proposals Imports of Uranium on the National 1989 Section 232 Investigation on Security: An Investigation Conducted Uranium Imports Appendices Under Section 232 of the Trade IV. Product Scope of the Investigation Appendix A: Section 232 Investigation Expansion Act of 1962, as Amended V. Background on the U.S. Nuclear Industry Notification Letter to Secretary of Defense A. Summary of the U.S. Uranium Fuel James Mattis, July 18, 2018 AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Cycle Appendix B: Federal Register Notices— Security, Commerce. B. Summary of U.S. Nuclear Power Notice of Requests for Public Comments on Generation Industry ACTION: Publication of a report. Section 232 National Security Investigation VI. Global Uranium Market Conditions of Imports of Uranium, July 25, 2018; SUMMARY: The Bureau of Industry and A. Summary of the Global Uranium Market Change in Comment Deadline for Section Security (BIS) in this notice is B. Uranium Transactions: Book Transfers 232 National Security Investigation of and Flag Swaps publishing a report that summarizes the Imports of Uranium, September 10, 2018 C. The Effect of the Fukushima Daiichi Appendix C: Summary of Public Comments findings of an investigation conducted Incident on U.S. -
Advanced Reactors with Innovative Fuels
Nuclear Science Advanced Reactors with Innovative Fuels Workshop Proceedings Villigen, Switzerland 21-23 October 1998 NUCLEAR•ENERGY•AGENCY OECD, 1999. Software: 1987-1996, Acrobat is a trademark of ADOBE. All rights reserved. OECD grants you the right to use one copy of this Program for your personal use only. Unauthorised reproduction, lending, hiring, transmission or distribution of any data or software is prohibited. You must treat the Program and associated materials and any elements thereof like any other copyrighted material. All requests should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD Publications Service, 2, rue AndrÂe-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. OECD PROCEEDINGS Proceedings of the Workshop on Advanced Reactors with Innovative Fuels hosted by Villigen, Switzerland 21-23 October 1998 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: − to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; − to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and − to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. -
Uranium 2005 – Resources, Production and Demand Summary in English
Uranium 2005 – Resources, Production and Demand Summary in English Uranium 2005 – Resources, Production and Demand, presents the results of the most recent review of world uranium market fundamentals and provides a statistical profile of the world uranium industry as of 1 January 2005. First published in 1965, this, the 21st edition of what has become known as the “Red Book”, contains official data provided by 43 countries on uranium exploration, resources, production and reactor- related requirements. Projections of nuclear generating capacity and reactor-related uranium requirements through 2025 are provided as well as a discussion of long-term uranium supply and demand issues. Exploration Worldwide exploration expenditures in 2004 totalled over USD 133 million, an increase of almost 40% compared to 2002 expenditures as the market strengthened. Most major producing countries reported significant increases in exploration expenditures, perhaps best exemplified by the United States, where exploration expenditures in 2002 amounted to much less than USD 1 million but by 2004 had jumped to over USD 10 million. Global exploration activities remained concentrated in areas with potential for unconformity-related and ISL-amenable sandstone deposits, primarily in close proximity to known resources. However, the rising price of uranium has also stimulated “grass roots” exploration, as well as exploration activities in regions known to have good potential based on past work. About 50% of the exploration expenditures in 2004 were devoted to domestic activities. Non-domestic exploration expenditures, although reported by only Australia, Canada, France and Switzerland, rose to over USD 70 million in 2004, more than four times the non-domestic exploration expenditures reported in 2002, with only Canada and France reporting data for 2002. -
Primary and Secondary Sources [PDF]
Primary and secondary sources in Global Nuclear Fuel Supply; focus on Uranium Georges CAPUS AREVA VP Front-End Marketing Seminar on Global Nuclear Fuel Supply Permanent Mission of Japan to the IAEA VIC January 26, 2009 Contents 1. Projected nuclear reactor fleet; from fuel demand to uranium demand scenarios and uncertainty 2. Supplying the uranium demand 1. Primary and secondary sources 2. Primary uranium outlook 1. Countries and security of supply 2. Types of mines and potential cost trend 3. Producers 3. Secondary sources 1. uranium stocks 2. Mox and RepU 3. re-enriched tails 4. downblended HEU 3. Balancing Supply and Demand: will future market equilibrium differ from past? 4. Focus on long term Security of Supply 5. Conclusions 3 > G. Capus – 2009_01_26 – IAEA VIC _ v0 1) Projected nuclear reactor fleet; from fuel demand to uranium demand scenarios and uncertainty X Warning: predicting the future is nonsense, forecasting is risky! X Pros: Global population growth Global economy growth Global warming Energy crisis X Cons: Ongoing financial crisis and impacts Public acceptance, technical and manpower bottlenecks… X We, at AREVA, are confident many new reactors will be added in the coming decade, significantly helping at limiting CO2 emissions ( we are still expecting around 635 GWe by 2030 and working at turning it into reality…) 4 > G. Capus – 2009_01_26 – IAEA VIC _ v0 Projected nuclear reactor fleet; from fuel demand to uranium demand scenarios and uncertainty Key parameters and sources of uncertainty in U demand forecast X Short term: the fleet is slowly evolving 1) availability of major secondary sources (mostly U market insensitive) 2) NPPs availability factor and load factor (mostly bound to technical issues or natural events, thus highly unpredictable) 3) Enrichment tails assays (Uranium feed v.s. -
Endless Trouble: Britain's Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant
Endless Trouble Britain’s Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP) Martin Forwood, Gordon MacKerron and William Walker Research Report No. 19 International Panel on Fissile Materials Endless Trouble: Britain’s Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP) © 2019 International Panel on Fissile Materials This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License To view a copy of this license, visit ww.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 On the cover: the world map shows in highlight the United Kingdom, site of THORP Dedication For Martin Forwood (1940–2019) Distinguished colleague and dear friend Table of Contents About the IPFM 1 Introduction 2 THORP: An Operational History 4 THORP: A Political History 11 THORP: A Chronology 1974 to 2018 21 Endnotes 26 About the authors 29 About the IPFM The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM) was founded in January 2006 and is an independent group of arms control and nonproliferation experts from both nuclear- weapon and non-nuclear-weapon states. The mission of the IPFM is to analyze the technical basis for practical and achievable pol- icy initiatives to secure, consolidate, and reduce stockpiles of highly enriched uranium and plutonium. These fissile materials are the key ingredients in nuclear weapons, and their control is critical to achieving nuclear disarmament, to halting the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and to ensuring that terrorists do not acquire nuclear weapons. Both military and civilian stocks of fissile materials have to be addressed. The nuclear- weapon states still have enough fissile materials in their weapon stockpiles for tens of thousands of nuclear weapons. On the civilian side, enough plutonium has been sepa- rated to make a similarly large number of weapons. -
Uranium Producers of America
RANIUM RODUCERS OF MERICA U P A 141 EAST PALACE AVENUE, POST OFFICE BOX 669, SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO 87504-0669 TELEPHONE (505) 982-4611; FAX (505) 988-2987; WWW.THEUPA.ORG January 21, 2015 David Henderson U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Mail Stop NE-52 19901 Germantown Rd. Germantown, MD 20874-1290 Re: UPA Response to DOE RFI; Excess Uranium Management: Effects of DOE Transfers of Excess Uranium on Domestic Uranium Mining, Conversion, and Enrichment Industries Dear Mr. Henderson: On behalf of the Uranium Producers of America (UPA) and our member companies, we appreciate the opportunity to provide input regarding the Department’s management of the federal excess uranium inventory. As an industry that is directly impacted by federal uranium transfers, UPA has consistently urged the Department to make the Secretarial Determination process more transparent. While the Request for Information (RFI) is a step in the right direction, additional steps are needed to ensure the Department lives up to its congressional mandate to certify uranium transfers “will not have an adverse material impact on the domestic uranium mining, conversion, or enrichment industry.”1 UPA maintains the Department’s recent actions, including the May 2014 Secretarial Determination, fail to meet its legal obligation to protect the domestic uranium industry and violate the USEC Privatization Act. Despite extensive data provided by UPA and our member companies documenting the fragile state of our industry, the Department has dramatically increased the amount of uranium entering the market. As described in greater detail below, these transfers come at a time when the market is already oversupplied with uranium. -
Management of Reprocessed Uranium Current Status and Future Prospects
IAEA-TECDOC-1529 Management of Reprocessed Uranium Current Status and Future Prospects February 2007 IAEA-TECDOC-1529 Management of Reprocessed Uranium Current Status and Future Prospects February 2007 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria MANAGEMENT OF REPROCESSED URANIUM IAEA, VIENNA, 2007 IAEA-TECDOC-1529 ISBN 92–0–114506–3 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2007 Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2007 FOREWORD The International Atomic Energy Agency is giving continuous attention to the collection, analysis and exchange of information on issues of back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle, an important part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Reprocessing of spent fuel arising from nuclear power production is one of the strategies for the back end of the fuel cycle. As a major fraction of spent fuel is made up of uranium, chemical reprocessing of spent fuel would leave behind large quantities of separated uranium which is designated as reprocessed uranium (RepU). Reprocessing of spent fuel could form a crucial part of future fuel cycle methodologies, which currently aim to separate and recover plutonium and minor actinides. The use of reprocessed uranium (RepU) and plutonium reduces the overall environmental impact of the entire fuel cycle. Environmental considerations will be important in determining the future growth of nuclear energy. It should be emphasized that the recycling of fissile materials not only reduces the toxicity and volumes of waste from the back end of the fuel cycle; it also reduces requirements for fresh milling and mill tailings. -
Background, Status and Issues Related to the Regulation of Advanced Spent Nuclear Fuel Recycle Facilities
NUREG-1909 Background, Status, and Issues Related to the Regulation of Advanced Spent Nuclear Fuel Recycle Facilities ACNW&M White Paper Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste and Materials NUREG-1909 Background, Status, and Issues Related to the Regulation of Advanced Spent Nuclear Fuel Recycle Facilities ACNW&M White Paper Manuscript Completed: May 2008 Date Published: June 2008 Prepared by A.G. Croff, R.G. Wymer, L.L. Tavlarides, J.H. Flack, H.G. Larson Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste and Materials THIS PAGE WAS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY ii ABSTRACT In February 2006, the Commission directed the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste and Materials (ACNW&M) to remain abreast of developments in the area of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, and to be ready to provide advice should the need arise. A white paper was prepared in response to that direction and focuses on three major areas: (1) historical approaches to development, design, and operation of spent nuclear fuel recycle facilities, (2) recent advances in spent nuclear fuel recycle technologies, and (3) technical and regulatory issues that will need to be addressed if advanced spent nuclear fuel recycle is to be implemented. This white paper was sent to the Commission by the ACNW&M as an attachment to a letter dated October 11, 2007 (ML072840119). In addition to being useful to the ACNW&M in advising the Commission, the authors believe that the white paper could be useful to a broad audience, including the NRC staff, the U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, and other organizations interested in understanding the nuclear fuel cycle.