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Using HHO Gas to Reduce Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines

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Using HHO Gas to Reduce Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines Using HHO Gas to Reduce Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines A thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of M.Sc In Electrical Power Engineering BY: Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Fadul B.Sc in Mechenical Engineering, 2006 University of Khartoum Supervisor: Dr. Kamal NasrEldin Abdalla Co-Supervisor: Dr. Esam Elsarrag January 2010 I Dedicated to all those who came before us, To those who walk this journey with us, And to those who will follow. Personally dedicated to My family whose life stories I am blessed to share. May we learn from the successes and failures of our ancestors, as we try to lead the way for generations to come. II ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Kamal N. Abdualla for his invaluable help, comments, generous supply of information, and encouragements, my discussions with him have been most illuminating. I am also grateful to Dr. Esam. El-sarrag for generous supply of data, information, discussion, experimental devices, and time. He shared every bit of the stress,and joy that I experienced. I am indebted to thermal machines lap and the helpful staff there, namely thanks goes to Mr.Magbool and Mr.Bakry for their continuous contribution and support. I was greatly enhanced by the gracious assistance of my family, for their patience, understanding and support. Finally, thanks go to all FE lecturers, researchers, staff, and friends. Ibrahim January, 2010 III TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. VIII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. IX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ XI CHAPTER ONE .........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................1 1.2 History: .........................................................................................................................2 1.3 Brown's Gas: .................................................................................................................2 1.3.1 Effect of Brown's Gas on the Engine: .....................................................................3 1.3.2 Brown's Gas Benefits: ............................................................................................3 1.4 Actual HHO Gas Characteristics: ..................................................................................3 1.5 Applications of HHO gas: .............................................................................................4 1.5.1 Healthy House Applications: .................................................................................4 1.5.1.1 Heating:..............................................................................................................4 1.5.1.2 Energy Storage System: ......................................................................................5 1.5.2 High-Efficiency Combustion:................................................................................5 1.5.3 Magnetohydrodynamic Electrical plant: .................................................................6 1.5.4 Push-Pull Radical Engine: ......................................................................................6 1.5.5 Agricultural Region Applications: ........................................................................7 1.6 Air Quality Parameters and Associated Health Effects: .................................................7 1.6.1 Carbon Monoxide: .................................................................................................7 1.6.2 Particulate Matter: ..................................................................................................8 1.6.3 Sulphur Dioxide: ....................................................................................................8 1.6.4 Hydrocarbons (Volatile Organic Compounds): .......................................................9 1.6.5 Oxides of Nitrogen:................................................................................................9 1.6.6 Ozone (Photochemical Smog): ............................................................................. 10 1.6.6.1 Ozone Production: ............................................................................................ 10 1.6.6.2 Peroxyacetylnitrate Production: ........................................................................ 11 IV CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 An Electrolyser: .......................................................................................................... 12 2.2 12 Volt Single Cells: ................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Computer vehicles: ..................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 EFIE – Electronic Fuel Injection Extender: .......................................................... 19 2.3.2 MAP/MAF Enhancer – Manifold Air Pressure & Mass Air Flow: ........................ 20 2.3.3 O2 Extenders – O2 extenders:................................................................................ 20 2.4 PCV Enhancer (PCV = Positive Crankcase Ventilation): ............................................. 20 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 22 3.1 HHO Gas: ................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 HHO Gas Experimental Measurements: ............................................................... 22 3.1.1.1 HHO Features: ................................................................................................. 22 3.1.1.2 HHO Measurements: ....................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 HHO Scans: ........................................................................................................ 23 3.1.3 Molecular and Magnecular bonds: ....................................................................... 25 3.2 Sample of an Electrolyser Construction: ...................................................................... 32 CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 HHO Gas Current Theory: .......................................................................................... 37 4.2 Water as Combustion Fuel: ......................................................................................... 37 4.3 Thermodynamics of Electrolytic Gases: ...................................................................... 37 4.4 Electrolyser Theoretical Gas Production: .................................................................... 38 4.5 Electrolyser Actual Gas Production: ............................................................................ 40 4.6 Petrol Engine Test: ...................................................................................................... 41 4.6.1 Engine data: ......................................................................................................... 41 4.6.2 Power measurement: ............................................................................................ 44 4.6.3 Fuel flow measurement: ....................................................................................... 44 4.6.3 Work Procedure: .................................................................................................. 46 4.6 Theory of Internal Combustion Engines: ..................................................................... 47 CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................... 48 5.1 Stainless Steel Electrolyser Test: ................................................................................. 48 5.1.1 Stainless Steel Dry Cell Readings: ....................................................................... 48 V 5.1.2 Sample of calculations: ........................................................................................ 49 5.1.2.1 Theoretical Maximum Production of HHO Gas for SS Dry Cell: ...................... 49 5.1.2.2 Actual gas Production of HHO Gas for SS Dry Cell: ........................................ 49 5.1.2.3 Production Efficiency for SS Dry Cell: ............................................................. 49 5.1.3 Stainless Steel Dry Cell Results: .......................................................................... 50 5.2 Petrol Engine Results .................................................................................................
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