DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pennsylvania State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ANCIENT HUMAN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND COLONIZATION IN GRENADA, WEST INDIES A Dissertation in Anthropology by Jonathan Andrew Hanna © 2018 Jonathan Andrew Hanna Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 The dissertation of Jonathan Andrew Hanna was reviewed and approved* by the following: Douglas J. Kennett Professor of Anthropology Head of the Department of Anthropology Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Douglas W. Bird Associate Professor of Anthropology Kristina G. Douglass Assistant Professor of Anthropology Peter B. Newman Professor of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management Lee A. Newsom Associate Professor Emeritus of Anthropology Professor of Anthropology, Flagler College Special Member William F. Keegan Curator of Caribbean Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History Professor of Anthropology, University of Florida Special Member Mary K. Shenk Associate Professor of Anthropology & Demography Director of Graduate Studies *Signatures on file in the Graduate School ABSTRACT The pre-Columbian colonization of the Caribbean is traditionally described as a series of migrations from coastal South America moving northward, island to island, as “stepping-stones.” As the southernmost island in the Antilles archipelago, just 90 miles off Venezuela, the island of Grenada is assumed to be the crucial first “step” in these migrations. However, too little archaeological data was available to substantiate this claim. This dissertation project was designed to fill the gap. Using the Ideal Free Distribution (IFD), a heuristic from Human Behavioral Ecology, a predictive model was built to test areas of high-probability for early settlement on Grenada via an island-wide “radiocarbon survey” that collected artifactual, soil, and radiocarbon samples. Dated samples were refined via Bayesian methods and compared to ceramic evidence to place each site within an island-wide settlement chronology. Modern environmental data was then used to determine suitability rankings and common characteristics of settlement decisions. At present, the results confirm site locations on Grenada followed a pattern consistent with the IFD, which not only allows prediction of previously undiscovered sites but also infers subsistence practices, ecological impacts, and certain cultural values. Grenada’s settlement chronology begins with an early, Archaic Age fisher-forager presence possibly as early as 3-4000 BC, in line with the “stepping-stone” hypothesis. However, Ceramic Age settlements (which appear in Puerto Rico and the northern Lesser Antilles by 500 BC) were not established until hundreds of years later than the northernmost islands, despite their origins in South America. This corroborates an emerging hypothesis that the southern Caribbean was largely skipped by the earliest waves iii of Ceramic peoples, perhaps because the social milieu and domesticated landscapes of the northern islands were more attractive. Grenada's peak, pre-Columbian population occurred during a time of heightened climatic unpredictability (AD 750-900), with dramatic changes in material culture (including the appearance of rock art and new ceramic styles) that mimic similar occurrences in lowland South America. Using Resilience Theory as a guide, this research suggests the influx was likely the result of continued immigration from the mainland, probably the Guianas region (comprising modern Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and bordering regions of Venezuela and Brazil). This may also have been the route taken by later Cayo potters (“Island Caribs”) just prior to Spanish Contact. When the French finally settled Grenada in 1649, they reported two distinct indigenous groups— “Caraïbe” and “Galibis.” The Caraïbe were living in villages that had been continuously occupied since the earliest ceramic groups (AD 200-300), and it is argued that they were still making Suazan Troumassoid pottery. The Galibis, on the other hand, were living in sites that align with the arrival of Cayo pottery elsewhere, ~AD 1250. These sites indeed contain Cayo ceramic types. Ultimately, this dissertation lays the baseline for more intensive studies. Now that we know where 87 of the sites are, their general character, and their general chronological placement, more targeted investigations driven by more specific types of questions can be researched. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x Preface ............................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................. 3 The Peopling of the Caribbean ............................................................................... 3 Past Research in Grenada ........................................................................................ 7 The Island Ecosystem ............................................................................................. 8 Theoretical Background: The Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) ................................ 12 Resilience Theory ................................................................................................. 17 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 19 Aim 1: Settlement Chronology ............................................................................. 19 Aim 2: Soil Ecology .............................................................................................. 20 Research Methods ..................................................................................................... 22 Predictive Model ................................................................................................... 22 Survey Methods .................................................................................................... 29 Soil Analysis ......................................................................................................... 31 Grain-Size Analysis .............................................................................................. 31 Soil Phosphate (P) Testing .................................................................................... 33 Radiocarbon Dating .............................................................................................. 35 Broader Impacts ........................................................................................................ 40 Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................... 43 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 46 The Windward Islands Archaic Age: New Data from Grenada, West Indies ............ 46 Abstract: .................................................................................................................... 46 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 46 Archaic Colonization of the Lesser Antilles ......................................................... 47 Previous Evidence from Grenada ......................................................................... 50 Methods..................................................................................................................... 52 v Fieldwork .............................................................................................................. 52 Radiocarbon Dating .............................................................................................. 52 Climate and Vegetation ......................................................................................... 54 Results ....................................................................................................................... 55 Site Contexts and Radiocarbon Results ................................................................ 55 Radiocarbon Dates and Vegetation History .......................................................... 62 Discussion: Island Hopping and the Southward Route Hypothesis......................... 65 Old Shells .............................................................................................................. 65 Shell Extraction: A Targeted Resource................................................................. 68 Regional Colonization Patterns: Ortoiroid or Casimiroid? ................................... 71 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 74 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary Biology and Health of Hunter-Gatherer Populations
    9 Evolutionary biology and health of hunter-gatherer populations ALi\lN FROMENT Introduction Hunter-gatherers display a wide variety of morphological and physiological characteristics, and should provide a good model for the evolution of human biological characters across a considerable range of environments in presumably isolated situations. This chapter examines both ecological and genetic aspects of the evolu­ tion of present-day hunter-gatherers and also comments on what the future will hold for those who now face or soon will face cultural and technological transition through contact with dominant groups. Hunter-gatherers are not recognisable by their biological character­ istics - they are defined by their way of life, namely their relation to nature, which is a cultural, not a biological, definition (see Panter­ Brick, Layton and Rowley-Conwy, this volume). However their close interaction with the physical and animal environment, their small and mobile groups, their dietary and work patterns, did create ecological and evolutionary characteristics which shaped biological outcomes. Existing variation in biological traits will be examined as evolutionary responses to climate, diet and disease. Some partially unanswered questions related to evolution and transition can be listed. Concerning morphology, is small stature an adaptation to hunting and gathering? What is the genetic basis for anatomical characteristics and what room is there for modulation by nutritional and infectious variables? Is there a secular trend modifying these
    [Show full text]
  • C10 Beano1senn.Mimosa.Amo-Des
    LEGUMINOSAE PART ONE Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, Papilionoideae, Amorpha to Desmodium Revised 04 May 2015 BEAN FAMILY 1 Amphicarpaea CAESALPINIACEAE Cassia Anthyllis Cercis Apios Chamaecrista Astragalus Gleditsia Baptisia Gymnocladus Caragana Senna Cladrastus MIMOSACEAE Desmanthus Coronilla Mimosa Crotalaria Schrankia Dalea PAPILIONACEAE Amorpha Desmodium un-copyrighted draught --- “No family of the vegetable kingdom possesses a higher claim to the attention of the naturalist than the Leguminosae, wether we regard them as objects of ornament or utility. Of the former, we might mention the splendid varieties of Cercis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with their airy foliage and silky stamens, the Pride of India, Colutea, and Cæsalpina, with a host of others, which, like the Sweet Pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter, the beans, peas, lentils, clover, and lucerne, are too well known to require recommendation. Among timber trees, the Rosewood (a Brazilian species of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is durable and of an olive-green color, and the Locust of our own country are preëminent. The following are a few important officinal products of this order. In medicine; liquorice is the product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna consists of leaves of Cassia Senna, C. acutifolia, C. Æthiopica, and other species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marilandica is also a cathartic, but more mild than the former. The sweet pulp tamarind, is the product of a large and beautiful tree (Tamarindus Indica) of the E. and W. Indies. Resins and Balsams: Gum Senegal is yielded by Acacia Verek of the River Senegal; Gum Arabic, by several species of Acacia of Central Africa; Gum Tragacynth, by Astragalus verus, &c., Persia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modified Sverdrup Model of the Atlantic and Caribbean Circulation
    MARCH 2002 WAJSOWICZ 973 A Modi®ed Sverdrup Model of the Atlantic and Caribbean Circulation ROXANA C. WAJSOWICZ* Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland (Manuscript received 9 October 2000, in ®nal form 6 August 2001) ABSTRACT An analytical model of the mean wind-driven circulation of the North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea is constructed based on linear dynamics and assumed existence of a level of no motion above all topography. The circulation around each island is calculated using the island rule, which is extended to describe an arbitrary length chain of overlapping islands. Frictional effects in the intervening straits are included by assuming a linear dependence on strait transport. Asymptotic expansions in the limit of strong and weak friction show that the transport streamfunction on an island boundary is dependent on wind stress over latitudes spanning the whole length of the island chain and spanning just immediately adjacent islands, respectively. The powerfulness of the method in enabling the wind stress bands, which determine a particular strait transport, to be readily identi®ed, is demonstrated by a brief explanation of transport similarities and differences in earlier numerical models forced by various climatological wind stress products. In the absence of frictional effects outside western boundary layers, some weaker strait transports are in the wrong direction (e.g., Santaren Channel) and others are too large (e.g., Old Bahama Channel). Also, there is no western boundary current to the east of Abaco Island. Including frictional effects in the straits enables many of these discrepancies to be resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Enteroparasitosis in the Indigenous Communit Y of Mato Grosso, Brazil: a Look Into the Sanitation and Ethno-Development
    Saúde e Pesquisa, Maringá (PR) DOI: 10.17765/2176-9206.2019v12n2p253-264 PREVALENCE OF ENTEROPARASITOSIS IN THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNIT Y OF MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL: A LOOK INTO THE SANITATION AND ETHNO-DEVELOPMENT Leonir Evandro Zenazokenae ABSTRACT: The intestinal parasitic diseases directly affect the qual- Enfermeiro. Egresso da Universidade do Estado de ity of life of indigenous populations, because of vulnerabilities they Mato Grosso - UNEMAT, Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. experience. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of intes- tinal parasites among the Haliti-Paresí and relate with sanitation and Ana Cláudia Pereira Terças-Trettel ethno-development. It is a quantitative and cross-sectional study on indigenous Utiaritiland where reside the Haliti-Paresí, in the middle Doutora em Medicina Tropical IOC/Fiocruz, Brasil. region northern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data collection occurred in 2015, from interview with application of semi-structured form and collection Vagner Ferreira do Nascimento of feces for coprological survey.Forty-three indigenous people partici- pated in the study, of an average age of 30.9 years old, mostly women, Doutor em Bioética pelo Centro Universitário São Camilo, Brasil. and a predominance of basic education. The prevalence of enteropar- asitosis was 46.6%, predominantly among men, reaching all adoles- Thalise Yuri Hattori cents, followed by children, without the influence of schooling in the rate of infection. Nine species were detected, being six pathogenic, Mestre em Ciências da Saúde pela Universidade Fed- Giardia duodenalis, Entamoebahistolytica, Ancilostomídeo, Blasto- eral da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Brasil. cystishominis, Hymenolepis nana and Rodentolepis nana, in addition to three non-pathogenic, Iodamoebabutschlii, Entamoeba coli and Mariana Atanaka Endolimax nana.The sanitation conditions, associated with cultur- Doutora em Saúde Pública pela Escola Nacional de al habits, point to the need for improvement in sanitation, since we Saúde Pública, Brasil.
    [Show full text]
  • Cruise Report W-48 Scientific Activities Undertaken Aboard R/V Westward Woods Hole
    Cruise Report W-48 Scientific Activities Undertaken Aboard R/V Westward Woods Hole - St. Thomas 10 October - 21 November 1979 ff/lh Westward (R.Long) • Sea Education Association - Woods Hole, Massachusetts " CRUISE REPORT W-48 Scientific Activities Woods Hole - Antigua - St. Lucia - Bequia - St. Thomas 10 October 1979 - 21 November 1979 R/V Westward Sea Education Association ',,, Woods Hole, Massachusetts .. SHIPBOARD DRAFT .. ----------------------- - ( PREFACE This Cruise Report is written in an attempt to accomplish two objectives. Firstly, and more importantly, it presents a brief outline of the scientific research completed aboard R/V Westward during W-48. Reports of the status of on-going projects and of the traditional academic program are presented. In addition, abstracts from the research projects of each student are included. Secondly, for those of us that participated, it represents the product of our efforts and contains a record of other events that were an important part of the trip, in particular the activities during port stops. Once again, lowe special thanks to Abby Ames, who was in charge of the shipboard laboratory, and upon whom I was able to depend through­ out the cruise. Her effectiveness and perseverance under the difficult working conditions at sea, and her cheerful attitude and enthusiasm were greatly appreciated by us all. Rob Nawojchik, who participated as an Assistant Scientist, added a new field of interest to the cruise with his vast knowledge of ichthyology. The energy with which he pursued his interest and his enthusiasm for the subject, set an example for us all. Two visiting scholars participated in different legs of this cruise.
    [Show full text]
  • 595 VERIFICATION of an ARCHAIC AGE OCCUPATION on BARBADOS, SOUTHERN LESSER ANTILLES Scott M Fitzpatrick Some of the More Central
    RADIOCARBON, Vol 53, Nr 4, 2011, p 595–604 © 2011 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona VERIFICATION OF AN ARCHAIC AGE OCCUPATION ON BARBADOS, SOUTHERN LESSER ANTILLES Scott M Fitzpatrick Department of Sociology and Anthropology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. The Caribbean Archaic Age (about 3000–500 BC) is thought to represent the earliest migration of humans from South America into the Lesser Antilles. However, there is a conspicuous absence of these early sites on islands south of the Guadeloupe Passage. To date, only a single radiocarbon date derived from a Queen conch (Strombus [Eustrombus] gigas) shell at the Heywoods site on Barbados was indicative of an Archaic occupation in the southern Antilles apart from a scatter- ing of poorly reported (and mostly undated) sites. Given a number of issues associated with reliance on a single date to estab- lish a cultural horizon, along with other problems derived from possible carbonate cement contamination and dating marine shells of a longer-lived species such as Queen conch, 2 additional samples were taken from the same unit and context at Hey- woods to confirm whether the site is truly representative of an occupation during the Archaic Age. Results from a Queen conch shell adze in Context 7 dated to 2530–2200 BC (2 ) and overlaps with the only other Archaic date from the site dating to 2320–1750 cal BC, while a juvenile specimen of the same species from Context 8 at 3280–2940 BC (2 ) indicates that Barbados may have been settled even earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Ouglass Aadc News
    ANNUAL REPORT ISSUE Volume 47, No. 1 January 2016 OUGLASS AADC NEWS Alumnae- created Alumnae -led Alumnae- driven Message from the Associate Alumnae of Douglass College Executive Director Valerie L. Anderson ’81, MBA Douglass alumnae and friends continue to amaze and mediation so that the AADC can continue the impor - inspire us every day. The leadership of the Associate tant work we have successfully carried out for nearly a Alumnae of Douglass College and all of the dedicated century. alumnae who share their time, talents and treasures, We will continue to share information on our web - have demonstrated the power of site, through digital messages, and our alumnae sisterhood. Your to reach out to all alumnae and engagement and resourcefulness The AADC remains a friends as information becomes keep our alumnae organization available and when mediation has grounded during challenging times vital organization concluded. Please see www.douglass and propel us into the future. Your alumnae.org for important updates support is critical to the AADC connecting alumnae from the AADC. remaining a vital organization. The AADC remains a vital organ - In this timely newsletter, we across many ization connecting alumnae across provide the AADC’s annual report many generations and from every for the fiscal year 2014-2015. generations and from walk of life. We encourage all alum - As we go to press, our leader - nae to come celebrate or get ship hopes to conclude mediation every walk of life. involved with upcoming AADC soon with Rutgers University and Rutgers University events and programs this spring. We are also working Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs
    INSECTS THAT FEED ON COLORADO TREES AND SHRUBS1 Whitney Cranshaw David Leatherman Boris Kondratieff Bulletin 506A TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFOLIATORS .................................................... 8 Leaf Feeding Caterpillars .............................................. 8 Cecropia Moth ................................................ 8 Polyphemus Moth ............................................. 9 Nevada Buck Moth ............................................. 9 Pandora Moth ............................................... 10 Io Moth .................................................... 10 Fall Webworm ............................................... 11 Tiger Moth ................................................. 12 American Dagger Moth ......................................... 13 Redhumped Caterpillar ......................................... 13 Achemon Sphinx ............................................. 14 Table 1. Common sphinx moths of Colorado .......................... 14 Douglas-fir Tussock Moth ....................................... 15 1. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension etnomologist and associate professor, entomology; David Leatherman, entomologist, Colorado State Forest Service; Boris Kondratieff, associate professor, entomology. 8/93. ©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 1994. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
    [Show full text]
  • Io Moth Automeris Io (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)1 Donald W
    EENY608 Io Moth Automeris io (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)1 Donald W. Hall2 Introduction The beautiful Io moth, Automeris io (Fabricius), is one of our most recognizable moths. It is distinctive because of its prominent hind wing eyespots. The Io moth, like many of the other saturniid moths, is less common now in parts of its range. With the exception of Cape Cod and some of the Massachusetts islands, it is now rare in New England where it was once common, and its populations have declined in the Gulf States (with the exception of Louisiana) since the 1970s (Manley 1993). The attractive Io moth caterpillar is also well-known because of its painful sting. Figure 1. Male Io moth, Automeris io (Fabricius). Automeris is a large genus with about 145 species (Heppner Credits: Donald W. Hall, University of Florida 1996). All Automeris species are characterized by large eyespots in the middle of the hind wings. Most species Synonymy are found in Central and South America. There are seven Fabricius (1775, p.560) described the Io moth and named species in the United States. Five of these, Automeris it Bombyx io. Abbott and Smith (1797, p.97) published zephyria Grote (New Mexico and western Texas), Automeris the first account of the Io moth’s life cycle under the cecrops (Boisduval), Automeris iris (Walker), Automeris name Phalaena io. Some early references used the genus patagoniensis Lemaire, and Automeris randa Druce name Hyperchiria (e.g., Eliot & Soule 1902, Lintner 1872, (southeastern Arizona) are found only in the western U.S. Stratton-Porter 1921, Strecker 1872).
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAPÁ Pró-Reitora De Pesquisa E Pós-Graduação Mestrado Em Direito Ambiental E Políticas Públicas
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAPÁ Pró-Reitora de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação Mestrado em Direito Ambiental e Políticas Públicas JUSSARA DE PINHO BARREIROS IDENTIDADE, TERRITÓRIO E POLÍTICAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS: ESTUDO DE CASO DA ETNIA KARIPUNA, NA ALDEIA MANGA, NO MUNICÍPIO DO OIAPOQUE/AMAPÁ. Macapá - AP 2012 JUSSARA DE PINHO BARREIROS IDENTIDADE, TERRITÓRIO E POLÍTICAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS: ESTUDO DE CASO DA ETNIA KARIPUNA, NA ALDEIA MANGA, NO MUNICÍPIO DO OIAPOQUE/AMAPÁ. Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada a Banca Examinadora do Programa de Pós Graduação em Direito Ambiental e Políticas Públicas, da Universidade Federal do Amapá, para o 2º semestre de 2012, orientado pela Prof.ª Drª. Simone Pereira Garcia, como requisito obrigatório para a obtenção do título de mestre. Macapá - AP 2012 ii JUSSARA DE PINHO BARREIROS IDENTIDADE, TERRITÓRIO E POLÍTICAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS: ESTUDO DE CASO DA ETNIA KARIPUNA, NA ALDEIA MANGA, NO MUNICÍPIO DO OIAPOQUE/AMAPÁ. Data de Aprovação: Macapá, ____/____/____. BANCA __________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Simone Pereira Garcia (Orientadora) __________________________________________ Prof.ª Drª. Daguinete Maria Chaves Brito (Membro) __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Edinaldo Pinheiro Nunes Filho (Membro) __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Batista Gomes de Oliveira (Membro) Macapá - AP 2012 iii Dedico a Jorge dos Santos Barreiros (In Memoriam) e Terezinha de Pinho Barreiros meus pais, pela herança de vida e de educação a mim e aos meus irmãos e irmãs; Aos colegas professores João Beneilson Maia Gatinho e Sandra do Socorro Almeida Monteiro (In Memoriam) que contribuíram para a criação do Curso de Educação Escolar Indígena, da Universidade Federal do Amapá, minha eterna gratidão; A João Wilton Ribeiro Alvino, meu marido e meus filhos: Wellington, João Júnior e Welton com amor, dedicação e compreensão.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of National and International River Basin Districts Version 29 October 2012
    Map of National and International River Basin Districts Version 29 October 2012 -30° W -20° W -10° W 0° 10° E 20° E 30° E 40° E 50° E 60° E Azores (PT) k ar FI nm in Teno, F RU Atlantic Ocean NO NO Naatamojoki, s 0 100 m FI Paatsjoki ro km T T or T R ne o i r ve n Madeira (PT) r i Madeira (PT) FI o K e m i j o k i WHITE n j SEA o RU k FI d i n a l Atlantic Ocean 60° N d r Bothnian Bay NORWEGIAN o 0 100 N SE Oulujoki SEA km NO FI a Canaries (ES) i Canaries (ES) N g 1. La Palma n a l 2. El Hierro NO h 1 7 Moere NO e t 4 60° N d 3. La Gomera A o A K 5 n G and r o B u K V u o k s i 4. Tenerife e B c k 6 h l o e f y 2 3 Romsdal f o i m r Bothnian t p m o FI 5. Gran Canaria E h T o e f i n a j l F o 6. Fuertaventura Atlantic Sea i a e f a i k g n n i RU l n o j l - 7. Lanzarote 0 100 Ocean o a C Sogn u S S k n km e e i- d and G a a Glomma SE - O Fjordane Guadeloupe (FR) NO d Guadeloupe (FR) NO lan in f F Hordaland f o ul Caribbean age West G ass C E Sea e P Bay t Aland a up k North West s lo a t de a Islands ua r g Baltic Estonia EE E G I r e s t e t t o 0 100 g Agder a EE n km a i T K k Gauja a Rogaland ak r S d LV er n Martinique (FR) Scotland ag K LV D RU Martinique (FR) k a a South LV RU N S V tt e LV a e Baltic Neagh g n u a SE t Lielupe g t a a North Bann BALTIC LT v Caribbean A NORTH SEA LT BY a Western IE Jutland SEA LT Sea Solway and N LT L Swieza UK UK North- Funen e Tweet d Zealand m 0 10 North s umbria RU u Western IE e Bornholm Jarft a km IE IE Vidaa-Krusaa ly n W RU T n Eastern o a o g PL Eastern h DK Schlei/Trave e s 50° N n
    [Show full text]