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250152451-Serpent-Cult

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250152451-Serpent-Cult of Religion and Ethics EDITED BY JAMES HASTINGS WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP JOHN A. SELBIE, M.A., D.D. PROFESSOR OP OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGE AND LITEBATUBK IN THB UNITED FRKS CHURCH COLLEGE, ABERDEEN AND LOUIS H. GRAY, M.A., Ph.D. •OKBTOME FELLOW IN INDO-IRANlAN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NSW YORK VOLUME X] SACRIFICE-SUDRA NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 3 9345 00077281 8 SEBLTSTGAPATAM—SEBPENT-WOBSHIP (Introductory and Primitive) 399 SEPARATIST SOCIETY, —See COMMTJN- site was granted by one of the Chola Mngs to ISTIC SOCIETIES OP AMERICA. Ramanujaeharya, the celebrated Vaisnava apostle, and in 1454 the Ranganatha temple was enlarged, SERAPHIM. — See DEMONS AND SPIRITS the materials of 101 Jain temples being used for (Hebrew). the purpose. The plaee_is remarkable for the two famous-sieges in 1792" arid 1799, "the British forces SERINGAPATAM (Skr. j§rirangapattana, being under the command of Lord Cornwallis and ' city of the holy pleasure-place'),—Senngapatam General Harris ; in the latter attack the Sultan is a city in Mysore District, Mysore ; lat. 12° 25' Tipu was slain. His remains and those of his N.; long. 76° 42' E.; situated on an island in the father Haidar 'All rest in a mausoleum (gumbaz) river Kaveri. In the earliest times Gautama in the garden known as the Lai Bagh, where Rsi is said to have had a hermitage here, and prayers are still offered. he worshipped the god Ranganatha, ' lord of LITERATURE.—B. L. Rice, Mysore, rev. ed,, London, 1897, ii. pleasure,5 whose temple is the principal building 294 ff. ; F. Buchanan, A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Ca/nara, and Malabar, do. 1807,5. 60 ffi.; m the fort. The earliest temple is said to have M. Wilks, Historical Sketches of the South of India, Madras, been erected by Tinimalaiya, under the Ganga 1869, ii. 241S., 368 ff.; G. B. Malleson, Seringapatam; Past dynasty, A.D. 894. About A,D. 117 the whole and Present, do. 1876; IGJ xxii. 1791 W CROOKE SERPENT-WORSHIP. Introductory (J. A. MACCTJLLOCH), p. 399. Teutonic and Balto-Slavic (E. WELSFOKD), Indian (W. CROOKE), p. 411. p. 419. SERPENT - WORSHIP (Introductory and harmless; and perhaps this is one main reason primitive). — The cult of the serpent exists in why both in cult and in myth some are objects of many forms, whether of a single serpent or of a fear and their evil traits and appearance are species, of a serpent embodying a spirit or god, of exaggerated or associated with demoniac beings, a real or imaginary serpent represented in an while others are beneficent and helpful.1 image, of a serpent as associated with a divinity Man's fancy and man's dreams about such an (a chief god or one of many), or of a purely mythi- animal as the serpent must also be taken into cal reptile. All these may be traced back to the account in considering the origins of the cult. cult of actual serpents, which, however, easily This is illustrated by an account from Papua, where a native become a fitting vehicle for a spirit or god. The recently dreamt that a large snake living on a volcano accused him of killing snakes and alligators and offered, if he promised origin of the cult is to be sought in the effect never to do so again, to gi ve him a herb to cure all diseases. The which all animals more or less had upon the mind native went about announcing this, but some natives still dis- of early man—a feeling that they were stronger, believed and shot an alligator, which remonstrated with them. wiser, subtler than he; in a word, uncanny, This Snakes and alligators now go unharmed.8 was especially true of the serpent because of its Here the common fancy of the solidarity of swift yet graceful and mysterious gliding motion animals leading them to avenge the death of a without feet or wings, unlike that of any other single animal and the consequent respect paid to animal,1 its power of disappearing suddenly, the them are seen. This and other fancies are em- brilliance and power of fascination of its eye, its bodied in a dream, and might easily be the origin beauty and strength, the sudden fatal conse- of a cult, as they actually are of a prohibition. quences of its bite or of its enveloping folds, the Classical writers had various theories as to the practice of casting its skin, which suggested its origin of the cult, from that of Diodorus that the longevity or even immortality. All these con- snake was worshipped because he figured in tributed to arouse feelings of wonder, respect, banners or was figured on banners because he was fear, to produce worship, and also to make the a god, to the shrewder remarks of Philo Byblius serpent a fit subject of innumerable myths. In quoted by Ensebius (see § I (£)). the various forms of the cult there is often found Practically every aspect of serpent - worship, a sense of the animal's beneficence, probably be- myth, and legend, and of human attitude to the cause myth easily attributed to it wisdom, secret serpent, is shared by other reptiles — e.g,, the knowledge, magical power, healing properties, crocodile, to some extent the lizard, and here and and inspiration. As an animal dwelling in holes there large eels.3 in the earth, its chthonic character was suggested While some form of awe or reverence for the —it was the cause of fertility (also because it was serpent is wide-spread, the actual worship varies thought to give or withhold water), and became in intensity in different regions. Fergusson sup- the embodiment of a fertility daimon or earth- posed the cult to have originated among the spirit ; hence also a guardian of hidden treasure or Turanian peoples of the lower Euphrates and to metals.2 In so far as the serpent is a revealer of have spread thence to every part of the old world the arts of civilization, this is probably because, where a Turanian people settled, while no Semitic where it was worshipped, it was often grafted on or Aryan people adopted it as a form of faith, its to a mythic culture-hero or eponymous founder. presence among these being 'like the tares of a Totemism sometimes lent its aid as a factor in previous crop springing up among the stems of developing respect for serpents, if not actual cult. a badly-cultivated field of wheat.'4 Fergusson's Ancestor-worship also assisted, in so far as certain 1 See, however, 0. Hose and W. McDongall, The Pagan snakes haunting houses or graves were associated Tribes of Borneo, London, 1912, ii. 68 ff. 2 G. Murray, ARWxv. [1912] 628, with the dead. Myth connected the serpent with > See 8KB i. 430*>, 609, 514*, ii. 352, iii. 563, vii. 230», viii. the waters, either because some species lived in or 357*, ix. 279, 341», 346», 511», 528»; J. F. McLennan, Studies in near them or in marshy ground, or because the Ancient History, 2nd ser., London, 1896, pp. 272, 274, 409; sinuous course and appearance of a serpent re- Hose-MeDongall, foe. cit.; R. B. Dixon, Oceanic Mythology (=Mythology of all S aces, vol. ix.), Boston, 1916, pp. 55, 120; sembled those of a river, or with the lightning, E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New because of its swift, darting motion and fatal Zeala,nders\, 1858, pp. 57, 73; W. W. Skeat, Malay effects. Some serpents are harmful, others are Magic, do. 1900, p. 282 ff. ; H. Callaway, The Religious System of the Amazulu, do. 1884, p. 217; H. Ling Roth, JAI xxii. J Of. Pr 3CM». [1893] 27; W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the S. Pacific, 2 Perhaps also because the lightning (=serpent) was supposed London, 1876, p. 77. to produce gold. * J. Fergusson, Tree and Serpent Worship, p. 3. 400 SERPENT-WOBSHIP (Introductory and Primitive) theory is hardly "borne out even by the facts religion, found religious sentiments in anthropoid apes, which, he held, worship serpents and bury them with a supply oi known to him, still less by newer knowledge now insects in their graves as a provision for a future life 1 In available. More recently Elliot Smith suggests a Mesolithio times the serpent had become a symbol, as on the theory of migration by Avhieh, along with megalith- painted pebbles of Mas d'AzU. btdlding, terrace culture, and many other things, (c) African,—All over Africa the serpent is wor- serpent-worship originated in Egypt about 800 shipped either in itself or as the embodiment of a B.C., was spread thence by the Phoenicians to god. India, tlie Far East, and the Pacific islands, and The cult of the snake at Whydah, Dahomey, may be taken as eventnally reached America.1 Investigation along typical of W. Africa. The heavenly serpent Danh-sio or Danh- gbi, the rainbow, confers wealth on men, and is represented by the line of this new theory may have fruitful a coiled or horned snake of clay in a calabash. It is also repre- results. sented by the python. The monster python, grandfather of i. Worship of the serpent. — The distinction all snakes, dwelt in a temple or ' snake-house," containing should be noted between the worship of the animal many snakes, and to it kings and people madejilgrimages with many costly gifts. The python-god is immortal, almighty, itself and its worship as the embodiment of a god omniscient; valuable sacrifices and prayers are offered to it and or spirit.
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