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Arizona Basic Search and Rescue Arizona Basic Search and Rescue 2nd Edition February 5, 2013 Hereford, Arizona, USA Arizona Search and Rescue Coordinators Association, Ltd. 5274 E Polly Drive Hereford, AZ 85615-5802, USA All rights reserved c 2012, 2013 by Arizona Search and Rescue Coordinators Association, Ltd. 2nd Edition The information contained in this manual is provided AS IS without any warranty, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The Arizona Search and Rescue Coordinators Association, Ltd. or the Contributors will not be liable for any special, incidental, consequential or indirect damages due to loss of data or any other reason. Printed in the United States of America Contributors Aaron Dick, Coconino County Sheriff's Office, AZ Eric Johnson, Pima County Sheriff's Department, AZ James Langston, Arizona Department of Emergency Management and Military Affairs, AZ David Lovelock, University of Arizona, Win CASIE III, and SARAZ.ORG, AZ Dave Noland, Cochise County Sheriff's Office, AZ Jason Rasch, Desert Alpine Reserve Emergency Services, Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, AZ Jesse Robinson, Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, AZ Ursula Ritchie, Cochise County Sheriff's Office, AZ Preface This manual is an introduction to the basics of searching for missing persons in wilderness environ- ments. It is aimed at members of the public, primarily in Arizona, who are interested in becoming Search and Rescue (SAR) volunteers and also at SAR personnel who are new or inexperienced in searches. This is an introduction only|there is much more to wilderness searches than is presented here. Outline of the Manual The contents of this manual is based in part on the suggestions in the ASTM International1 document F2209|10, \Standard Guide for Training of Level I Land Search Team Member", published in June 2010. To quote from that guide: 1.\ Level one (1) is the basic or entrance level." 2.\ This guide establishes the minimum training standard for Level I land search team members as it relates to their general, field, and search specific knowledge and skills." 3.\ A Level I land search team member searches on the surface of the land only. This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as caves, mines, and tunnels.)" 4.\ A Level I land search team member is required to have only an overview level of knowledge of rescue as it pertains to \search and rescue". No knots, rope, litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Level I land search team member." 5.\ Further training may be required before a Level I land search team member can actually participate on a particular kind of search team, depending on AHJ 2 regulations or policies." This work is also based in part on the previous Basic SAR Academy manual and course materials, as well as the Arizona-specific manual used to train AZ SAR Coordinators,\Inland Search Management For AZ SAR Coordinators". Style When writing this manual, a conscious decision was made to exclude all occurrences of \he/she", and use the generic \they" in its place. Thus a sentence like \He/she sets the Incident Objectives" is replaced with the sentence \They set the Incident Objectives". Sometimes this leads to slightly awkward phrasing, but not enough to warrant the use of \he/she". This manual was typeset using MiKTEX, a free Windows package available from http://miktex. org/. Please email any corrections or suggestions to David Lovelock at [email protected]. 1 Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials. 2 AHJ stands for the Authority Having Jurisdiction. ii Preface Photo Credits Unless stated otherwise, the photographs and images are courtesy of Roial Armstrong, Tom Brennan, Michael Campbell, Aaron Dick, Grand Canyon National Park, Eric Johnson, Wren Keller, Dave Laplander, David Lovelock, Maricopa County SAR, Chuck McHugh, Jeff Newnum, Art Pundt, Ken Phillips, John Quandel, Ursula Ritchie, Jesse Robinson, Rick Toman, Yavapai County Search and Rescue. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the following for their valuable ideas, contributions, and support. Paul Anderson, Mark Christian, Daniel W. Clark, Eric Connally, Desert Alpine Reserve Emergency Services from Maricopa County, Desert Search Unit Posse from Maricopa County, Desert Search Unit Posse Mohave County SAR, Malcolm Foster, Rick Goodman, Roland Hamrick, Chris Hecht, Harry Hicks, Jon Heshka, Ken Hill, Raul Limon, Cindy McArthur, Bill McCallum, Gerard Moretz, Dan O'Connor, Justin Ogden, Amanda Peters-Foils, Dave Perkins, Ken Phillips, Art Pundt, Mykle Raymond, Ron Ridgway, Pete Roberts, Junji Sakai, Rick Toman, Bil Vandergraff, Louie Villa, Steve West. Aaron Dick Eric Johnson James Langston David Lovelock Dave Noland Jason Rasch Jesse Robinson Ursula Ritchie Hereford, Arizona, USA c 2012, 2013 by Arizona Search and Rescue Coordinators Association, Ltd.|February 5, 2013 Table of Contents 1 Arizona Requirements, Policies, and Procedures ................................. 1 1.1 How Search and Rescue is Organized in Arizona . .1 1.2 Arizona Requirements of Volunteers . .2 1.3 Arizona Policies and Procedures . .2 1.4 Continuing Education . .9 2 Introduction to Searches ......................................................... 11 2.1 Who Do We Search For? . 11 2.2 What Types of Searches Are There? . 13 2.3 What Resources Do We Search With?. 15 2.4 How Do We Plan For a Search? . 22 2.5 When Do We Search? . 23 3 Behind the Scenes of a Route and Location Search ............................... 25 4 Behind the Scenes of an Area Search............................................. 39 4.1 Establishing the Search Area. 40 4.2 Segmentation . 41 4.3 Consensus . 44 4.4 Assign Resources to Search Segments . 46 4.5 Debrief Resources . 50 4.6 Update Segments . 53 5 Safety and Hazards .............................................................. 57 5.1 Personal Hazards . 57 5.2 Local Hazards . 68 5.3 Environment Related Hazards . 73 5.4 Altitude Related Hazards. 79 6 Risk Management ................................................................ 81 6.1 Risk Assessment . 81 6.2 Situational Awareness . 81 6.3 Communications . 82 6.4 Personal Preparedness . 83 6.5 Aviation Operations . 83 6.6 Vehicle Operations . 86 6.7 Incident Safety Analysis . 87 7 Wilderness Survival .............................................................. 91 iv Table of Contents 8 Personal Protective Equipment .................................................. 97 9 Map, Compass, and Land Navigation ............................................101 9.1 Maps ....................................................................... 101 9.2 Coordinate Systems . 110 9.3 Reading A 7.5' Topographic Map . 118 9.4 Compass . 124 9.5 Conclusion . 135 10 Tracking .........................................................................137 11 Communications .................................................................145 12 Incident Command System ......................................................153 Appendices A Lost Person Data ................................................................163 A.1 Lost Person Behavior . 163 A.2 Lost Person Behavior Distance Traveled . 169 A.3 Survivability . 171 B Search Urgency Rating Chart ....................................................173 C Probability .......................................................................175 D SAR Glossary ....................................................................177 References and Index References ...........................................................................185 Index ................................................................................187 c 2012, 2013 by Arizona Search and Rescue Coordinators Association, Ltd.|February 5, 2013 CHAPTER 1 Arizona Requirements, Policies, and Procedures Section 1.1 How Search and Rescue is Organized in Arizona In the United States of America the Air Force has overall responsibility for Inland Search and Rescue and the Coast Guard covers the navigable water ways. This responsibility then trickles down to the individual states and local authorities. Since 1971, Arizona Revised Statutes 11-441a-e mandates that the Sheriff shall conduct or coordinate Search and Rescue (SAR) operations. There are 15 counties in the state of Arizona, and in each county the Sheriff delegates that responsibility to SAR Coordinators, who are fulltime law-enforcement or other authorized personnel. There are approximately 40 active SAR Coordinators in Arizona. The statute allows the sheriff to request assistance from any person or agency in the execution of their duties and to organize volunteers. They may assist another county's Sheriff upon request. The law states the Sheriff \shall conduct" but it does not say that other agencies (Fire Departments and Police Departments) cannot conduct. What agencies do within their jurisdictions is not of great concern or debate but ultimately the Sheriff is responsible. The State of Arizona, by revised statutes and federal agreement, supports SAR within the State through the Arizona Division of Emergency Management (ADEM). It provides a State Coordinator and organizes the assistance of other State and Federal agencies. ADEM also provides for reimbursement of eligible mission expenses like fuel for DPS Air Rescue and Workman's Compensation coverage for the Sheriff's SAR volunteers. On SAR missions volunteers are covered by Workman's Compensation from portal
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