Mediunidade E Sobrevivencia

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Mediunidade E Sobrevivencia 1 MEDIUNIDADE E SOBREVIVÊNCIA 2 ALAN GAULD MEDIUNIDADE E SOBREVIVÊNCIA Um Século de Investigações BRIAN INGLIS organizador da série publicada com base nas pesquisas realizadas pela Society for Psychical Research Tradução NORBERTO DE PAULA LIMA EDITORA PENSAMENTO SÃO PAULO 3 Título do original: Mediumship and Survival A Century of Investigations Copyright © 1982 Alan Gauld Edição Ano 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10 -11 -12 -13 -14 86 -87 -88 -89 -90 -91 -92 -93 -94 -95 Direitos reservados EDITORA PENSAMENTO LTDA. Rua Dr. Mário Vicente, 374 – 04270 São Paulo, SP – Fone: 633141 Impresso em nossas oficinas gráficas. 4 Para Sheila Que, sem se queixar, conformou-se com um verão difícil 5 Agradecimentos Por sua bondade em ler um rascunho desta obra, e por muitos comentários e sugestões úteis, sou muito grato a Ian Stevenson, Brian Inglis, John St. John, Louise Bloomfield e John Beloff. Pela sua valiosa ajuda em diversos assuntos correlatos, devo agradecer a Bernard Carr, Tony Cornell, Sam Grainger, Eleanor O’Keeffe, D. N. Clarke-Lowes, Emily Williams Cook e Bert Haylett. O número que no texto estiver entre parênteses se refere à fonte literária mencionada por esse número na Bibliografia (páginas 265-79). 6 Sumário Lista de Ilustrações 8 Prefácio 9 1 Introdução 13 2 Mediunidade: Generalidades 28 3 A Mediunidade da sra. Piper 41 4 A Mediunidade da sra. Leonard 54 5 Comunicadores “Espor ádicos ” 66 6 Manifestaç ões de Prop ósito 81 7 Manifestaç ões de Outras Caracter ísticas Pessoais 96 8 O Controle dos Médiuns 113 9 “Influência” e a Hipótese da Super-PES – Considerações Teóricas 122 10 “Influência” e a Hipótese de Super-PES – Os Dados 131 11 Obsessão e Possessão 155 12 Reencarnação 169 13 Memória e Cérebro 192 14 Experi ências Fora do Corpo e Apariç ões 217 15 Apariç ões de Mortos 231 16 Uma Teoria das Apariç ões 248 17 Observaç ões Finais 258 Bibliografia 265 7 Lista de Ilustrações Entre as páginas 147 e 154 Uma sessão com prancha ouija Sra. L. Piper William James Oliver Lodge Richard Hodgson Sra. G. Leonard Sra. M. de G. Verrall Sra. H. Salter Sra. Willett F. W. H. Myers Escrita automática Sra. Eleanor Sidgwick Esboço feito por F. L. Thompson Pintura feita por Robert S. Gifford. 8 Prefácio Por volta do ano de 1873, Frederic Myers relembra, em seu Human Personality [Personalidade Humana] que um pequeno grupo de amigos de Cambridge chegara à conclusão de que nem a religião nem o materialismo fornecera respostas satisfatórias às questões que os desconcertavam: Nossas atitudes eram, em vários aspectos, diferentes; mas, para mim, pelo menos, parecia que nenhuma tentativa adequada jamais fora feita, sequer para determinar se algo poderia ser aprendido sobre o mundo do invisível ou não; pois, se fosse possível saber alguma coisa sobre um tal mundo, de modo que a Ciência pudesse adotar e conservar esse conhecimento, isso precisaria ser descoberto, não pela análise da tradição, nem pela manipulação da metafísica, mas simplesmente por experiência e observação – apenas pela aplicação a fenômenos dentro de nós e à nossa volta exatamente desses mesmos métodos deliberados e desapaixonados de pesquisa, que construíram nosso atual conhecimento de mundo que podemos tocar e ver. Junto com seus amigos – destacando-se entre eles Henry Sidgwick e Edmund Gurney – Myers tornou-se um dos membros fundadores da Society for Psychical Research [Sociedade de Pesquisas Psíquicas], quando esta foi constituída em 1882 para colocar essas idéias em prática, e esta série * está sendo publicada para assinalar o centenário da Sociedade. Os fenômenos do “mundo do invisível” a que Myers se referiu foram, por conveniência, originalmente distribuídos em cinco categorias, sendo constituído um comitê para a investigação de cada uma: telepatia, hipnotismo, “sensitivos”, aparições e “os diversos fenômenos físicos comumente chamados espíritas”. Ao longo dos anos, a ênfase alterou-se um pouco – em particular quanto ao hipnotismo que, naquela época, era descartado como ilusionismo e acabou sendo aceito como realidade, e assim * Composta pelos volumes: Experiências fora do corpo: uma investigação , de Susan J. Blackmore, Fantasmas e aparições , de Andrew Mackenzie e Mediunidade e sobrevivência: um século de investigações , de Alan Gauld, publicados pela Editora Pensamento, São Paulo; Through the Time Barrier: a Study of Precognition and Modern Physics , de Dana Zohar, e Glossary of Terms Used in Parapsychology , organizado por Michael A. Thalbourne, Heinemman, Londres. 9 deixou de ficar do lado físico da cerca. Mas, em linhas gerais, os fenômenos investigados são os mesmos e os modos como têm sido investigados continuam como Myers planejou. A terminologia, porém, mudou – e mudou com alguma freqüência, o que causou certa confusão. O próprio Myers introduziu a “telepatia” como “leitura de pensamento”, o que era ambíguo; podia referir-se ao modo como Sherlock Holmes captava o que se passava na mente de Watson observando sua expressão. O termo “supranormal”, porém, que Myers achava preferível a “sobrenatural”, para descrever a classe de fenômenos com que a Sociedade deveria lidar, foi substituído por “paranormal”, enquanto “parapsicologia” substituiu “pesquisa psíquica” – muito embora alguns pesquisadores prefiram restringir seu uso para trabalhos do tipo de laboratório, deixando “psíquico” para pesquisa sobre fenômenos espontâneos. O prefixo “Psi” apareceu como termo genérico para descrever as forças envolvidas, ou para identificá-las – por exemplo, na distinção de um evento normal de um paranormal. Se ainda faltasse evidência sobre uma “paraciência” – como agora poderia ser embaraçosamente descrita, porque recentemente a ênfase da pesquisa foi sendo deslocada da Psicologia para a Física – ela poderia ser encontrada na composição da Sociedade, desde seus primórdios. Devem existir poucas organizações que atraíram membros tão notáveis. Dentre os físicos, Sir William Crookes, Sir John Joseph Thomson, Sir Oliver Lodge, Sir William Barrett e dois Lords Rayleigh – terceiro e quarto barões. Dentre os filósofos: o próprio Sidgwick, Henri Bérgson, Ferdinand Schiller, L. P. Jacks, Hans Driesch, e C. D. Broad; dentre os psicólogos: William James, William McDougall, Sigmund Freud, Walter Franklin Prince, Carl Jung e Gardner Murphy. E junto a estes, muitos vultos eminentes em vários campos: Charles Richet, Prêmio Nobel de fisiologia; o Conde de Balfour, primeiro-Ministro de 1902 a 1906, e seu irmão Gerald, Primeiro Secretário da Irlanda em 1895-96; Andrew Lang, Gilbert Murray, Regius Professor de Grego em Oxford, E. R. Dodds; a sra. HenrySidgwick, diretora do Newham College, de Cambridge; Marie Curie; a sra. Alfred Lyttleton, Delegada na Assembléia da Liga das nações; Camille Flammarion, astrônomo e F. J. M. Straton, Presidente da Royal Astronomical Society; e Sir Alister Hardy, professor de zoologia em Oxford. Tal lista, como Arthur Koestler apontou em The Roots of Coincidence [As raízes da coincidência], devia ser suficiente para demonstrar que a pesquisa sobre PES (Percepção Extra-sensorial) “não é um playground para malucos supersticiosos”. Ao contrário, os padrões de pesquisa, em geral, foram rigorosos – muito mais rigorosos, como os psicólogos tiveram 10 ocasião de admitir, que os da Psicologia. A razão pela qual os resultados não foram aceitos é, basicamente, que não foram aceitáveis: a percepção extra-sensorial e a psicocinese ficaram fora do domínio da ciência, a despeito das evidências. E, muito embora o preconceito contra a parapsicologia tenha sido vencido, de molde a começar a ser aceita como disciplina acadêmica nas universidades, ainda está muito longe de garantir uma base firme no mundo acadêmico. Os céticos, aleivosamente, propagaram a idéia de que os pesquisadores psíquicos acreditam em PES, em PK (Psicocinese), em aparições, e em outras coisas, porque querem ou precisam acreditar. Qualquer um que tenha estudado os Jornais e as Atas da Sociedade, ou que tenha comparecido às suas reuniões, testemunhará que isso é de uma falsidade risível. Muitos dos mais assíduos e capacitados pesquisadores foram originalmente impelidos pela des crença – por um desejo, digamos, de desmascarar um médium como fraudulento. É preciso lembrar, também, que muitos, provavelmente a grande maioria dos membros, desejaram, e ainda desejam provar que as manifestações paranormais são naturais e podem ser explicadas cientificamente – muito embora, reconhecidamente, não nos termos estreitos de uma ciência materialista, que, de qualquer modo, os físicos nucleares mostraram ser falaciosa. Não: na medida em que uma Sociedade, composta de um grupo tão diversificado de indivíduos, possa ter uma identidade única, ela poderia ser descrita quase como cética; e por certo como racional, como esta série mostrará. Não, porém, como racionalista . Desgraçadamente, os racionalistas, em sua determinação de purgar a sociedade de seus tumores religiosos e ocultistas, muitas vezes fracassaram em traçar uma distinção entre superstições e os fenômenos observados que as originaram – o que os levou a armadilhas, como a de se recusarem a aceitar a existência dos meteoritos, por causa da associação com os raios de Júpiter; e até nossos dias eles estão prontos a apoiar dogmas tão rígidos, e tão infundados, como os de qualquer Igreja. Se esta série nada conseguir, ao menos mostrará quão racionalmente – usando este termo em seu sentido apropriado – seus autores examinaram e apresentaram as evidências. De todos os temas que ocuparam os pesquisadores psíquicos, a Imortalidade – com “I” maiúsculo, para indicar que é a imortalidade da alma ou do
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