Literature EVALUATING GEAR and FACTORS AFFECTING CATCH

Literature

EVALUATING GEAR AND FACTORS AFFECTING

CATCH AND SAMPLING VARIATION

Frank J. Schwartz

Patricia A. Howland

Special Scientific Report

for

.Carolina Power and Light Company

Raleigh, North Carolina

1 June 1978

Institute of . Marine Sciences

University of North Carolina

Morehead City, North Carolina 28557 INTRODUCTION

Scientists are always concerned with the data they obtain. This may be in the form of: did I sample enough, was the sample size large enough to be considered representative, did I sample all habitats, faunas, etc., did I take the proper environmental data, and should I sample only during the day or night hours. These and a host of questions besiege him in his quest for representative and precise information about the area or fauna being studied. These concerns are often unknowingly upset by ignoring factors other than biological that may seriously alter the results and conclusions reached. These may be subtle factors such as: how efficient is the gear used, how ef- fective is its operation, is it selective for certain sizes or species of organisms because of color or strength of material. While the organisms may behave one way in relation to the gear, how does the behavior of the gear affect the po- tentially capturable organism? What type of gear should be used--midwater or other? Will mesh size affect the results? Does one type of gear sample a species, population or area better than another and why? What effect does human fatigue have on gear operation? Even with awareness of these and many other factors that influence the outcome of a research study, extraneous factors beyond our control may further influence the observed data. Does sampling gear and subtle environmental changes that are detected by the animal, such as wind, weather fronts, and water pressure differences, influence their behavior? Thus, there is more to sampling than just plunging forth with gear in hand and assuming the "true" picture will emerge. Only too recently have researchers become aware of these interrelating factors and examined their effects. In recent years the expense of operating large ships has spurred science into finding more efficient ways to sample fish populations--whether 2 for food or recreation. . Most literature dealing with the above problems has been published since 1940. A few examples of reports (by citation number) that attempt to resolve some of these problems are: quantitative sampling 3; behavior 5; net selection 7 and many others; sample replication 15, 22; effect of boat sounds on captures 52, 87, 88, 291; tow speed 53; effect of tickler chain 54, 67, 181; time of sample 91, 317; effect of trawling on habitat 127, 185; color of gear material 177, 286; herding by gear 143; environmental affects 256, 393; need for crew rotation to maintain human efficiency 27.

HOW TO USE THIS COMPILATION

This compilation is arranged by seven indices: LITERATURE, AUTHOR, SCFNTIFIC NAME-FISHES, SCIENTIFIC NAME-OTHER SPECIES, COMMON NAME-FISHES, COMMON NAME-OTHER SPECIES, and SUBJECT. Each entry is cross-referenced by the numbers that precede each original citation. One should not assume that everything pertaining to gear efficiency will be found only under gear or efficiency as it was often difficult to cross-reference material. That is, effect of a drop net may have had an effect on efficiency and one should check additional references under gear, etc. The same applies to changes in scientific or common names of organisms. Note: reference 280 should precede 253; von Brandt on pages 5 and 29. We express thanks to the following libraries for expediting the reference material for our examination: NMFS-NOAA, Wilson Library-UNC, British Museum of Natural History, The Center for Research Libraries, University of Illinois-Urbana, Library of Congress, Duke University, and American Museum of Natural History. Copies of most references are in the library of the senior author. H. Grainger and P. Murdock helped renumber all indices during the final typing. N. Latham aided final text check and assembly. Library acquisitions as well as the concerted efforts in typing and final draft preparation were made by Brenda Bright of our institution. Her continued outstanding efforts helped speed this report to completion. 3

LITERATURE CITATIONS

• A

1. Ahlstrom, E. H., J. D. Isaacs, J. R. Thrailkill, and L. W. Kidd. 1958. High-speed plankton sampler. Fish. Bull. 58(132):187-214.

2. Akyuz, E. F. 1959. On the use of midwater trawls for anchovy in the Black Sea. pp. 357-358. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Vol. 1. Fishing News Ltd., London. 607 p.

3. Allen, G. H., A. D. Delacy, and D. W. Gotshall. 1960. Quantitive sampling of marine fishes--a problem in fish behavior and fishing gear. pp. 448-511. In: E. A. Pearson, ed. Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment. Pergammon Press, New York.

4. Allen, K. R. 1963. The influence of behaviour on the capture of fish with baits. ICNAFSpec. Publ. 5:57.

5. Altukhov, Yu. P. and V. R. Protasov. 1960. The visual reaction of some fishes to a moving net webbing. Ryb. Khoz. 4:911. Moscow.

6. Alverson, D. L. and W. T. Pereyra. 1969. Demersal fish explorations in the NE Pacific Ocean--an evaluation of exploratory fishing methods and analytical approaches to stock size and yield fore- casts. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 26(8):1985-2001.

7. Ancellin, J. and P. Desbrosses. 1963. The selective action of nets made of manila, hemp, and nylon. ICNAFSpec. Publ. 5:8.

8. Anderson, W. D., J. K. Dias, R. K. Dias, D. M. Cupka, and N. A. Chamberlain. 1977. The macrofauna of the surf zone off Folly Beach, South Carolina. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-704, 23 p.

9. Andersson, K. A. 1934. Experiments with trawls having different meshes in the codend. Rapp. Proces-Verb., Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 90:60-61.

10. Aron, W. and S. Collard. 1969. A study of the influence of net speed on catch. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14(2):242-249.

11. Aronov, M. P. and B. V. Vyskrebentzev. 1969. Underwater observations on the behaviour of fishes in the zone of trawling. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):843-848.

12. Aslanova, N. Ye. 1949. The behavior of the anchovy and the herring in the trapnet zone in the Kerch Strait. Ryb. Khoz. 7:37.

13. . 1958. Study of the behavior of fishes in the operational zone of the fishing gear. Trud. Vses. Nauch-issled. Inst. Morskogo Ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr. 36:33-51. 4

14. . 1961. A study of the reaction of fishes to net webbing. Trudy (VNIRO) 44:165-176. 15. Atsatt, Lenora H. and R. R. Seapy. 1974. An analysis of sampling variability in replicated midwater trawls off southern California. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 14:261-273. 16. Atton, F. M. 1955. The relative effectiveness of nylon and cotton gill nets. Can. Fish Cult. 17:18-26. 17. Austin, C. B. 1977. Incorporating soak time into measurement of fishing effort in trap fisheries. Fish. Bull. 75(1):213-218.

18. Badcock, J. 1970. The vertical distribution of mesopelagic fishes collected on the sond cruise. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 50(4): 1001-1044. 19. Bagenal, T. B. 1958. An analysis of the variability associated with the Vigneron-Dahl modification of the otter trawl by day and by night and a discussion of its action. J. Cons. 24(1):62-79. 20. Barkley, R. A. 1964. The theoretical effectiveness of towed-net samplers as related to sampler size and to swimming speed of organisms. J. Cons. 29(2):146-157.

21. . 1972. Selectivity of towed-net samplers. Fish. Bull. 70(3): 799-820.

22. Barnes, H. and T. B. Bagenal. 1951. A statistical study of variability in catch obtained by short repeated trawls taken over an inshore ground. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 29(3):649-660. 23. Bayley, P. B. 1977. Changes in species compositions of the yields and catch per effort during the development of the fishery at Lake Turkana, Kenya. Arch. Hydrobiol. 79(1):111-132. 24. Beamish, F. W. H. 1969. Photographic observations on reactions of fish ahead of otter trawls. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):511-521. 25. Berst, A. H. 1961. Selectivity and efficiency of experimental gill nets in South Bay and Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 90(4):413-417.

26. Berzileev, I. L. and V. G. Dedov. 1972. Determination of the shape of cables towed in water. Ryb. Khoz. 10:55-56. 27. Besnard, M. J. M. 1971. Les rotations des chaluliers et des chalu- tages. p. 1-7. In: Colloque int. Exp. Oceans. Bordeaux (France) Mars Thome II, Session Technique: Ti. 28. Beverton, R. J. H. 1963. Escape of fish through different parts of a codend. ICNAFSpec. Publ. 5:9-11. 5

29. and A. R. Margetts. 1963. The effect of codend mesh size on certain working characteristics of trawls. ICNAFSpec. Publ. 5:12-17.

30. Blaxter, J. H. S. 1969. Swimming speeds of fish. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):69-100.

31. and R. I. Currie. 1967. The effect of artificial lights on acoustic scattering layers in the ocean. pp. 1-14. In: N. B. Marshall, ed. Aspects of Marine Zoology. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 19.

32. and B. B. Parrish. 1965. The importance of light in shoaling, avoidance of nets and vertical migration by herring. J. Cons. 30(1):40-57.

33. . 1966. The reaction of marine fish to moving netting and other devices in tanks. Dept. Agr. Fish. Scotland Mar. Rev. 1, 15 p.

34. Boer, P. A. de. 1959. Trawl gear measurements obtained by under water instruments. pp. 225-233. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, VOL 1. Fishing News Ltd., England. 607 p.

35. Boerema, L. K. 1949. 2. Mesh experiments. Rapp. Proces-Verb. Reunions, Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 125:63-64.

36. . 1956. Some experiments on factors influencing mesh selection in trawls. J. Cons. 21(2):175-191.

37. Boulcher, J. L., H. P. Bougault, and J. Martinais. 1974. Instru- ments and methods shipboard precision weighing. Deep-Sea Res. 21(8):683-687.

38. Brandt, A. von. 1963. Selectivity data for synthetic fibers. ICNAFSpec. Pub. 5:18-23.

39. and G. Klust. 1971. Synthetic net materials for bottom and midwater trawls. pp. 318-327. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, VOL 3. Fishing News Ltd., London.

40. Bridger, J. P. 1958. On efficiency tests made with a modified Gulf III high-speed tow-net. J. Cons. 23(3):357-365.

41. . 1969. The behaviour of demersal fish in the path of a trawl. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):695-715.

42. Brown, D. J. A. and T. ,E. Langford. 1975. An assessment of a tow net used to sample coarse fish fry in rivers. J. Fish Biol. 7(4):533-538.

43. Buchanan-Wollaston, H. J. 1927. On the selective action of a trawl net, with some remarks on selective action of drift nets. J. Cons. 2(3):343-355. 6

44. Buerkle, U. 1974. Gill-net catches of cod (Gadus morhua L.) in relation to trawling noise. Mar. Behav. Phy :277-281.

45. Burgess, J. 1972. Simple shooting frame for longlines. Fishing News Internat. 11(7):7.

46. Caddy, J. F. 1973. Underwater observation on tracks of dredges and trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30(2):173-180.

47. Calhoun, A. J. 1953. Aquarium tests of tags on striped bass. Calif. Fish Game 39(2):209-218.

48. , D. H. Fry, Jr., and E. P. Hughes. 1951. Plastic deteriora- tion and metal corrosion in Peterson disk fish tags. Calif. Fish Game 37(3):301-314.

49. Carlander, K. D. 1953. Use of gill nets in studying fish populations, Clear Lake, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 60:623-625.

50. Cassie, R. M. 1968. Sample design. pp. 105-121. In: Zoo- plankton Sampling. UNESCO Monogr. Oceanogr. Method7; 174 p.

51. Chaplin, P. D. 1969. The collection and application of trawl performance data. World Fishing 18(6):58-59.

52. Chapman, C. J. and A. D. Hawkins. 1969. The importance of sound in fish behaviour in relation to capture by trawls. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):717-729.

53. Chestnoi, V. N. 1961. On optimum trawling speeds. Ryb. Khoz. 37(7):43-49. Moscow.

54. Chittenden, M. E., Jr. and W. A. van Engel. 1972. Effect of a tickler chain and tow duration on trawl catches of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101(4):732-734.

55. Christensen, J. M. 1969. A rake trawl designed for catching young soles. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):601-605.

56. Cieglewicz, W. and W. Strzyzewski. 1959. Investigations on the selection of Baltic cod by codend as a basis for establishing the minimum mesh size. Prace Morsk. Inst. Rybackiego, 101A:351-359. 57. Clancy, D. W. 1963. The effect of tagging with Peterson disk tags on the swimming ability of fingerling steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). .J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 20(4):969-981.

58. Clark, J. R. 1952a. Experiments on the escape of undersized haddock through otter trawls. Comm. Fish . Rev. 14(9):1-7.

59. 1952b. Further experiments on the escape of undersized haddock through otter trawls. Comm. Fish. Rev. 14(12):7-12. 7

60. . 1956. Selectivity of nylon codends tested by "Albatross III". Comm. Fish. Rev. 18(7):44-45. 61. . 1963. Size selection of fish by otter trawls--results of recent experiments in the northwest Atlantic. ICNAFSpec. Pub!. 5:24-96. 62. , F. D. McCracken, and W. Templeman. 1958. Summary of gear selection information for the Commission area. ICNAFAnn. Proc. 8:83-99. 63. Clark, S. H. 1974. A study of variation in trawl data collected in Everglades National Park, Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(4):777-785. 64. Clarke, M. R. 1969. A new midwater trawl for sampling discrete depth horizons. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 49(4):945-960. 65. Clutter, R. I. and M. Anraku. 1968. Avoidance of samplers. pp. 57-76. In: Zooplankton Sampling. UNESCO Monogr. Oceanogr. Method., 174 p. 66. Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling Techniques. John Wiley Sons, N. Y. 413 p. 67. Cole, H. A. 1971. The heavy tickler chain--right or wrong? World Fishing 20(10):8-10. 68. Collyer, R. D. 1954. Tagging experiments on the yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis. Calif. Fish Game 49(3):295-312. 69. and P. H. Young. .1953. Progress report on a study of the kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus. Calif. Fish Game 39(2):191-208. 70. Commercial Fisheries Review. 1970. Lightweight pots on longline effectively catch sablefish. Comm. Fish. Rev. 32(8-9):12-14. 71. Cross, D. G. 1976. A method of comparing the efficiencies of electric fishing oprations. J. Fish Biol. 9(3):261-265.

72. and B. Stott. 1975. The effect of electric fishing on subse- quent capture of fish. J. Fish Biol. 7(3):349-357.

73. Dahlberg, M. D. and E. P. Odum. 1970. Annual cycles of species occurrence. Abundance and diversity in Georgia estuarine fish populations. Am. Midl. Nat. 83(2):382-392. 74. Daiber, F. C. 1958. Marine Sports Fishing Investigation. Univ. Delaware Mar. Lab. Ref. 58-5. Dingell-Johnson Project F-5-R-5. Ann. Rep. Ju!y 1, 1957-June 30, 1958. 75. . 1958. Fishing Gear. Estuarine Bull., pp. 12-25. 8

76. Davenport, D. and W. R. Harling. 1965. Method of rapid measurement for large samples of fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 22(5): 1309-1310. 77. Davies, I. E. and E. G. Barham. 1969. The Tucker opening-closing micronekton net and its performance in a study of the deep scattering layer. Mar. Biol. 2(2):127-131. 78. Davis, F. M. 1929. Preliminary note on experimental trawling with cod-end meshes of different sizes. J. Cons. 4(3):287-299. 79. . 1934a. A mesh experiment indicating that small fish escape while the trawl is being towed. Rapp. Proces-Verb., Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 90:22-26, Appendix D. 80. . 1934b . Mesh experiments with trawls, 1928-1933. Fish. Invest. Ser . II 14(1), London. 56 p. 81. . 1934c. Preliminary note on a commercial mesh. experiment. Rapp. Proces-Verb., Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 90:27-31, Appendix D. 82. . 1934d. Report on the results of experiments with savings gear. Rapp. Proces-Verb., Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 90: 14-21, Appendix B. 83. d'Entremont, G. 1972. Increased ground fish catches by midwater trawling. Can. Fisherman Ocean Sci. 58(5):22-25. • 84. de Groot, S. J. 1969. A review paper on the behaviour of flat- fishes. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(12):139-167. 85. Delais, M. 1971. Differentes possibilites des biologistes dynamiciens en vue Pexploitation rationnelle des peches. pp. 1-8. In: Col- loque int. Exp. Oceans. Bordeaux (France) Mars Thome II, Ti. 86. de Lury, D. B. 1947. On the estimation of biological populations. Biometrics 3(4):145-167. 87. Dickson, W. 1971. Trawl gear selection, design, and construction in relation to fish behaviour, vessel power, and fishing conditions. pp. 336-347. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Vol. 3. Fishing News Ltd., London. 88. Doust, D. J. and J. Logan. 1971. Noise and vibration aspects of fishing vessel. pp. 296-300. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear• of the World, Vol. 3. Fishing News Ltd., London. 89. Dragesund, 0. 1958. Reactions of fish to artificial light, with special reference to large herring and spring herring in Norway. J. Cons. 23(2):213-227. 90. Dreyer, C. and G. Ellis. 1969. Making fishing more efficient. World Fishing 18(4):18-19. 9

91: Dugas, R. J. 1975. Variation in day-night trawl catches in Ver- milion Bay, Louisiana. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm., Oysters, Water Bottoms Seafoods Div., Tech. Bull. 14, 16 p.

92. Edwards, R. L. 1968. Fishery resources of the North Atlantic area pp. 52-60. In: Dewitt Gilbert, ed. The Future of the Fishing Industry of The United States. Univ. . Wash. Publ . n. s. Vol. 4, No. 4. Seattle. 93. Ellis, J. E. and E. N. Pickering. 1973. The catching efficiencies of a 21.3 meter (headrope) standard wing trawl and a 21.3 meter electrical wing trawl in the Saginaw Bay area of Lake Huron. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 102(1):116-120. 94. Ellis, R. W. 1963. Experiments to investigate the escape of fish through the meshes of different parts of the trawl. ICNAFSpec. Spec. Publ. 5:97-101. 95. Elsey, C. A. and R. T. Thomson. 1977. Exploitation of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in Lac Des Mille Lacs, Northern Ontario, by commercial and sport fisheries, 1958-1975. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 34(10):1769-1773.

96. Farran, G. P. 1936. On the mesh of herring drift-nets in relation to the condition factor of the fish. J. Cons. 11(1):43-52. 97. Floyd, H. M. 1971. A lift net for catching bait fish attracted to light. U.S. Dep. Comm., NOAA, Fish. Leaflet 638, 3 p. 98. FAO. 1968. Proceedings of the conference on fish behaviour in relation to fishing techniques and tactics. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(1). 634 p. 99. . 1975. Monitoring of fish stock abundance: the use of catch and effort data. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 155, 101 p. 100. Fonteneau, A. 1970. La peche au chalut sur le plateau continental ivoirien: Equilibre maximal des captures. Doc. Scient. Centre Rech. Oceanogr. Abidjan 1(1):31-35. 101. . 1971. La peche au chalut en cote d'lvoire maximum de rendement economique. Doc. Scient. Centre Rech. Oceanogr. Abidjan 2(1-2):31-39. 102. and P. Bouillon. 1971. Analyse des rendements des chalutiers ivoiriens definition d'un effort de peche. Doc. Scient. Centre Rech. Oceanogr. Abidjan. 2(2):1-10. 103. Fore, P. L. and K. N. Baxter. 1972. Diel fluctuations in the catch of larvae Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, at Galveston en- trance, Texas. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101(4):729-732. 10

104. Forster, G. R. 1971. Line-fishing on the continental slope. III. Mid-water fishing with vertical lines. J. Mar. Biol . Assoc. U. K. 51(1):73-77.

105. Foster, J. J. 1969a. How otter board design affects trawl performance. World Fishing 18(1):44-46.

106. . 1969b. The influence of fish behavior on trawl design with special reference to mathematical interpretations of observations on the swimming speeds of fish and results of C. F. experiments. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):731-773.

107. . 1973. Gear developments and fish behaviour. Dept. Agric. Fish. Mar. Lab., Aberdeen, Scotland. 4 p.

108. France Peche. 1971. Japon: le rendement de la palangre profonde et de la senne danoise. France Peche 165:31-32. 109. Fraser, J. H. 1968. The history of plankton sampling. pp. 11-18. In: Zooplankton Sampling. UNESCO Monogr. Oceanogr. Method., 174 p.

110. Freedman, A. L. 1971. Method of achieving optimum trawling operation. pp. 359-363. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Vol. 3. Fishing News Ltd., London.

111. Fridman, A. 1973. The theory and design at trawls. pp. 246-297. In: Theory and Design of Commercial Fishing Gear. Israel Frog. Sci. Transl.

112. Friedl, W. A. 1971. The relative sampling performance of 6- and 10-foot Issacs-Kidd midwater trawls. Fish. Bull. 69(2):427-432.

113. Fujiishi, A. 1973. A theoretical approach to the selectivity of the net gears.--I. A method of estimating selectivity curves of trawl and seine nets. J. Shimonoseki Univ. Fish. 22(1):1-28.

114. 1974a. A theoretical approach to the selectivity of the net gears--II. A method of estimating selectivity curves of trawl and seine nets. J. Shimonoseki Univ. Fish. 22(3):63-84.

115. . 1974b. A theoretical approach to the selectivity of the net gears.--III. On the effects of differences in fish shape. J. Shimonoseki Univ. Fish. 23(2):87-108.

116. . 1975a. A theoretical approach to the selectivity of the net gears.--IV. An attempt to represent the selection curve by a straight line. J. Shimonoseki Univ. Fish. 23(3):109-120.

117. 1975b. A theoretical approach to the selectivity of the net gears.--V. Convertible diagrams of the condition factor (k) to the thickness of cross-sectional shape (e) and the effects of condition factor on the mesh selectivity. J. Shimonoseki Univ. Fish. 24(1):23-35.

118. and T. Taniguchi. 1977. Studies on saving gear for trawl Model experiments of a trawl net with "Bottom Curtain". Bull. lap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43(2):173-179. 11

119. Fulton, T. W. 1921. Report on herring trawling investigations. Sc!. Invest. Fish. Bd. Scotland 2:77-114.

120. Gale, W. F. and H. W. Mohr, Jr. 1978. Larval fish rift in a large river with a comparison of sampling methods. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(1):46-55. 121. Garrod, D. J. 1961. The selection characteristics of nylon gill nets for Tilapia esculenta Graham. J. Cons. 26(2):191-203. 122. Gehringer, J. W. and W. Aron. 1968. Field techniques. pp. 87- 104. In: Zooplankton Sampling. UNESCO Monogr. Oceanogr. Method., 174 p. 123. Gilmore, R. G., J. K. Holt, R. S. Jones, G. R. Kulczycki, L. G. MacDowell, III, and W. C. Magley. 1978. Portable tripod drop net for estuarine fish studies. Fish. Bull. 76(1):285-289. 124. Gol'badamov, S. B. 1958. Promyslovo-biologicheskie osnory proek- terovaniy pelegickeskikh tralov. Trudy (VNIRO) 36:192-241. 125. Gotshall, D. W. 1978. Relative abundance studies of dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, in northern California. Calif. Fish Game 64(1):24-37. 126. Graham, M. 1954. Trials of mesh selection in trawls and seines. J. Cons. 20(1):62-71. 127. . 1975. Effect of trawling on animals of the sea bed. Suppl. Deep-Sea Res., pp. 1-6.

128. , R. J. H. Beverton, A. R. Margetts, and J. A. Gulland. 1954. A note on published trawler/seines comparisons. J. Cons. 20(1):51-55. 129. Gulland, J. A. 1956. On the selection of hake and whiting by the mesh of trawls. J. Cons. 21(3):296-309.

130. . 1969. Effort and catch per unit effort manual of methods ---icTsr fish stock assessment. Pt. 1. Fish population analysis. FAO Manuals Fish. Sci. 4:44-57. 131. and D. Harding. 1961. The selection of Clarias mossambicus --(Peters) by nylon gill nets. J. Cons. 26(2):215-222.

132. Hamley, J. M. 1972. Use of the DeLury method to estimate gill net selectivity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29(11):1636-1638.

133. . 1975. Review of gill net selectivity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 32(11):1943-1969. 12

134. Hamuro, C. K. 1963. Measurement of the shape of the tuna longline and an analysis of its efficiency. Proc. World Scient. Meet. Biol. Tunas and Related Species. FAO Fish. Rep. 3(6), Exper. Pap. 4:1133-1142. 135. Handford, P., G. Bell, and T. Reimchen. 1977. A gill net fishery considered as an experiment in artificial selection. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 34(7):954-961. 136. Hansen, D. F. 1944. Rate of escape of fishes from hoop nets. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 37:115-122. 137. Hansen, R. G. 1974. Effect of different filament diameters on the selective action of monofilament gill nets. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(2):386-387. 138. Hanson, L. H. 1972. An evaluation of selected marks and tags for marking metamorphosed sea lampreys. Progve Fish-Cult. 34(2): 70-75.

139. Harrisson, C. M. H. 1967. On methods for sampling mesopelagic fishes. pp. 71-126. In: N. B. Marshall, ed. Aspects of Marine Zoology. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 19. 140. Havinga, B. and C. L. Deedler. 1949. 1. The relation between the size of meshes of gill nets and the size of Lucioperca sandra in the catches. Rapp. Proces-Verb. Reunions, Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 125:59-62. 141. Hellier, T. R., Jr . 1958. The drop-net quadrat, a new population sampling device . Publ. Univ. Tex. Inst. Mar. Sci. 5:165-168. 142. Hemmings, 'C. C. 1969. A discussion of the principles of observing fish behaviour in relation to fishing gear. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):657-666. 143. . 1969. Observations on the behavibur of fish during capture b-y the Danish seine net, and their relation to herding by trawl bridles. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(3):645-655. 144. 1973. Direct observation of the behavior of fish in relation to fishing gear. Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters. 24:348-360. 145. Heron, A. C. 1968. Plankton gauze. pp. 19-25. In: Zooplankton Sampling. UNESCO Monogr. Oceanogr. Method., 174 p. 146. Herrington, W. C. 1935. Modification in gear to curtail the destruction of undersized fish in otter trawling. Invest. Rep. U.S. Bur. Fish. 24:48. 147. Hester, J. M., Jr. and B. J. Copeland. 1975. Nekton population dynamics in the Albemarle Sound and Neuse River estuaries. UNC-SG-75-02, 129 p. 148. Hewson, L. C. 1951. A comparison of nylon and cotton gill nets used in the Lake Winnipeg winter fishery. Can. Fish Cult. 11: 7-9. 13

149. High, W. L. 1969. Scuba diving, a valuable tool for investigating the behavior of fish within the influence of fishing gear. FAO Fish. Rep. 62(2):253-267.

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309. Patriarche, M. H. 1968. Rate of escape of fish from trap nets. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 97(1):59-61.

310. Peterson, A. E. 1954. The selective action of gill nets on Fraser River sockeye salmon. Bull. Internat. Pacific Salmon Fish. Comm. 5:1-101.

311. Peterson, K. L. 1952. From report on study of nylon and linen gill nets. Progve Fish-Cult. 14(1):18.

312. Pope, J. A. 1963a. A note on experimental design. ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5:175-179.•

313. . 1963b. Sampling catches at sea. ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5: 180-184.

314. , A. R. Margetts, and J. M. Hamley. 1975. Part III. Selec- tivity of fishing gear. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 41, Rev. 1. 65 p.

315. Portier, M. 1971. Choix du chalut semi-pelagique et de son Gree- ment selon la puissance du navire, le comportement des especes recherchees et la nature du fond. pp. 347-352. In: H. Krist- jonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Vol. 3. Fish- ing News Ltd., London.

316. Powell, T. G., D. C. Bowden, and H. K. Hagen. 1971. Evaluation of five types of fishing gear in Boyd Reservoir, Colorado. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 8:313-320.

317. Pristas, P. J. and L. Trent. 1977. Comparisons of catches of fishes in gill nets in relation to webbing material, time of day, and water depth in St. Andrew Bay, Florida. Fish. Bull. 75(1): 102-108.

318. Pycha, R. L. 1962. The relative efficiency of nylon and cotton gill nets for taking lake trout in Lake Superior. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 19(6):1085-1094.

319. Radovich, J. 1976. Catch per unit effort: fact, fiction, and dogma. Calif. Coop. Ocean Fish. Invest. Rep. 18:31-33. 25

320. Reeve, D. F. and W. G. PEARCY. 1976. Comparison of the most successful and least successful West Coast albacore troll fishermen. Fish. Bull. 74(4):973-982.

321. REGIER, H. A. and D. S. Robson. 1966. Selectivity of gill nets, especially to lake whitefish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 23(3): 423-454.

322. REINGOLD, M. 1975. Effects of displacing, hooking, and releasing on migrating adult STEELHEAD trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104 (3):458-460.

323. RIDENHOUR, R. L. and C. J. di COSTANZO. 1956. Nylon vs. linen gill nets at Clear Lake, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. SCI. 63:700-704.

324. Roessler, M. 1965. An analysis of the variability of fish populations taken by otter trawl in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94(4):311-318.

325. Rothschild, B. J. 1972. An exposition on the definition of fishing effort. Fish. Bull. 70(3):671-679.

326. ROZENSHTEYN, M. M. 1963. Determination of the maximum trawling speed by bottom trawl. RYB. KHOZ. 1:18-23. Moscow.

327. ROZHANSKII, G. S. and P. E. NECHAEV. 1972. Determination of optimum speeds in deep water trawling. RYB. KHOZ. 6:41-43.

328. Russell, E. S. and T. EDSER. 1926. The relation between cod-end mesh and size of fish caught. J. Cons. 1(1):39-54.

329. SAETERSDAL, G. 1959. On the fishing power of nylon gill nets. pp. 161-163. In: H. KRISTJONSSON, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Vol. 1. Fishing News Ltd., London. 607 P.

330. . 1963A. A note on the methods used in mesh selection experiments. ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5:185-188.

331. . 1963B. Selectivity of long lines. ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5: 189-193.

332. SAILA, S. B. 1969. Some applications of observations and experiments on fish behavior in designing fishing gear and devising tactics with suggestions for future studies. FAO Fish. Rep. 62 (2):49-58.

333. Saito, S. 1975. On the depth of capture of BIGEYE tuna by further improved vertical LONGLINE in the tropical Pacific. Bull. JAP. Soc. SCI. Fish. 41(8):831-841.

334. Sand, R. F. 1959. MIDWATER trawl design by underwater observations. pp. 209-212. In: H. KRISTJONSSON, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, VOR 1. Fishing News Ltd., London. 607 P. 26

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349. Sinoda, M. and T. Kobayasi. 1969. Studies on the fishery of zuwai crab in the Japan Sea.--VI. Efficiency of the Toyame Kago (a kind of crab trap) in capturing the Beni-zuwai crab. Bull. lap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 35(10):948-956. 350. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review. 1971a. Advantages of nylon in fish nets. South African ,Shipping News Fish. Indust. Rev., Cape Town 26(8):67. 351. . 1971b. Growing demand for polyester netting. South Afri- can Shipping News Fish. Indust. Rev., Cape Town 26(8):67. 352. Stasko, A. B. 1975. Modified lobster traps for catching crabs and keeping lobsters out. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 32(12): 2515-2520. 353. Steinberg, R. 1964. Monofilament gill nets in freshwater experiment and practice. pp. 111-115. In: H. Kristjonsson, ed. Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Vol7 2. Fishing News Ltd., London. 603 p. 354. Stengel, H. and J. Kropelin. 1976. Influence of expansion off the shape and trisile force of trawl wasps. Seewirtschaft 8(11): 690-692. 355. Stewart, P. A. M. 1975. Catch selectivity by electrical fishing systems. J. Cons. 36(2):106-109. 356. Strange, E. S. 1977. An introduction to commercial fishing gear and methods used in Scotland. Dept. Agric. Fish. Scotland, Scot. Fish. Inf. Pamph. 1. 34 p. 357. Strzyzewski, W., W. Szymavski, and G. Zdziebkowski. 1974. Trawl cod end selectivity tests as carried out on the Baltic 1972-1973. Stud. Materialy Ser. C 23:55-56. 358. Sundnes, G. 1973. Fishing gear and fish behaviour. Fisken og Havet. 1:27-28. 359. Szyrnavski, W. 1974. Comparison of selected rope product features having an effect upon the selectivity of trawl codends. Stud. Materialy Ser. C 23:27-29.

360. Takayama, S. 1963. Fishing techniques for tunas and skipjack. FAO Fish. Rep. Method. Pap. 6(3):1067-1076. 361. Tanino, Y. and F. Kato. 1971. The fishing efficiency and selectivity of Beni-zuwai crab traps. Bull. Jap. Sea Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 23:101-117. 362. Taylor, C. C. 1953. Nature of variability in trawl catches. Fish. Bull. 54(83):148-166. 28

363. Templeman, W. 1963. Otter trawl covered codend and alternate haul mesh selection experiments on redfish, haddock, cod, Ameri- can plaice and witch flounder: girth measurements of haddock, cod, and red fish and meshing of red fish in the Newfound- land area. ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5:201-217. 364. Tester, A. L. 1952. Part I: Background and summary of results. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 91:1-7. 365. E. L. Nakamura. 1957. Catch rate, size, sex, and food -TA-and tunas and other pelagic fishes taken by trolling off Oahu, Hawaii, 1951-55. U.S. Fish Wild!. Serv. Spec. Sc!. Rep. Fish. • 250:1-25. 366. Tohnachev, V. I. 1970. Selection of mesh size in trawl nets. Ryb. Khoz. 9:54-56.

367. Tranter, D. J. and P. E. Smith. 1968. Filtration performance. - pp. 27-56. In: Zooplankton Sampling. UNESCO Monogr. Ocean- ogr. Method., 174 p.

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371. Treschev, A. 1963. On the selectivity of trawls and drift nets. ICNAF Spec. Publ. 5:328-221. 372. Tsuda, R. and N. Inoue. 1972. Study on the underwater visibility of net twines by the human eye.--I. Underwater visibility of black twines and grey plates. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 38(2): 107-116.

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AUTHOR INDEX

A Beckwith, R. D. 272

Ahlstrom, E. H. 1 Bell, G. 135

Akyuz, E. F. 2 Bell, R. 201

Allen, G. H. 3 Berst, A. H. 25

Allen, K. R. 4 Berzileev, I. L. 26

Altukhov, Yu. P. 5 Besnard, M. J. M. 27

Alverson, D. L. 6 Beverton, R. J. H. 28, 29, 128

Ancellin, J. 7 Bishop, J. 224

Anderson, W. D. 8 Blaxter, J. H. S. 30, 31, 32, 33, 307 Andersson, K. A. 9 Boer, P. A. de 34 Anraku, M. 65 Boerema, L. K. 35, 36 Aron, W. 10, 122 Bougault, H. P. 37 Aronov, M. P. 11 Bouillon, P. 102 Aslanova, N. Ye. 12, 13, 14 Boulcher, J. L. 37 Atsatt, Lenora H. 15 Boussu, M. F. 285 Atton, F. M. 16 Bowden, D. C. 316 Austin, C. B. 17 Brandt, A. von 38, 39, 383, 384

Bridger, J. P. 40, 41

Badcock, J. 18 Brown, D. J. A. 42

Bagenal, T. B. 19, 22 Brusher, H. A. 288

Barham, E. G. 77 Buchanan-Wollaston, H. J. 43

Barkley, R. A. 20, 21 Buerkle,' U. 44

Barnes, H. 22 Burgess, J. 45 Baxter, K. N. 103

Bayley, P. B. 23 Caddy, J. R. 46 Beamish, F. W. H. 24 33

Calhoun, A. J. 47, 48

Carlander, K. D. 49 Dahlberg, M. D. 73

Cassie, R. M. 50 Daiber, F. C. 74, 75

Chamberlain, N. A. 8 Davenport, D. 76

Chaplin, P. D. 51 Davies, I. E. 77

Chapman, C. J. 52 Davis, A. P., Jr. 273

Chestnoi, V. N. 53 Davis, F. M. 78, 79, 80, 81, 82

Chittenden, M. E., Jr. 54 Dedov, V. G. 26

Christensen, J. M. 55 Deedler, C. L. 140

Cieglewicz, W. 56 d'Entremont, G. 83

Clancy, D. W. 57 de Groot, S. J. 84

Clark, J. R. 58, 59, 60, 61, Delacy, A. D. 3 62 Delais, M. 85 Clark, S. H. 63 de Lury, D. B. 86 Clarke, M. R. 64 Desbrosses, P. 7 Clutter, R. I. 65 Dias, J. K. 8 Cochran, W. G. 66 Dias, R. K. 8 Colby, D. R. 198, 198a Dickson, W. 87 Cole, H. A. 67 di Costanzo, C. J. 323 Collard, S. 10 Doust, D. J. 88 Collyer, R. D. 68, 69, 400 Dragesund, 0. 89 Commercial Fisheries Review 70 Dreyer, C. 90 Cooper, ,R. A. 379 Dugas, R. J. 91 Copeland, B. J. 147, 271

Cross, D. G. 71, 72

Crowe, A. 224 Edser, T. 328

Cupka, D. M. 8 Edwards, R. L. 92

Currie, R. I. 31 Ellis, G. 90 34

Ellis, J. E. 93 Gehringer, J. W. 122

Ellis, R. W. 94 Gilmore, R. G. 123

Elsey, C. A. 95 Gol'badamov, S. B. 124

Gotshall, D. W. 3, 125

Graham, M. 126, 127, 128

FAO 98, 99

Farran, G. P. 96 Gulland, J. A. 128, 129, 130, 131

Felica, J. M. 218

Floyd, H. M. 97 Hagen, H. K. 316 Fonteneau, A. 100, 101, 102 Hamley, J. M. 132, 133, 314 Fore, P. L. 103 Hamuro, C. K. 134 Forster, G. R. 104 Handford, P. 135 Foster, J. J. 105, 106, 107 Hansen, D. F. 136 Franche Peche 108 Hansen, R. G. 137 Fraser, J. H. 109 Hanson, L. H. 138 Freedman, A. L. 110 Harding, D. 131 Fridman, A. 111 Harling, W. R. 76 Friedl, W. A. 112 Harrison, C. M. H. 139 Frolander, H. F. 298 Hassler, W. W. 369 Fry, D. H., Jr. 48 Havinga, B. 140 Fry, F. E. J. 258 Hawkins, A. D. 52 Fujiishi, A., 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 Hellier, T. R., Jr. 1411

Fulton, T. W. 119 Hemmings, C. C. 142, 143, 144

Hennemuth, R. C. 175

Heron, A. C. 145 Gale, W. F. 120 Herrington, W. C. 146 Garner, R. L. 201, 202 Hester, J. M., Jr. 147 Garrod, D. J. 121 35

Hewson, L. C. 148 Jensen, A. J. C. 174

High, W. L. 149, 150 Jensen, A. C. 175

Hillier, A. J. 272, 273 Jester, D. B. 176, 177

Hirayama, N. 151, 152, 153 Johnsen, R. H. 348

Hiyama, Y. 282, 283, 284 Johnson, G. N. 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 377, 378 Hoag, S. H. 154 Johnson, W. W. 178 Hodgkiss, J. 155 Johnstone, J. 179 Hodgson, W. C. 156 Jones, F. R. H. 180, 181 Hoese, H. D. 157 Jones, R. 182, 183 Holt, E. W. L. 158 Jones, R. S. 123 Holt, J. K. 123

Holt, S. J. 159

Honda, K. 160 Kaminokado, H. 191

Hsiao, S. 161 Kanamori, K. 184

Hughes, E. P. 48 Kaplan, E. H. 185, 186

Hughes, S. E. 162 Kaplan, V. I. 187

Hunter, J. R. 163 Kato, F. 361

Kawamoto, N. 188, 189

Kawamura, G. 190, 191 Iitaka, Y. 164 Kennedy, W. A. 192, 193 Inoue, N. 372, 373, 374 Kholodov, Yu. A. 385 Jonas, V. A. 165, 166, 167 Kidd, L. W. 1 Isaacs, J. D. 1 Kipling, C. 194, 195 Ishida, T. 168, 169, 170, 171 Kitahara, T. 196, 197 Iversen, T. 172 Kjelson, M. A. 198, 198a, Iwanor, A. A. 368 199, 200, 201, 202, 203

Klust, G. 39

Kobayasi, T. 349 Jenner, J. 173 36

Konda, M. 204 Loeffler, R. 223

Korotkov, V. K. 205, 206, 207 Loesch, H. 224

Korotkov, V. N. 251 Logan, J. 88

Korotkov, V. P. 208 Lokshina, I. E. 225

Koyama, T. 209 Lucas, C. E. 226

Krasnov, V. B. 210 Lucks, D. K. 227

Kraus, M. G. 185, 186 Lusz, L. D. 150

Kropelin, J. 354

Krouse, J. S. 211 MacDowell, L. G., III 123 Kuckyr, R. 224 Macins, V. 341 Kuipers, B. 212 MacKetts, D. J. 228 Kulczycki, G. R. 123 Maeda, H. 229, 230, 231, 232, Kusaka, T. 213, 282, 283, 284 233, 234, 235, 236

Kushnarenko, A. I. 214, 215 Magley, W. C. 123

Kyle, H. M. 216 Magnuson, J. J. 237

Maksimov, Yu. M. 238

Man, H. S. H. 155 Ladd, E. C. 252 Manikowski, S. 239 Langford, T. E. 42 Maniwa, Y. 240 Larkins, H. A. 217 Manteifel, B. P. 241 Larraneta, M. G. 218 Margetts, A. R. 29, 128, 242, Larsson, B. 343 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 314 Lawler, G. H. 219 Martin, G. T. 266 Le Cren, E. D. 220 Martinais, J. 37 Lee, T.-J. 221 Martyshevskii, V. N. 251 Lishin, A. B. 187 Massman, W. H. 252 Litaka, Y. 274 Masuda, C. 280 Livingstone, R., Jr. 222 Matuda, K. 221, 253, 254, 280 37

Maxwell, J. G. H. 255 Nambiar, K. P. P. 282, 283, 284

May, N. 256 Nechaev, P. E. 327

McCombie, A. M. 257, 258 Nelson, W. R. 285

McCourt, S. 186 New Mexico State University 286'

McCracken, F. D. 62, 259, 260 Nixon, S. W. 295

McCutcheon, H. N. 252 0 McGroddy, P. M. 261 O'Connor, J. M. 287 McIntyre, A. D. 262 Odum, E. P. 73 McVea, C., Jr. 392 Ogren, L. H. 288 Miller, J. M. 263 Ohashi, E. 346 Minami, S. 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236 Okonski, S. 289, 290

Miyazaki, C. 264, 265 Olsen, K. 291

Moe, M. A., Jr. 266 Olsen, S. 292

Mohr, H. W., Jr. 120, 267 Osawa, Y. 293, 346

Molander, A. R. 268 Osborn, R. H. 307

Moore, W. H. 269 Ovchinnikov, V. F. 294

Moring, J. R. 270 Oviatt, Candance A. 295

Mortimer, C. H. 269

Moseley, F. N. 271 Pacific Fisherman 296 Motte, G. A. 272, 273, 274 Panicker, P. A. 297 . Moyle, J. B. 275 Paquette, R. G. 298, 299 Mugaas, N. 276 Park, S. W. 300, 301 Muncy, R. J. 277 Parks, N. B. 302 Munro, J. L. 278 Parrish, B. B. 32, 33, 226, 303, Murphy, G. I. 279 304, 305, 306, 307, 308

Patriarche, M. H. 309

Pearcy, W. G. 320 Nakamura, E. L. 281, 365 38

Pereyra, W. T. 6 •

Peterson, A. E. 310 Saetersdal, G. 329, 330, 331

Peterson, K. L. 311 Saila, S. B. 332

Pickering, E. N. 93 Saito, S. 333

Pope, J. A. 226, 307, 308, Sakazume, H. 184 312, 313, 314 Sand, R. F. 334 Portier, M. 315 Sannomiya, N. 253, 254 Powell, T. G. 316 Sasagawa, Y. 293 Pristas, P. J. 256, 317, 370 Sasakawa, Y. 335, 346 Protasov, V. R. 5, 241 Saville, A. 336 Pycha, R. L. 318 Schaffer, S. A. 287

Scharfe, J. 337, 338

Radovich, J. 319 Scharping, K.-D. 339

Rasuler, S. A. 368 Scheftel, Z. 342

Reeve, D. F. 320 Scholes, P. 181

Regier, H. A. 321 Schott, J. W. 400

Reimchen, T. 135 Schumacher, W. 340

Reingold, M. 322 Schupp, D. H. 341

Ridenhour, R. L. 323 Scidmore, W. J. 342

Ritchie, A. 226 Scott, E. L. 299

Robson, D. S. 321 Seapy, R. R. 15

Roessler, M. 324 Seeger, P. 343

Ronningen, K. 343 Shevtsov, S. E. 344, 345

Rothchild, B. J. 325 Shimozaki, Y. 293, 346

Rozenshteyn, M. M. 326 Shomura, R. S. 347

Rozhanskii, G. S. 327 Sims, C. W. 348

Russell, E. S. 328 Sinoda, M. 349 39

Sivan, T. M. 297 Thorsson, U. 343

Smith, P. E. 367 Thrailkill, J. R. 1

Sokolav, 0. A. 405 Tolmachev, V. I. 366

South African Shipping News Tranter, D. J. 367 350, 351 Traubenberg, G. A. 368 Stasko, A. B. 352 Trent, L. 256, 317, 369, 370 Steinberg, R. 353 Treschev, A. 371 Stengel, H. 354 Tsuda, R. 372, 373, 374 Stewart, P. A. M. 355 Turner, J. L. 375, 376 Stott, B. 72 Turner, W. R. 203, 377, 378 Strange, E. S. 356

Strzyzewski, W. 56, 357

Suaer, P. 218 Uzmann, J. R. 379

Sund, P. N. 299 V Sundnes, G. 358 " van Engel, W. A. 54 Szymavski, W. 357, 359 Vannucci, M. 380

van Someren, V. D. 381

Takayama, S. 360 van Weel, P. B. 382

Takeda, M. 189 Voronin, L. G. 385

Taniguchi, T. 118 Vyskrebentzev, B. V. 11, 386, 387

Tanino, Y. 361

Tawara, Y. 265 Wagner, P. 224 Taylor, C. C. 362 Wallace, W. 388 Templeman, W. 62, 363 Washington, P. 389 Tester, A. L. 364, 365 Wathne, F. 390 Theroux, R. B. 379 Watson, J. D. 202 Thomas, J. C. 211 Watson, J. W., Jr. 391, 392 Thomson, R. T. 95 40

Webb, B. F. 393 Yeh, C. F. 399

Weiss, D. M. 394 Yokoi, T. 265

Welker, J. R. 185, 186 Young, P. H. 69, 400

Whitehead, P. J. 381

Whiteleather, R. T. 395 Zaytshev, Z. I. 187 Whitney, R. R. 396 Zdziebkowski, G. 357 Wigley, R. L. 379 Zijlstra, J. J. 401 Wisby, J. W. 163 Zippin, C. 402 Woodhead, P. M. J. 397 Zupanovic, S. 403, 404 Wyman, R. L. 261 Zusser, S. G. 405

Yamamoto, K. 398 41

SCIENTIFIC NAME - FISHES

A Alosa pseudoharengus 147, 277, 295 Ablennes Mans 377 Alosa sapidissima 3, 30, 73, 252, Abramis brama 30, 42 277, 348, 377

Abudefuduf analogus 397 Alutera schoepfi 157, 266, 288, 295 Acanthias vulgaris 22, 388 Ambloplites rupestris 309 Acanthurus bahianus 324 Ameiurus melas 49, 136 Acanthocybium solandri 365 Amia calva 147, 377, 378 Acanthostracion quadricornis 157 Ammodytes 94 Achirus lineatus 63, 123, 263, 266, 288 Ammodytes hexapterus 348

Acipenser fulvescens 341 Ammodytes tobianus 3, 388

Acipenser guldenstadti 215 Amphistichus rhodoterus 3

Acipenser medirostris 3, 48 Anarrhichthys ocellatus 3

Acipenser stellatus 215 Anchoa sp. 263

Acipenser transmontanus 48, 348 Anchoa cubana 123

Acyrtops beryllinus 324 Anchoa hepsetus 8, 73, 123, 141, 157, 199, 202, 288, 295, 377 Agonus cataphractus 388 Anchoa mitchilli 8, 73, 123, 141, Ammodytes tobianus 388 147, 157, 199, 202, 203, 252, 288, 377, 378 Albula vulpes 288 Anchoa nasuta 123, 288 Alburnus alburnus 42 Ancyclopsetta quadrocellata 73, Alepisaurus borealis 300 157, 263, 266, 288, 377

Allosmerus elongatus 3 Anguilla anguilla 42, 72

Alosa aestivalis 8, 147, 263, Anguilla dieffenbachii 4 295, 377, 378 Anguilla rostrata 147, 199, 202, Alosa chrysochloris 288 295, 377, 378

Alosa mediocris 73 Anguilla vulgaris 30, 388 42

Anisotremus virginicus 205, 324 Ascelichthys rhodorus 3

Anoplopoma fimbria 48, 150, 302 Astroscopus y-graecum 73, 263 288 Antennarius ocellatus 266 Atheresthes stomias 6, 302 Antennarius radiosus 263 Atherina presbyter 388 Aphanopus carbo 104 Atherinops affinis 3 Aphis pellucida 388 Atherinopsis californiensis 3 Aphredoderus sayanus 377 Aulorhynchus flavidus 3 Aplodinotus grunniens 285, 399 Austroglossus microlepsis 227 Apodichthys flavidus 3 Auxis thazard 365 Apogon alutus 266, 324

Apogon aurolineatus 288

Apogon conklini 266 Bagre marinus 73, 263, 266, 288, 317, 370 Apogon pseudomaculatus 266 Bagrus bayad 23 Apristurus brunneus 302 Bagrus meridionalis 376 Archosargus probatocephalus 8, 63, 91, 288, 377 Bairdiella chrysura 3, 8, 63, 73, 123, 147, 199, 200, 201, 202, Argentina sphyraena 19 252, 263, 266, 324, 377, 378 Argyropelecus aculeatus 18 Balistes caprinus 263 Argyropelecus gigas 18 Balistes capriscus 288 Argyropelecus hemigymnus 18, 139 Barbus bynni 23 Argyrosomus argentatus 114, 115 Bathophilus metallicus 18 Argyrosomus nibe 113, 114 Bathygobius soporator 123, 288 Ariosoma impressa 288 Bathylagus stilbius 10, 21 Arius felis 8, 91, 288, 317, 370, 392 Bathystoma rimator 397

Arnoglossus laterna 84, 388 Benthosema suborbitale 18

Artedius fenestralis 3 Blennius marmoreus 266

Artedius harringtoni 3 Blepsias cirrhosus 3 43

Blicca bjorkna 30, 42 Caranx trachurus 28, 388

Bolesoma nigrum 252 Carrassius auratus 213, 399

Bollmannia communis 263, 288 Carassius carassius 42

Bonapartia pedaliota 139 Carcharhinus acronotus 157

Bothus ocellatus 157, 266, 324 Carcharhinus leucas 30

Bothus robinsi 288 Carcharhinus limbatus 73

Brachydeuterus auritus 101 Carcharhinus milberti 377

Branchiostegus japonicus 133 Carpiodes carpio 176, 177, 285, 296, 399 Branchiotegus japonicus japonicus 196, 197 Carpiodes cyprinus 120

Brevoortia, patronus, 103, 263, Catostomus catostomus 95, 138, 271, 288, 317 192, 341

Brevoortia patronus x B. smithi Catostomus commersoni 25, 49, 317 95, 120, 138, 163, 192, 285, 309, 341 Brevoortia smithi 8, 317, 370 Catostomus macrocheilus 348 Brevoortia, tyrannus 73, 147, 199, 200, 202, 252, 263, Catostomus occidentalis 30 295, 377, 378 Caulopsetta scaphus 84 Brotula barbata 263 Centronotus gunnellus 388 Buglossidium luteum 84 Centrophorus squamosus 104

Centropomus undecimalis 378

Calamus arctifrons 324, 362 Centropristes melanus 266, 288

Calamus bajonado 205, 208 Centropristes ocyurus 288

Callionymus calliurus 324 Centropristes philadelphica 288, 392 Callionymus lyra 388 Centropristes philadelphicus 73, Caranx crysos 288, 370 263, 295, 377

Caranx hippos 8, 199, 202, Centropristes striatus 73, 157, 288, 370, 377, 378 199, 202, 377

Caranx stellatus 365 Ceratascopelus townsendi 18, 139 44

Chaenobryttus gulosus 136, 286 Clupea sprattus 388

Chaetodipterus faber 73, 199, Clypeaster subdepressus 157 202, 263, 266, 288, 377 Cobitis taenia 42 Chaetodon ocellatus 263 Colistium guntheri 84 Chasmodes saburrae 288 Colistium nudipinnis 84 Chauliodus danae 18, 139 Conger conger 19 Chauliodus sloani 18 Conger oceanicus 377 Chilomycterus 8 Conger vulgaris 397 Chilomycterus antennatus 324 Conodon nobilis 263 Chilomycterus schoepfi 73, 157, 263, 266, 288, 324, 377 Coregonus artedii 25, 95, 135, 341 Chitonotus pugetensis 3 Coregonus clupeaformis 135, 192, Chloroscombrus chrysurus 8, 73, 193, 257, 258, 341 263, 288, 370, 377 Coryphaena hippurus 365 Chromis enchrysurus 266 Coryphopterus glaucofraenum 324 Chrysophys major 115 Corythoichthys albirostris 324 Citharichthys macrops 266, 288 Cottus asper 348 Citharichthys sordidus 3, 302 Cottus scorpius 388 Citharichthys spilopterus 73, 91, 157, 199, 202, 263, 288, Cristivomer namaycush 192 324, 377 Cybium niphonium 189 Citharichithys stigmaeus 3 Cycleptus elongatus 285 Citharinus citharus 23 Cyclopsetta chittendenti 288, 392 Clarias lazera 23 Cyclopsetta fimbriata 266 Clarias mossambicus 131, 133 Cyclothone acclinidens 15, 18 Clupea harengus 30, 32, 33, 295, 306, 307, 388 Cyclothone braueri 18, 139

Clupea harengus harengus 24 Cyclothone livida 18

Clupea harengus pallasi 133, 348 Cyclothone pallida 18

Clupea pallasii 3, 17, 149, 150 45

Cyclothone pseudopallida. 18 Diaphus brachycephalus 18

Cyclothone signata 15 Diaphus rafinesquei 18

Cylpeaster subdepressus 157 Diapterus auratus 123

Cymatogaster aggregata 3, 103, Diodon holacanthus 266, 324 348 Diogenichthys atlanticus 18 Cynoglossus semifasciatus 84 Diplectrum arcuarium 263 Cynoscion arenarius 91, 263, 266, 392 Diplectrum bivittatum 224, 288

Cynoscion nebulosus 73, 91, 123, Diplectrum formosum 266, 288, 141, 157, 199, 202, 252, 266, 324 370, 377, 378 Diplodus holbrooki 266 './noscion nobilis 69 Distichodus niloticus 23 Cynoscion nothus 73, 263, 392 Ditrema temmincki 188 Cynoscion regalis 73, 74, 75, 147, 199, 202, 295, 377 Doratonotus megalepis 324

Cyprindon baconi 397 Dorosoma cepedianum 147, 176, 177, 199, 202, 286, 377, Cyprinodon variegatus 8, 377 378

Cyprinus carpio 30, 49, 120, Dorosoma petenense 288, 378 163, 177, 215, 285, 286, 348, 378, 397, 399 Dorytheuthis plei 157

Cypselurus heterurus 377 Drepanopsetta platessoides 22

Damalichthys vacca 3 Echeneis neucratoides 288

Dasyatis americana 73 Elops saurus 8, 199, 202, 377

Dasyatis pastinaca 11 Embiotoca jacksoni 3

Dasyatis sabina 73, 263, 288 Embiotoca (Taeniotoca) lateralis 3 Dasyatis sayi 73, 157, 199, 202, 205, 288, 377 Encope sp. 157

Decapterus punctatus 205, 208, Engraulis 297 238 Engraulis encrasicholus 30 Diaphus spp. 139 Engraulis mordax 3, 21, 348 46

Enneacanthus gloriosus 377, 378 Eurypharynx pelecanoides 139

Enophrys bison 3 Eustomias obscurus 18

Entosphenus tridentatus 3 Euthynnus affinis 397

Eopsetta grigorjewi 84 Euthynnus alletteratus 317, 370

Eopsetta jordani 48, 84, 302 Euthynnus (Katsuwonus) pelamis 30, 237, 281, 397 Epinephelus mono 205, 266, 324 Euthynnus yaito 161, 237, 364 Epinephelus nigritus 199, 202 365, 382, 397

Epinephelus striatus 205 Evermannella sp. 139

Equetus laneolatus 266 Evorthodus lyricus 378

Equetus pulcher 324

Esox lucius 49, 95, 163, 177, 192, 275, 285 Fistularia tabacaria 157

Esox niger 378 Fugu niphobles 88

Etheostoma exile 341 Fundulus sp. 8

Etheostoma nigrum 341 Fundulus confluentus 377

Etheostoma olmstedi 120, 147, 377 Fundulus diaphanus 252

Etmopterus princeps 104 Fundulus heteroclitus 8, 73, 202, 252, 377, 378 Etropus crossotus 73, 199, 202, 263, 288, 377, 378 Fundulus majalis 8, 199, 202, 377 Etropus crossotus atlanticus 266

Etropus rimosus 266, 288

Etrumeus teres 263, 288 Gadus aeglefinus 19, 28, 397

Eucinostomus sp. 8, 123 Gadus callarias 19, 22

Eucinostomus argenteus 147, 288, Gadus capelanus 403 324, 377 Gadus esmarkii 19, 94 Eucinostomus gula 63, 157, 199, 202, 266, 288, 324, 377, 378 Gadus luscus 388

Eudoxie 89 Gadus macrocephalus 3

Eupomotis gibbosus 136 Gadus merlangus 19, 22, 28, 388, 397 47

Gadus minutus 19, 22 Gobiosoma ginsburgi 157

Gadus morhua 24, 30, 44, 295, Gobiosoma longum 324 306, 307, 388, 397 Gobiosoma robustum 63, 123 Gadus poutassou 94 Gobius fluviatilis 11 Gadus virens 19 Gobius melanostomus 11 Galeichthys fells 73, 141, 263, 266 Gobius minutes 30

Galeus vulgaris 388 Gobius minutus 388

Gambusia affinis 252, 378 Gobius niger 388

Garmannia macrodon 266 Gobius pagenellus 388

Gasterosteus aculeatus 3, 42, 348 Gonichthys coccoi 18

Gasterosteus spinachia 30, 388 Gonostoma elongatum 18

Genyonemus lineatus 3 Gymnachirus melas 288

Ginglymostoma cirratum 324 Gymnarchus niloticus 23

Girella punctata 397 Gymnocephalus cernua 42

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus 19, Gymnothorax nigromarginatus 263, 62, 84 288

Glpytocephalus zachirus 302 Gymnura micrura 73, 266, 288

Gobiesox strumosus 157, 266

Gobiidae sp. 199, 202 Haemulon aurolineatum 288, 324 Gobio gobio 42, 72 Haemulon flavolineatum 205 Gobiodes broussonneti 91, 288 Haemulon parrae 205, 324 Gobionellus boleosoma 123, 288, 377 Haemulon plumieri 205, 266, 324

Gobinonellus gracillimus 263 Halieutichthys aculeatus 263, 266

Gobionellus hastatus 288, 377, Halmulon parra 208 378 Halmulon plumieri 208 Gobionellus oceanicus 73 Haplochromis anaphyrmus .375 Gobionellus shufeldti 377, 378 Haplochromis argyrosoma 375, 376 Gobiosoma bosci 378 48

Haplochromis atritaeniatus 375 Holorhinus californicus 3

Haplochromis eucinostomus 376 ' Holothuria priniceps 157

Haplochromis intermedius 375, 376 Howella brodiei 18, 139

Haplochromis leusieus 376 Huro salmoides 136

Haplochromis longimanus 375 Huso huso 215

Haplochromis mloto 375, 376 Hybognathus nuchalis 252

Haplochromis sphaerodon 375, 376 Hydrocynus forskali 23

Harengula jaguana 123, 288 Hydrolagus colliei 3, 302

Harengula pensacolae 73, 266, 377 Hygophum benoiti 18

Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus 157 Hygophum hygomi 18

Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus 3 Hygophum reinhardti 18

Hemilepidotus spinosus 3 Hymenodora frontalis 15 .

Hemitripterus americanus 295 Hyperprosopon argenteum 3

Hepsitia stipes 397 Hyperprosopon ellipticum 3

Heterobranchus longifilis 23 Hypleurocheilus geminatus 73

Heterotis niloticus 23 Hyploblennius hentzi 73, 157

Hexagrammos decagrammus 3 Hypomesus pretiosus 3, 149, 295, 348 Hexagrammos superciliosus 3 Hypoplectrus sp. 324 Hiodon alosoides 285 Hyporhamphus unifasciatus 199, Hippocampus erectus 288, 324, 377 202, 377

Hippocampus zosterae 324 Hypthalamichthys molitrix 283

Hippoglossoides elassodon 6, 84 Hypsoblennius hentzi 288

Hippoglossoides platessoides 19, Hypsurus caryi 3 24, 62, 84, 116, 260

Hippoglossus hippoglosus 84

Hippoglossus stenolepis 116, 154 Ichthyococcus ovatus 18 302 Ictalurus catus 73, 147, 157, Holocentrus lacteoguttatus 237 252, 377, 378 49

Ictalutus furcatus 91 Lampanyctus crocodilus 18

Ictalurus melas 285, 399 Lampanyctus cuprarius 139

Ictalurus natalis 377 Lampanyctus festivus 18

Ictalurus nebulosus 147, 309, 348 Lampanyctus pusillus 18

Ictalurus punctatus 147, 176, Lampanyctus ritteri 15 177, 261, 285, 286, 399 Larimus fasciatus 8, 73, 263 Ictiobus bubalus 176, 177, 285, 286 Lateolabrax joponicus 397

Ictiobus cyprinellus 285 Lates spp. 23

Idiacanthus fasciola 18 Lates mariae 133

Ioglossus calliurus 266 Lates niloticus 23

Leiostomus xanthurus 8, 73, 141, 147, 198, 198a, 199, 202, 203, 224, 263, 266, 370, 377, 378, Kareius bicoloratus 84 392

Katsuwonus pelamis 21, 365, 382 Lensia conoidea 89

Katsuwonus vapans 360 Lepidophanes gaussi 139

Kuhlia sandvicensis 364 Lepidophanes pyrsobolus 18, 139

Lepidopsetta bilineata 3, 6

Lepidopsetta mochigarei 84 Labeo hone 23 Lepidorhombus bosci 403 Lachnolaimus maximus 324 Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis 84 Lactophrys sp. 324 Lepidorhombus whiffjagonis 403 Lactophys quadricornis 288, 324 Lepisosteus osseus 73, 147, 288, Lactrophrys trigonus 324 377, 378, 399

Lagocephalus laevigatus 263, 288 Lepisosteus platostomus 285

Lagodon rhomboides 63, 123, 141, Lepomis auritis 252, 378 147, 198, 198a, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 266, 288, 317, 324, Lepomis cyanellus 136, 177, 286, 377 399

Lampanyctus alatus 18 Lepomis gibbosus 49, 147, 163, 252, 309, 377, 378 Lampanyctus ater 18 Lepomis gulosus 177, 377, 399 50

Lepomis macrochirus 49, 136, Limanda herzensteini 84 163, 177, 285, 348, 377, 378, 397, 399 Limanda limanda 19, 84, 116, 143, 144 Lepomis megalotis 177, 286 Limanda yokohamae 84 Lepomis microlophus 309, 378, 399 Liopsetta putnami 84

Lepomis punctatus 378 Liparis montagui 388

Lepophidium sp. 392 Liparis rutteri 3

Lepophidium brevibarbe 263, 288 Liparis vulgaris 388

Lepophidium jeannae 266 Lobianchia dofleini 18

Leptocottus armatus 3, 348 Lobianchia gemellari 18

Leptostomias gladiator 18 Lobotes surinamensis 199, 202, 307 Lethrinops alta 375, 376 Lonchopisthus cirratus 263 Lethrinops aurita 375 Lonchopisthus lindneri 263 Lethrinops furcicauda 376 Lophius americanus 295 Lethrinops furcifer 376 Lophius budegassa 403 Lethrinops gossei 376 Lophius piscatorius 19, 388 Lethrinops longimanus 375 Lophogobius cyprinoides 63 Lethrinops longipinnis 375 Lota iota 95, 192, 285, 341 Lethrinops macracanthus 375, 376 Lucioperca lucioperca 30 Lethrinops parvidens 375, 376 Lucioperca sandra 140 Lethrinops preorbitalis 376 Luidia clathrata 140 Lethrinops stridei 375, 376 Lumpenus anguillaris 3 Leucichthys spp. 192 Lutianus campechianus 157 Leuciscus cephalus 72 Lutjanus campechianus 157 Leuciscus leuciscus 42 Lutjanus campechanus 288 Leuroglossus stibius 15 Lutjanus cyanopterus 208 Limanda aspera 6 Lutjanus griseus 63, 123, 288, Limanda ferruginea 84, 260, 377 295 51

Lutjanus synagris 63, 266, 288 Microgadus tomcod 295

Lycodes sp. 302 Microgobius gulosus 63, 123

Lycodopsis pacificus 3 Microgobius microlepis 324

Lytechinus sp. 157 Micrometrus minimus 3

Micropogon undulatus 73, 91, 141, 147, 199, 202, 203, 263, 266, 317, 370, 377, 378, 392 Macrouridae 302 Micropterus dolomieui 138 Macrozoarces americanus 24, 295 Micropterus salmoides 163, 176, Melamphanes sinus 18 177, 286, 348, 377, 378, 399

Melanocetus johnsoni 18 Microstomus achne 84

Melanogrammus aeglefinus 24, 30, Microstomus kitt 19, 84, 397 33, 116, 222, 306, 307 Microstomus pacificus 3, 48, 84, Membras martinica 8, 73, 288, 377 302, 397

Menidia beryllina 8, 141, 252, Mola mola 3 377, 378 Molva molva 19 Menidia menidia 8, 73, 199, 202, 252, 295, 377, 378 Monacanthus ciliatus 288, 324, 397 Menticirrhus sp. 8 Monacanthus hispidus 8, 73, 147, Menticirrhus americanus 73, 263, 199, 202, 263, 288, 295, 324, 266 377

Menticirrhus littoralis 8, 263, Mormyridae spp. 23 266 Morone americana 147, 252, 377 Menticirrhus saxatilus 8, 199, 202, 295, 377 Morone chrysops 49, 176, 285, 399

Merlangius merlangus 30, 33, 116, Morone saxatilis 261, 287, 378 306, 307 Motella mustela 388 Merluccius bilinearis 62, 116, 175, 295, 362 Moxostoma macrolepidotum 120, 285

Merluccius merluccius 19, 22, 403, Mugil auratus 355 404 Mugil cephalus 8, 73, 141, 147, Merluccius productus 162, 250, 199, 200, 203, 317, 377, 378 302, 348 Mugil curema 8 Microgadus proximus 3, 348 Mulloidichthys martinicus 205 52

Mulloidichthys samoensis 237 Nerophis ophidion 388

Mullus auratus 288 Notemigonus crysoleucas 163, 377, 397, 399 Mullus barbatus 30 Notolychnus valdiviae 18, 139 Mullus surmuletus 388 Notoscopelus caudispinosus 18 Mustelus norrisi 288 Notoscopelus resplendens 18 Mustelus vulgaris 388 Notropis sp. 147 Mycteroperca microlepsis 288, 324 Notropsis analostanus 252

Mycteroperca venenosa 205 Notropis hudsonius 252

Myctophum affine 18 Noturus flavus 285

Myctophum nitidulum 18 Noturus insignis 377

Myctophum punctatum 18 0 Myctophum selenops 18 Ocyurus chrysurus 324 Mylio macrocephalus 188 Odontopyxis trispinosus 3 Mylocheilus caurinus 137, 348 Odontoscion dentex 324 Myoxocephalus sp. 46 Ogcocephalus sp. 157, 263 Myoxocephalus aeneus 295 Ogcococephalus cubifrons 266 Myoxocephalus decemspinosus 124 Ogcocephalus nasutus 324 Myoxocephalus octodecimspi- nosus 295 Ogcocephalus radiatus 288

Myrophis punctatus 377 Ogilbia cayorum 288

Mystriophis intertinctus 288 Oligocottus maculosus 270

Oligocottus synderi 270

Oligoplites saurus 288 Negaprion brevirostris 30 Oncorhynchus spp. 348, 389 Neomacheilus barbatulus 42 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 3, 115, Neothunnus macropterus 161, 217, 389 317, 364, 365, 382 Oncorhynchus keta 115, 217, 348, Nephrops 250 349

Nephrops norvegicus 22 53

Oncorhynchus kisutch 3, 115, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus 69 150, 348, 389 Paralabrax nebulifer 69 Oncorhynchus nerka 115, 217, 389 Paralichthys albigutta 73, 263, 266, 288, 295, 324, 376 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 3, 48, 115, 348, 389 Paralichthys dentatus 73, 84, 147, 157, 199, 202, 295, 377, Ophichthus gomesi 73, 157, 378 288 Paralichthys lethostigma 73, 91, Ophidion grayi 288 147, 157, 202, 377, 378

Ophidion holbrooki 266, 324 Paralichthys oblongus 84, 295

Ophidion welshi 263, 266, 288 Paralichthys olivaceus 84

Ophiodon elongatus 3, 302 Paralichthys squamilentus 8

Ophiopholis elegans 157 Parapristipoma trilineatum 188

Opisthonema oglinum 8, 73, Parophrys vetulus 3, 48, 162, 397 123, 147, 157, 199, 200, 202, 288, 377 Pelagia cyanella 157

Opsanus beta 63, 288, 324 Peltorhampus novae-zeelandiae 84

Opsanus pardus 266 Peltotretis flavilatus 84

Opsanus tau 73, 157, 202, 295, Peprilus alepidotus 73, 147, 266, 377 288, 377

Orthopristis chrysoptera 63, Peprilus burti 288 73, 123, 157, 199, 202, 263, 266, 288, 370, 377 Peprilus para 263

Otophidion grayi 266 Peprilus triacanthus 377

Otophidium omostigmum 157 Perca flavescens 49, 137, 147, 275, 285, 309, 341, 348 Otophidium welsh 157, 263 Perca fluviatilis 42, 194, 195, 353, 378

Percina caprodes 341 Pagellus compei 101 Percina shimardi 341 Panulirus argus 17 Periclimes sp. 157 Parabembras curtus 114 Petalidium suspiriosum .15 Paraclinus marmoratus 324 Petromyzon marinus 138, 388 Paralabrax clathratus 69, 400 54

Phaenorodon furcatus 3 Pollachius pollachinus 52

Philalidium hemisphericum 89 Pollachius virens 30, 397

Phinoplagusia japonica 113 Polydactylus ocellatus 263

Pholis gunnelus 30 Polydactylus octonemus 288

Pholis laetus 3 Polyodon spathula 285

Pholis ornatus 3 Pomacanthus arcuatus 205, 324

Photostomias guernei 152 Pomatomus saltatrix 8, 73, 147, 157, 199, 202, 288, 295, 317, Phoxinus phoxinus 42 370, 378

Platichthys flesus 33 Pomolobus aestivalis 252

Platichthys stellatus 3, 48, Pomolobus pseudoharengus 30, 252 84, 162, 348 Pomoxis annualaris 49, 177, 285, Pleuronectes cynoglossus 22, 286, 378, 399 388 Pomoxis nigromaculatus 49, 136, Pleuronectes flesus 84, 388, 177, 285,.309, 348, 377 397 Porichthys notatus 3 Pleuronectes flesus luscus 84 Porichthys porosissimus 263, 266, Pleuronectes limanda 28, 216, 288, 377, 392 388, 397 Poromitra capito 18 Pleuronectes microcephalus 388 Poromitra megalops 18

Pleuronectes platessa 19, 33, Poronotus burti 157 84, 116, 143, 144, 181, 212, 216, 252, 306, 397 Poronotus triacanthus 73, 263, 295 Pleuronectectidae 288 Pranesus insularum 382 Pleuronichthys cornutus 84 Priacanthus arenatus 288 Pleuronichthys decurrens 3, 48 Pricanthus cruentatus 295

Pleuronichthys ritteri 84 Prinotus rubio 392

Pneumatophorus colias 208 Prionotus sp. 8, 202

Podochela sp. 157 Prionotus carolinus 157, 295, 377

Pogonias cromis 8, 73, 141, Prionotus evolans 73, 377 199, 202 55

Prionotus martis 295 Pygosteus pungitius 42

Prionotus ophryas 288 Pylodictis olivaris 176, 177, 285, 286, 399 Prionotus pectoralis 73, 263

Prionotus rubio 288

Prionotus salmonicolor 288 Rachycentron canadum 288, 377

Prionotus scitulus 73, 157, Raia batis 388 288, 324, 377 Raia maculata 388 Prionotus scitulus latifrons 266 Raja 24

Prionotus tribulus 91, 263, Raja binerinacea 295 288, 377 Raja binoculata 3, 302 Promicrops itaiara 30 Raja clavata 11, 19, 403 Prosopium cylindraceum 25 Raja 'eglanteria 73, 157, 288 Prosopium cylindraceum quadril- aterale 192 Raja erinaea 362

Prosopium williamsoni 348 Raja inornata 3

Psettichthys melanostictus 3, Raja montagui 19 48, 348 Raja naevus 19 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 24, 30, 46, 84, 260, 295, Raja rhina 3 397 Raja stellulata 302 Pseudopleuronectes flesus 397 Raja texana 263 Pseudorasbora parva parva 282 Rhacochilus toxotes 3 Pseudosciaena crocea 113 Rhacochilus vacca 3, 163 Pseudosciaena manchuriea 114, 116 Rheinhardtius hippoglossoides 84

Pseudoscopelus sp. 139 Rhinoplagushia japonica 114

Pseudotolethus sevegalensis 101 Rhinoptera bonasus 377

Pseudotropheus elegans 375 Rhinotriacis henlei 3

Pseudotropheus livingstonii 376 Rhizoprionodon terraenovae 288 317, 370 Psychrolutes paradoxus 3 Rhombosolea millari 84 Ptychocheilus oregonensis 348 56

Rhombosolea plebeia 84 Sardina longiceps 397

Rhombosolea retiaria 84 Sardina neopilchardus 397

Rhombosolea tapirina 84 Sardina pilchardus 397

Rhombus laevis 388 Sardinella anchovia 123, 205, 208, 238, 288 Rhombus maximum 388 Sardinella aurita 100, 397 Rissola marginata 73 Sardinella eba 100 Roccus americanus 295 Sardinops caerulea 3, 397 Roccus chrysops 163, 286 Sarotherodon (Tilapia) - 23, 155 Roccus saxatilis 3, 48, 133, 252, 272, 369 Sarotherodon galilaeus 23

Rossia sp. 157 Sarotherodon mossambicus 155

Rudarius ercodes 397 Sarotherodon niloticus 23

Rutilus rutilus 30, 42, 71, Saurida brasiliensis 263 72, 353 Saurida tumbil 113, 114, 115 Rypticus maculatus 288 Scaphirhynchus albus 285

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus 285

Salmo clarki 348 Scardinius erythophthalmus 72

Salmo gairdneri 57, 71, 72, Scarus croicensis 397 138, 163, 322, 348, 389 Sciaenops ocellata 141, 147 Salmo gairdneri thalmus 3, 72 Scomber colias 237 Salmo salar 133, 220 Scomber japonicus 237, 288 Salmo trutta 30, 163, 220 Scomber scomber 28 Salvelinus alpinus willughbii 194 Scomber scombrus 19, 24, 30, 237

Salvelinus malma 3 Scomberomorus cavalla 288

. Salvelinus namaycush 133, 318 Scomberomorus maculatus 8, 157, 205, 208, 288, 317, 370, 377 Salvelinus willughbii 220 Scombrus japonicus 397 Sarda chiliensis 237 Scombrus scombrus 397 Sarda velox 237 57

Scopelarchus guntheri 18, 139 Sebastes saxicolor 302

Scophthalmus norvegicus 84 Sebastes zacentrus 302

Scophthalmus rhombus 84 Sebastodes spp. 3

Scorpaena brasiliensis 266, Sebastodes auriculatus 3 288, 324 Sebastodes melanops 3 Scorpaena calcarata 266 Sebastodes mystinus 3 Scorpaena grandicornis 324 Sebastodes rastrelliger 3 Scorpaenichthys marmoratus 3 Sebastotolobus alascanus 302 Scyliorhinus canicula 19 Selar crumenophthalmus 288 Scyllium canicula 388 Selene vomer 73, 202, 377 Searsia koefoedi 18 Sergestes similis 15 Sebastes sp. 260 Seriola dorsalis 68, 69, 400 Sebastes alutus 6, 302 Seriola quinqueradiata 188 Sebastes aurora 302 Seriola zonata 202 Sebastes babcocki 302 Serraniculus pumilio 288 Sebastes brevispinis 302 Serranus atrobranchus 392 Sebastes crameri 302 Serranus pumilio 266 Sebastes diploproa 302 Serranus subligarius 266, 288 Sebastes elongatus 302 Serrivomer beanii 18, 139 Sebastes helvomaculatus 302 Sillago sihama 191 Sebastes inermis 188 Siphonosloma lyphle 388 Sebastes marinus 30, 62, 116, 362 Solea lascaris 84

Sebastes melanops 270 Solea lutea 388

Sebastes paucispinis 302 Solea solea 84, 116, 388, 397

Sebastes pinniger 302 Solea variegata 84

Sebastes proriger 302 Solea vulgaris 245, 388, 397

Sebastes ruberrimus 302 Sparisoma radians 397 58

Sparisoma rubripinne 324 Sternoptyx spp. 18

Spheroides niphobles 189 Sternoptyx diaphana 18, 139

Sphoeroides maculatus 8, 73, Stizostedion canadense 285, 341 199, 202, 295, 377 Stizostedion vitreum vitreum 49, Sphoeroides nephelus 263, 288 95, 135, 176, 177, 192, 275, 285, 286, 341 Sphoeroides parvus 288 Stolephorus purpureus 237 Sphoeroides spengleri 8, 324 Strongylura marina 199, 202, 378 Sphyraena argentea 69 Suggrundus meerdervoorti 113, 114 Sphyraena barracuda 30, 199, 202, 377 Syacium gunteri 263, 288

Sphyraena borealis 288 Syacium micrurum 205

Sphyraena guachanche 157, Syacium papillosum 157, 266, 288 205, 288 Symbolophorus rufinus 18 Sphyraena japonica 115, 189 Symbolophorus veranyi 18 Sphyrna lewini 157, 288, 377 Symphurus diomedianus 266, 288 Sphyrna tiburo 73, 288 Symphurus plagiusa 63, 73, 147, Sprattus sprattus 30 199, 202, 263, 288, 324, 377

Squalius cephalus 42 Symphurus urospilus 288

Squalus acanthias 19, 46, 73, Synaptura nigra 84 150, 162, 295, 302 Syngnathus acus 388 Stellifer lanceolatus 8, 73, 263, 288 Sygnathus florida 377

Stenobrachius leucopsarus 15 Syngnathus floridae 324

Stenodus leucichthys 215 Syngnathus fuscas 147, 295, 377, 378 Stenodus leucichthys mackenzii 192 Syngnathus fuscus 73

Stenotomus sp. 157 Syngnathus griseolineatus 3, 348

Stenotomus caprinus 263, 392 Syngnathus louisianae 73, 288, 377 Stenotomus chrysops 295 Syngnathus scovelli 63 Stephanolepis hispidus 266 Synodontis schall 23 59

Synodus foetens 63, 73, 157, Trachiontus falcatus 8, 377 199, 202, 263, 288, 324, 377, 392 Trachinotus goodei 8

Synodus intermedius 266 Trachinus draco 11, 388

Synodus variegatus 237 Trachinus vipera 388

Trachurus japonicus 115

Trachurus lathami 263, 288 Taaningichthys bathyphilus 139 Trachurus symmetricus 3

Tanakius kitaharai 113, 114 Triakis semifasciata 3

Tautoga onitis 295 Trichiurus lepturus 73, 114, 199, 202, 263, 288, 377, 392 iautogolabrus adspersus 295 Trichiurus trigrammus 113 Teragra chalcogramma 115 Trigla sp. 30 Thaleichthys pacificus 348 Trigla gurnardus 19, 388 Theragra chalcogrammus 6 Trigla hirundo 388 Thunnus alalunga 237 Trinectes maculatus 8, 73, 91, Thunnus albacares 237, 300 147, 157, 203, 352, 288, 295, 324, 377, 378 Thunnus albacares 237, 300 Triphoturus mexicanus 15 Thunnus germo 69 Trisopterus esmarkii 307 Thunnus obesus 237, 300 Tunnus obesus 333 Thunnus orientalis 237

Thunnus thynnus maccoyii 237

Thymallus signifer 192 Zeus faber 403

Tilapia 171, 381 Zoarces viviparus 30

Tilapia esculenta 121, 133

Tinca tinca 42

Torpedo californica 3

Trachinocephalus myops 157

Trachinotus carolinus 8, 157 60

SCIENTIFIC NAME - OTHER SPECIES

Alpheus armillatus 199, 202 Hepatus epheliticus 157

Alpheus heterochaelis 157 Homarus americanus 211, 352

Arbacia punctulata 157

Arenaeus cribarius 157 Libinia emarginata ' 157 Asterias forbesi 157 Loligo peali 157 Astropecten articultus 157 Lolliguncula brevis 157, 199, 202 Aurelia aurelia 157 Limulus polyphemus 157

Lyonsia hyalina 186

Calanus finmarchicus 89

Callinectes sapidus 54, 91, 147, 157, 199, 202, 203, Mellita quinquesperforata 157 378 Menippe mercenaria 199, 202 Callinectes similis 147, 157, 392 Mercenaria mercenaria 185, 186

Cancer magister 125, 302 Metapenaeus affinis 297

Cancer irroratus 46, 157, 352 Metapenaeus dobsoni 297

Chionoecetes japonicus 349 Microcalanus sp. 89

Chiropsalmus quadrumanus 157 Molgula sp. 157

Clibinarius vitattus 157 Mya arenaria 186

Clymella torquata 186

Crepidula fornicata 186 Nereis succinea 186 Cyanea capillata 157 Notomastus latericeus 186

0 Echinocardium cordatum 127 Octopus vulgaris 157 Ensis directus 186 Oithona sp. 89 Evadne sp. 89 61

Ovalipes ocellatus 157 Polinices duplicatus 157

Ovalipes guadalupensis 157 Portunus depurator 127

Portunus gibbesi 157

Portunnus spinimanus 157 Pagurus impressus 157

Pagrus pollicaris 157

Palaemonetes pugio 147, 378 Renilla sp. 157

Palaemontes vulgaris 147 Rithropanopeus harrissi 147

Parapeneaopsis stylifera 297

Parthenope sp. 157 Sagitta sp. 89 Penaeus aztecus 103, 147, 157, 199, 202, 224, 391, Sinum perspectivum 157 392 Squilla empusa 157, 199, 202 Penaeus duorarum 391

•Penaeus durarum 147

Penaeus japonicus 253 Tamoya haplonema 157

Penaeus steiferus 91, 147, Tellina agilis 186 157, 199, 202, 203, 378 Thyone sp. 157 Podon sp. 89 Trachypenaeus constrictus 157 62

COMMON NAME - FISHES

A Batfish: 263 shortnose: 324 Albacore 69, 320 spiny: 263

Alewife 92, 252, 263, 295 Beluga 215

Ambasis 297 Bigeye, short 379

Anchovy: 1, 2, 30, 111, 263, 297 Blackback 92 bay: 147, 199, 201, 202, 203, 377 Blenny: 30 northern: 3, 348 bracketed: 3 striped: 199, 202, 295, 377 eel: 3 marbled: 324 Angelfish, French 324 penpoint: 3 saddle: 3 Angler 19, 242, 250, 295 Bluefish 199, 200, 201, 202, 295, Argentine 19, 92 317, 370

Bluegill 49, 136, 177, 285, 286, 316, 323, 377, 399

Bacaccio 3, 302 Bonito 30

Balloonfish 324 Bowfin 377

Barbfish 324 Branquillos 133, 196, 197

Barndoor 92 Bream: 132, 133 Japanese sea: 115, 117 Barracuda: 69 white: 30 great: 199, 202, 377 Japanese: 115, 117 Brill: 84, 242, 388 New Zealand: 84 Bass, kelp: 69, 400 largemouth: 136, 163, 176, 177, Brotula, bearded 263 286, 311, 316, 323, 377 mountain: 364 Buffalo, bigmouth: 285 rock: 295, 309, 311 smallmouth: 176, 177, 285, 286 sand: 69 sea, black: 199, 202, 377 Bullhead: 49, 341 rock: 263, 377 black: 49, 136, 285, 323, 399 white: 69 brown: 309 smallmouth: 138 yellow: 377 spotted: 69 striped: 3, 47, 48, 133, 252, Bumper: 263 261, 287, 369 Atlantic: 370, 377 warmouth: 136 white: 49, 163, 176, 285, 286, Burbot 16, 95, 148, 192, 285, 318, 316, 323, 399 341 yellow: 49, 323 63

Burrfish, bridled: 324 Arctic: 330 striped: 263, 324, 377 Atlantic: 24, 111 Baltic: 56, 111 Butterfish 30, 92, 263, 295, 377, Pacific: 3, 6 379 poor: 19

Butterflyfish, spotfin 263 Coho 117

Conger 19

Convict fish 3 Cabezon 3 Corbina 400 Cardinalfish, bronze 324 Cowfish 324 Carp: 49, 120, 163, 176, 177, 285, 286, 316, 323, 345, 399 Crappies: 49 wild: 215 black: 136, 177, 201, 285, 286, 323, 341, 377 Carpsucker, river 176, 177, 285, white: 136, 177, 285, 286, 316, 286, 399 323, 399

Catfish: 81, 133, 171, 242 blue: 91 Croaker, Atlantic: 91, 147, 199, channel: 176, 177, 285, 286, 200, 201, 202, 263, 317, 370, 316, 323, 399 377 flathead: 176, 177, 285, 286, reef: 324 399 white: 3, 115 gafftopsail: 263, 317, 370 yellow: 116 sea: 91, 263, 317, 370 white: 201, 252, 377 Cunner 295

Centrarchids 120 Cutlassfish, Atlantic 199, 202, 263, 377 Char 194, 220

Chinook 117

Chub 25 Dab: 28, 35, 36, 80, 82, 116, 128, 143, 216:242, 243, 248, 304, Chum 117 328, 388, 401 common: 19, 119, 144 Cichids 376 long: 401 long rough: 19, 84, 119, 242, Cisco 16, 25, 95, 135, 192, 341 250 sand: 295, 379 Clingfish, emerald 324 yokohama: 84

Coalfish 30, 180, 242, 276, 329 Darter, tesselated johnny 120, 252, 377 Cobia 377 Dogfish: 150, 242, 250, 295, 379 Cod: 19, 30, 33, 38, 41, 44, 62, spiny: 6, 46, 92, 162, 302 81, 82, 92, 107, 146, 172, 180, spur: 388 183, 239, 242, 246, 250, 259, 260, 268, 276, 295, 306, 307, Dragonet: 388 328, 329, 356, 363, 371, 388, spotted: 324 401 64

Drum, banded: 263 winter: 24, 30, 46, 84, 260, black: 199, 202, 377 295, 379 freshwater: 285, 399 witch: 363 star: 263 yellow-belly: 84 striped: 324 yellowtail: 295, 379

Fluke 295

Flyingfish, Atlantic 377 Eel: 4, 30 American: 199, 202, 295, 377 Frogfish, singlespot 263 conger: 377 cusk: 379 bank: 324 crested: 263 shortbearded: 263 Gadoids 307 sand: 144 snake: 379 Gag 324 speckled worm: 377 wolf: 3 Gar, longnose: 201, 377, 399 shortnose: 285

Goby: 30, 165, 199, 202 banner: 324 bridled: 324 Filefish, common: 295 clown: 63 fringed: 202, 324 code: 63 orange: 295 crested: 63 planehead: 199, 202, 263, 324, darter: 377 377 freshwater: 377 green: 377 Flatfish 146, 356 orangespotted: 324 sharptail: 377 Flounder: 11, 33, 84, 111, 388 slim: 263 arrowtooth: 6, 302 spotted: 388 dusky: 266 violet: 91 eyed: 324 fourspotted: 84, 92, 295, 379 Goldeye 285 fringed: 199, 202, 263, 266, 377 Goldfish 213, 399 frog: 84 gray: 266 Goosefish 92, 379 greenback: 84 Gulf: 263, 295, 324, 377 Grayling, American: 192 ocellated: 263, 377 rock: 3 rock: 3 roundnose: 84 Grenadier 302, 379 sand: 92 shoal: 263 Groundfish 83 slime: 84 smooth: 84 Grouper: 30 southern: 73, 91, 199, 201, 202 red: 324 starry: 3, 6, 48, 84, 162, 348 warsaw: 199, 202 summer: 84, 199, 201, 202, 377 Grunt, white 324 65

Gurnard: 19, 30, 35, 81, 119, 143, glut: 252, 263 227, 248, 250, 304 lake: 95 grey: 242, 388 Pacific: 111, 133, 348 river: 30 round: 263 sea: 92, 295 Haddock: 9, 19, 24, 28, 30, 33, Hogchoker 91, 147, 201, 203, 252, 38, 41, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 80, 295, 324, 377 81, 82, 92, 106, 111, 116, 119, 126, 128, 143, 144, 146, 172, Hogfish 324 180, 182, 222, 226, 242, 244, 250, 259, 260, 268, 303, 306, Hound, nurse 19 307, 308, 328, 356, 362, 363, 401 Arctic: 330 North Sea: 183 Ice fish 227 Hagfish 379 Ictalurids 120 Hake: 7, 82, 116, 129, 146, 180, 227, 242, 250, 404 Inconnu, caspian 215 Gulf: 263 Pacific: 6, 162, 250, 302 Irish lord, brown: 3 red: 92, 175, 295, 379 red: 3 silver: 19, 62, 92, 175, 379 southern: 263 spotted: 377 white: 92, 379 Jack: 365 Halfbeak 199, 377 crevalle: 199, 202, 370, 377 Halibut: 62, 81, 84, 116, 154, Jacksmelt 3 180, 250 bastard: 84 Jawfish, swordtail 263 Greenland: 84 . Japanese: 84 Jenny, silver 63, 199, 202, 324, Pacific: 6, 302 377 Harvestfish: 377 northern: 263

Killifish, banded: 252 'Herring: 3, 30, 32, 33, 82, 89, marsh: 377 94, 96, 119, 133, 149, 150, striped: 199, 202, 377 167, 170, 171, 180, 239, 248, • 250, 289, 291, 292, 306, 307, Kingfish: 295 337, 356, 379, 383, 401 Gulf: 263 Atlantic: 24, 111 northern: 199 Atlantic thread: 199, 200, 201, southern: 263, 266, 377 202, 377 kingklip: 227 blueback: 147, 201, 295, 377 66

Menhaden: 263, 295 Atlantic: 199, 200, 201, 202, Ladyfish 199, 202 377 Gulf: 317, 370 Lamprey, Pacific: 3 hybrid: 317 sea: 138 yellowfin: 317, 370

Lance, sand 3 Midshipman: 3, 377 Atlantic: 263 Lancet fish 300 Minnow: 286 Langoustine 7 Eastern silvery: 252 fathead: 316 Lantern fish 1 sheepshead: 377

Latchet 35, 242, 388 Mojarra: 201 spotfin: 200, 201, 324, 377 Ling 19, 81, 242, 250 Monks 81 Lingcod 3, 6, 17, 302 Moonfish: 295 Lionfish 324 Atlantic: 263

Liparid, ring-tailed 3 Moray, blackedge 263

Lizardfish: 115, 117 Mosquito fish 252 inshore: 63, 199, 201, 202, 263, 324, 377 Mullet: 355 largescale: 263 striped: 199, 200, 201, 202, 317, 377 Lookdown 377 Mummichog 199, 202, 252, 377 Lythe 52

Needlefish, Atlantic: 199, 201, Maasbanker 227 202, 377 flat: 377 Mackerel: 19, 28, 30, 119, 208, 238, 242, 250, 329, 356, 379 Atlantic: 24 frigate: 365 house: 28, 35, 115, 117, 242, Paddlefish 285 248, 250, 289 jack: 1, 3, 295, 392 Panga 227 Spanish: 200, 208, 317, 370, 377 Parrotfish, redfin 324 Madtom, margined 377 Peamouth 137 Megrim: 84, 242, 250 New Zealand: 84 Perch: 194, 195, 275, 311, 318, 342, 353 67

barred: 400 Pogge 388 black: 3 dwarf: 3 Pollack: 62, 92, 250 dwarf sand: 324 Alaska: 115, 117, 229, 231, Nile: 133 232, 233, 234, 235, 236 ocean: 92, 111, 362 walleye: 6 Pacific Ocean: 6, 302 pike: 140, 148, 192, 275 Porgy, grass: 324 pile: 3, 162 jolthead: 208 pirate: 377 longspine: 263 rainbow: 3 redtail: 3 Porkfish 324 rubberlip: 3 sand: 266, 324 Pout: 388 shiner: 3 • eel: 3, 92, 295, 302 silver: 3, 8, 63, 73, 199, 200, Norway: 19, 401 201, 202, 252, 263, 266, 324, ocean: 24, 379 377 striped: 3 Puffer: 295 walleye: 3 bandtail: 324 white: 3, 147, 201, 252, 377 northern: 199, 202, 377 yellow: 25, 49, 95, 120, 133, southern: 263 137, 275, 285, 309, 316, 323, smooth: 263 341

Permit 377

Pigfish 63, 199, 201, 202, 263, Quillback 120 266, 370, 377

Pike: 16, 192, 323 northern: 49, 95, 163, 177, 285, 316, 341, 342 Ratfish 3, 6, 162, 302 walleye: 342 Raven, sea 92, 295 Pinfish 63, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 263, 266, 317, 324, Rays: 11, 81, 119, 180, 200, 227, 370, 377 227, 242 bat: 3 Pink 117 cownose: 201, 277 cuckoo: 19 • Pipefish: 3, 295 electric: 3 chain: 377 spotted: 19 dusky: 377 stingray, yellow: 324 Gulf: 63 Atlantic: 263 northern: 377 bluntnose: 199, 202, 377 whitenose: 324 thornback: 19

Plaice: 19, 33, 36, 80, 81, 82, Redfish 30, 61, 62, 83, 116, 259, 84, 116, 143, 144, 180, 181, 260, 363 212, 216, 242, 243, 248, 304, 306, 328, 363, 388 Redhorse, shorthead 120, 285 American: 24, 62, 92, 116, 260 Japanese: 84 Roach 318 68

Rockfish: 3 Sardinella 238, 289 Aurora: 302 black: 3, 17 Sauger 148, 28, 318, 341 blue: 3 brown: 3 Scabbard, black 104 canary: 302 copper: 3, 162 Scad, round 208, 263 darkblotched: 302 grass: 3 Scald-fish 84 greenstriped: 302 redbanded: 302 Sciaenids 297 redstripe: 302 rose thorn: 302 Sculp 92 sharpchin: 302 silvergray: 302 Sculpin: 3, 46, 270, 379 splitnose: 302 buffalo: 3 stripetail: 302 grubby: 295 yelloweye: 302 longhorn: 24, 92, 295 padded: 3' Roker 81 plumose: 3 rough-backed: 3 Rosefish 379 staghorn: 3, 17 tadpole: 3 Runner, blue 370 Scup 295

Seahorse, dusky: 324 dwarf: 324 Sablefish 6, 48, 70, 150, 302 lined: 377 spotted: 324 Saithe 19, 81, 250 Seaperch, silver 3 Salmon: 204, 220, 296, 343, 356 Atlantic: 133 Sea-poacher, pigmy 3 chinook: 115, 348, 389 chum: 115, 133, 169, 348, 389 Sea raven 295 coho: 115, 348, 389 king: 3, 48 Searobin: 199, 202 Pacific: 389 bighead: 91, 263, 266, 377 pink: 3, 115, 133, 217, 389 blackfin: 263 'red: 217 blackwing: 263 silver: 3, 150 common: 295 sockeye: 115, 132, 133, 310 leopard: 266, 324, 377 northern: 377 Sanddab, Pacific: 3, 302 striped: 295, 377 speckled: 3 Seatrout: 30, 356 Sandeel, lesser 388 gray: 75 greenling: 3 Sandfish 263 sand: 263 silver: 263 Sardine: 1, 3, 133, 170 spotted: 91, 199, 202, 370, 377 Atlantic: 111 scaled: 377 Sevryuga 215 Spanish: 208 69

Shad: 3, 30 black: 84 American: 263, 348, 377 c-o: 3 gizzard: 133, 176, 177, 199, common: 84 201, 202, 286, 316,377 dover: 3, 6, 48, 84, 180, 302 English: 3, 48, 162 Sharks: 30, 227 flathead: 6 Atlantic sharpnose: 317, 370, 377 grey: 92 brown cat: 302 lemon: 81, 84, 91, 180, 242, dogfish: 162 250, 388 hammerhead: 377 lined: 63, 263 leopard: 3 malabar: 84 nurse: 324 petrale: 84, 302 sandbar: 377 rex: 302 rock: 6 Sheephead 63, 91, 201, 342, 377 sand: 3, 48, 84, 162 variegated: 84 Shiner: 103, 252 yellowfin: 6 golden: 163, 201, 316, 323, 377, 399 Solenette 84, 248 satinfin: 252 spottail: 252 Spadefish, Atlantic 199, 202, 377

Silverside: 295 Spot: 147, 198, 199, 200, 201, Atlantic: 199, 201, 202, 252, 202, 203, 224, 239, 263, 266 377 370, 377 glassy: 252 silver: 3 rough: 201, 377 tidewater: 201, 277 Sprat 30, 94, 111, 248, 289, 356

Skates: 11, 24, 81, 119, 162, 180, Spurdog 19 227, 242, 302, 356, 379 big: 3, 92 Squaloids, deepwater 104 California: 3 common: 362 , Squeteaque, spotted 252 little: 92, 295 longnose: 3 Stargazer, southern 263 roundel: 263 starry: 302 Stickleback 3, 30 thorny: 92 Stonecat 285 Smelt: 149, 295 surf: 3 Sturgeon: 341 whitebait: 3 green: 3, 48 pallid: 285 Smoothhound, brown 3 Russian: 215 white: 48 Snapper, cubera: 208 glasseyed: 295 Sucker: 30, 49, 192, 286 gray: 63, 377 common: 342 lane: 63 longnose: 95, 138, 316 yellowtail: 324 northern hog: 120 white: 25, 95, 120, 133, 138, Sockeye 117, 169 163, 285, 309, 323, 341

Sole: 7, 35, 36, 67, 116, 227, Sunfish, bluespotted: 377 245, 248, 250, 297, 388 . green: 136, 177, 286, 316, 399 70

longear: 177, 286, 399 Tullibee 342 northern bluegill: 163 ocean: 3 Tuna: 151, 152, 153, 301, 360, orangespotted: 316 364, 365, 382 pumpkinseed: 49, 136, 163, 252, bigeye: 300, 301, 333 309, 311, 316, 323, 377 skipjack: 21, 30, 184, 281, 293, redear: 309 325, 346, 347, 360, 365, 382, yellowbelly: 252 393 southern bluefin: 393 Surgeon, ocean 324 spotfin: 400 yellowfin: 161, 301, 364, 365, 382

Tunny, little 161, 317, 364, 365, Tarpon 377 370, 382

Tautog 295 Turbot: 6, 35, 81, 84, 242, 388 curlfin: 3, 48 Thornback 388 New Zealand: 84 spotted: 84 Thornyhead, shortspine 302

Tilapia 133

Tilefish 379 Wahoo 365

Toadfish: 295 Walleye: 49, 95, 120, 132, 135, Gulf: 63, 324 176, 177, 285, 286, 316, 319, oyster: 199, 202, 377 323, 341, 342 yellow: 16 Tomcod 3, 295 Warmouth 177, 286, 377, 399 Tomtate 324 Weakfish 74, 75, 199, 202, 295, Tonguefish, blackcheek 63, 199, 377 202, 263, 266, 324, 377 Weaver, greater: 11 Tope 242 lesser: 388

Topknot, Norway 84 Whiff, bay 91, 199, 263, 324, 377

Triggerfish, gray 263 Whitch 84, 242, 250

Tripletail 199, 202, 377 Whitefish: 16, 257, 318, 342, 356 lake: 95, 132, 133, 135, 171, Trout: 16 192, 193, 257, 258, 321, 341 brown: 163, 220 round: 25, 133, 192 cutthroat: 348 lake: 133, 192, 318, 341, 342 Whiting: 19, 28, 30, 33, 35, 38, rainbow: 132, 133, 138, 163, 316 80, 81, 82, 116, 129, 146, 180, steelhead: 3, 57, 322, 389 183, 226, 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 250, 268, 295, 303, 304, Trunkfish 324 306, 307, 308, 328, 356, 362, 388, 401 Tube-nose 3 71

European: 7 silver: 253 Yellowfin 10, 79, 111, 370 Windowpane 377 Yellowtail 76, 78, 79, 105, 145, Witch 19, 62, 81 193

Wrasse, dwarf 324

COMMON NAME - OTHER SPECIES

Brittle star 379 Octopus 379

Crab, Beni-zuwai: 349 Scallop 379 blue: 54, 91, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203 Shrimp: 178 cancer: 379 brown: 199, 201, 224, 391 dolly varden: 3 brown spotted: 201 dungeneos: 125, 162, 302 grass: 91, 201 hermit: 379 mantis: 199, 202 king: 335 penaeid: 201 murid: 379 pink: 391 portunid: 379 snapping: 199 rock: 46, 352 white: 91, 199, 202, 203 stone: 199, 202 Squid 199, 202, 379 Lobster, American: 21, 379 Florida spiny: 17 72

SUBJECT

ABUNDANCE Albacore 320 Analysis of 8 Area - date stratum 320 Bartlett's test 8 Cancer magister 125 Catch per net (gill net) 49 Comparison surf/tidal pool: 8 Yearly and seasonal: 8 Dredge 186 Estuarine: 73, 198, 199, 200, 201 Seasonal: 73, 201 Estimation, longline catch: 279 Trawl: 125, 288, 379 Fish Stock 99 Gill net 316 Nekton 203 Newport River 199, 207, 377 Relative, gill nets 3, 17, 49, 342, 377 Seasonal population 8, 270 Surf 8 Tampa Bay 266 Tidal pool 8, 270

AGE COMPOSITION Cynoscion regalis 74 Delaware Bay 74

ALBEMARLE SOUND Biomass 147 Dominant species 147 Salinity data 147 Species diversity indices 147 Temperature data 147

ANALYSIS, MULTIPLE REGRESSION Electric shrimp trawl 391

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE One way 186 Colored gill net catch 176, 286 Effect of time, voltage 391 Factorial 63 Post dredging dry weights 186 Shrimp orientation 391 Two way: Trawl catch data: 362 Zones and seasons effect: 73

Anchoa mitchilli Length-weight regression 8, 147 73

ANCHOVY Midwater trawl - method 2

ANGLING 3, 69, 95 Gear 95

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, RESPONSE TO Herring 89

AUDITORY THRESHOLD, DATA 52 Determination 52

AVOIDANCE, NET 41, 163 Light intensity effects 41 Purse seine 396 Temperature 163 Vision 163

BEHAVIOR, FISH 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 32, 41, 44, 52, 87, 89, 98, 106, 107, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 161, 163, 165, 167, 180, 189, 205, 208, 215, 222, 237, 238, 241, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251, 281, 282, 283, 284, 289, 290, 291, 305, 306, 307, 332, 358, 364, 382, 384, 385, 393, 396, 397, 404, 405

BEHAVIOR, FISH, JUVENILE 215 Avoidance: 139 Color: 283 Water temperature: 284 Bait 4, 384 Bibliography 98 Cod 24 Diurnal rhythm 284 ' Dusk and dawn hauls 41 Echo sounding 98, 289 Effect of distribution: 106, 290 Environmental disturbances: 106 Physical and environmental conditions: 98, 106, 167, 290, 384 Endurance 30, 106 Equations: 106 Bridle: 106 Net mouth: 106 Trawl geometrics: 106 Yield: 106 Escape 163 Experimental fishing methods 249 Feeding 237, 281 Flatfish 84, 143 Gill net materials 353 Gobius fluviatilis 11 Haddock 24 Herding 143 Herring: 12, 150, 267, 291 Avoidance: 32. 74

BEHAVIOR, FISH, JUVENILE - continued Light: 32, 189, 241, 282, 364, 385, 397, 405 Artificial: 89, 161, 364, 397 Colored: 282 Limanda limanda 143 Mer uccius mer uccius 404 Mesh size, to 14 Method of study 364, 385 Midwater trawl 11 Moon influence 393 .Optomotor reaction 143 Orientation: 106, 139 Center of headline: 106 Direction of fish: 106 Direction of tow: 106 Front of net: 106 Near ground rope: 11 Near otterboard: 106 Near otterboard and wings: 41, 251 Osmotic pressure 188 Otterboard 107 Pleuronectes platessa 143 Purse seine 164 Reaction distance: 142 After part of belly: 251 Codend: 251 Net sizes: 142 Trawl bottom: 11, 238 Reaction to: Stationary and moving objects: 98, 306 Stationary and moving objects-day and night: 306 Wing ends: 251 Response to gear 3, 11, 13, 24, 41, 44, 52, 98, 106, 107, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 161, 165, 167, 205, 215, 238, 242, 250, 251, 276, 289, 290 Response to trawl: 11, 13, 41, 52, 106, 107, 142, 143, 149, 168, 205, 208, 215, 238, 242, 248, 250, 251, 289, 290, 307, 404 Mechanical goby dragnet: 11 Sound: 44, 52, 107, 291 Schooling 237, 238 Scophthalmus meoticus 11 Scuba diving 149 Swimming speeds: 30, 106, 107, 167, 250 Endurance: 106 Equation: 106 Escape: 208 Length relationship: 106, 167, 290 Measurement: 30, 106, 384 Size distribution: 30, 41, 106 Trawl: Bathyplane studies: 251 Bridles: 107 Choice of: 290 Danish seine net: 143 Mouth of net: 143 75

BEHAVIOR, FISH, JUVENILE - continued Net: 107 Design: 358 Filtration: 358 Moving: 282 Sizes: 142, 290, 384 Noise effects: 291 Otter: 24 Sounds: 52, 107 Speed influence: 106, 250, 290 Swimming speeds: 106 Techniques: 142, 237, 250 Trap net 165 Tuna: 151, 161, 237, 281, 364, 382, 396 Chemoreception: 382 Loghook data: 396 Skipjack: 281 Underwater observations: 222 Photographic: 24, 149, 222 Systems of observation: 142 Underwater observations: 11, 24, 98, 143, 149, 208, 222, 237, 238, 251, 307 Unit stock: 250 Visual reaction: 5

BIOMASS Albemarle Sound 147 Demersal fish 295 Determination 141, 221 Etuarine fish 123 Newport River 147, 200, 201, 377 Selectivity curve 133

CATCH 102 Analysis 3 Diurnal changes 397 Effort, per boat day: 320 Clarias mossambicus: 131 Cod: 44 Delaware Bay: 74 Gadus morhua: 44 Lake trout: 318 Gill net, cotton: 318 Nylon: 318 Marine fishes: 3 Mesh size relation: 35, 140, 174, 268 Midwater trawl, one boat: 337 Paralabrax: 69 Sablefish: 302 Striped bass: 369 Trawl: 100 Dutch with heavy tickler chain: 67 Versus trawl: 225 76

CATCH - continued Effort, per unit: 3, 23, 85, 86, 99, 100, 101, 130, 155, 180, 183, 217, 319, 389 Abundance: 99 Bias: 99 Branquillos - trammel net: 197 Environmental factions: 180 Fact, fiction, or dogma: 319 Gill net: 23, 155, 217, 389 Monofilament: 217, 389 Monofilament and multifilament: 389 Numbers and weights, based on: 183 Salmon and steelhead trout: 389 Trawl: 3, 100 Walleye: 95 Weakfish: 74 Gear: Angler: 3 Cargo net: 162 Diel variations: 199 Drop net, portable: 199, 201, 271 Stationary: 203 Electrical fishing: 250, 355 Fishing line, 40 m: 212 Long line gear: 279, 333 Modified high speed tow-net: 40 Net, drift: 383 Herring: 383 Speed: 144, 198. 346 Paternosters: 104 Pump: 3 Stationary: 3 Gill net: 23, 44, 49, 131, 176, 177, 219, 256, 276, 311, 317, 329, 342, 353, 369, 389 Catch per gill net: 49, 177, 310, 317, 377 Surface area of webbing: 317 Unit area: 317 White mesh: 176, 177 Cod: 44 Colored: 176, 286 Efficiency: 353 Comparison, gill net: 219 Effort: 23 Frontal periods: 256 Length means: 389 Linear regression CPUE on time: 341 Linen: 342 Mesh size: 23, 131, 140 Monofilament: 353 Nylon: 148, 258, 276, 311, 329, 342 Nylon and linen: 311, 342 Seasonal concentration: 176, 389 Sex ration - striped bass: 369 Weight in kilograms, weight of fish: 177 77

CATCH - continued Seine, beach: 3, 348 Biweekly: 3 Danish: 230, 231, 233, 234, 235 Freshwater: 348 Purse seine: 3, 21, 177 Time of day: 3 Trap: 3, 17, 165, 211, 278, 302, 352 Antillean: 278 Baited: 278 Configuration: 12 Soak time, catch per day: 17 Trawl: 80, 119, 167 Abundance: 288 Bathymetric distribution: 229 Bridle - covered and uncovered: 404 Chi-square values: 162 Codend mesh size and catch: 297 Covers: 80, 297, 308 Uncovered: 308 Coefficient of variation per haul: 285 Day-night study: 18, 19, 91 Depth relation: 266 Diel differences: 288 Distribution per 15-min haul: 252 Diurnal changes: 397 Effect-differing otterboard spread: 41 Environmental data: 8, 73, 91, 266 Experimental: 74 Kite position: 105 Lake Malawi: 376 Long line: 331 Mean number of species/tow day and night: 324 Mesapelagic distribution: 18 15 meter EST shrimp: 391 21 meter EST shrimp: 391 Midwater: 83 Large: 178 Nylon mesh codend: 175 Otter: 3, 266, 362 Otterboard design: 105 Pollack - Alaska: 229, 232, 236 After shift: 233 Bathymetric and daily rhythmic changes: 229 Before shift: 231,.233, 234, ?35 Position of trawl net to sea bed: 250 Roundfish: 304 Semiballoon, 10.7 m: 285 Shrimp: 224 Tampa Bay: 266 Tidal influence: 63 Time-depth relation: 229 Trouser codend: 80, 297 Trolling: 365 Per hour: 365 78

CATCHING ABILITY, RELATIVE 274

CELL VARIANCES, ABUNDANCE 8

CHI-SQUARE TEST 213 Adjusted length frequency distribution 292 Bartletts-homogeniety test 63 Cynoscion regalis distribution 74 Distribution/trawl 74, 362 Gill net mesh against weighted mean 292 Length frequency differences 316 Mark-recapture 200 Pre- and post dredging 186 Season, by 389 Species compositon - gill net 333 Species numbers 185, 186 Tag recovery rate 400

CLARKE-BUMPUS PLANKTON SAMPLES 298, 299

COBB PELAGIC TRAWL 21

COD Gill net selectivity 133 Mesh selection - trawl 218, 330 Swimming speed relationship 106

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION 285

COMPARATIVE FISHING EXPERIMENTS 55

COMPARATIVE FISHING TRIALS 273

COMPARISON Fishing capacity: 243 Semiballoon trawl: 285 Gear - tuna 360 Hoop nets 399 Issacs-Kidd midwater trawl 112 Nylon and cotton gill nets 16 Sampling techniques 379 Trawl and trap nets: 285 Sablefish: 302 Trawler - seiner 128

COMPARATIVE TRAWL EXPERIMENTS 242, 243, 250, 268, 303

COMPUTER PROGRAMS 8, 201, 272, 320 IBM system 8, 360 FPOW 320 Gear changes 272

CREELING 356

CREEL SURVEY/PERCID 95, 341

CREW ROTATION 27 79

DE LURY DENSITY VALUES 199, 202 Estimate 199, 201, 202 Gill net selectivity 132

DEMERSAL FISH EXPLORATIONS 6

DENSITY ASSESSMENT 155

DENSITY MEASUREMENT 198

DESIGN, EXPERIMENTAL 312

DESTRUCTION, UNDERSIZED FISH 146

DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY 74

DISTRIBUTION Bairdiella chryssura 266 Bridle, length frequency 404 Chi-square 362 Cod 41, 56 Cynoscion regalis 74 Frequency, stratified: 236 Of towing time: 232 Haddock 41 Gill net/mesh size 369 Lagodon rhomboides 266 Lake trout 318 Length - herring 133 Logarithmic series 362 Monthly - length 377 Negative binomial 362 Newport River 377 Nylon-cotton gill nets 318 Orthopristis chrysoptera 266 Paralabrax 69 Poisson 63, 324, 362 Pollack 229 Prionotus scitulus latifrons 266 Rock crab 352 Sablefish 302 Salmon 3 Striped bass 369 Trap - lobster 211 Trawl: 18, 63, 73, 266 Ecological factors: 266, 324 Shrimp: 224 Vertical 18

DIURNAL ACTIVITY 84

DIVERSITY Estuarine population 73 Index 324 80

DIVERSITY - continued Pielou 147 Shannon-Weaver 147 Species richness 147

. DREDGE, ALBERTON 46 Current velocities 186 Dissolved nutrients 186 Trawl tracks 46 Underwater observations 46 Wide offshore 46

DREDGING 46, 185, 186 Alteration of land 185 Current velocity 185, 186 Effects: 46, 185, 186 On macrobenthic populations: 185, 232 On scallops: 46 Histograms 185 Mercenaria 185 Populaton dynamics 185, 186 Turbidity 185 Water transport 185, 186 Wind driven currents 185, 186

DROP NET, PORTABLE 123, 199, 201, 202, 271 Stationary 201, 203

DUNCAN'S MULTIPLE-RANGE COMPARISON 324

ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 147

EFFECTS OF DISPLACING, HOOKING, AND RELEASING 322 Door-to-door tickler chains 181

EFFICIENCY Balance, electromagnetic 37 Drag seine 3 Drift nets 303 Drop nets 199, 201, 202, 271 Electric fishing 71 Fishing machines 71 Gill net: 49, 177, 217, 257, 258, 317, 329, 369, 370, 383 Capture: 177, 190, 191, 217, 257, 258, 353, 369, 370, 383 Cotton: 16, 318, 329 Linen: 311, 342 Mono- and multifilament: 177, 191, 217, 317, 353, 389 Multifilament: 191 Net damage: 317 Nylon: 16, 276, 311, 318, 329, 342 Nylon and cotton: 172 Striped bass: '369 Webbing: 177, 317, 389 Whitefish: 257, 258 81

EFFICIENCY - continued Herding 143 Longline - tuna 134, 153, 301, 333 Purse seine 243, 346 Towed nets: 20, 21, 40, 42, 202 , High speed: 40 Trap 17, 349 Trawl: 41, 92, 93, 167, 175, 178, 187, 198a, 202, 207, 212, 224, 294, 344, 366, 391 Beam: 198, 212 Bottom: 202 Electric: 391 Fishing: 239 Forecasting: 239 Herring: 92 Method of: 125 Midwinter: 178 Nylon codends: 175 Otter: 198a Population estimates: 224 Shepherding: 41 Wing: 93 Wire cable bridle: 403

ELECTRIC FISHING 71, 72, 250, 355, 394 Field distribution 355 Fishing machines 71, 394 Reaction thresholds 355 Reaction to 250, 355, 391 Shrimp 218, 391 Shrimp trawl 250, 391 Voltage studies 355, 394

ELECTRODES 250

ELECTRODE ARRAY 355

ELECTROMAGNETIC BALANCE 37

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES 8

ESCAPEMENT 20, 28, 58, 59, 61, 62, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 94, 129, 136, 146, 150, 163, 182, 212, 222, 236, 248, 308, 309, 310, 336, 363, 380, 401 Codend: 28, 58, 59, 61, 62, 79, 80, 82, 129, 150, 216, 422, 248, 308, 363 Covered: 80 Haddock: 58, 59, 80, 82, 182, 222, 308, 363 Small fish: 80 Herring 401 Hoop nets 136 Mesh color: 401 Selection: 9, 28, 58, 59, 61, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 172, 198, 222, 246, 248, 297, 308, 310, 336, 363, 401 Panels best 401 Plankton nets 336 Tow duration effect 61 82

ESCAPEMENT - continued Towed net, samples 20 Trap net 309 Trawl, shrimp: 392 Various parts of: 28, 61, 94, 129, 182, 216, 248 Wide mesh: 401

ESTIMATING POPULATIONS 72 Camera 379 Mark-recapture method 72 Replicate fishing 71, 72 Trawl 262

ESTUARINE SAMPLING 74, 123, 147, 199, 200, 201, 202 Drop net portable 123

EXPERIMENTAL FISHING 3

EXPLOITATION Branquillo 197 Walleye 95, 341

FISH BODY, DIAMETER 124 Detection equipment 90, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 250 Echo sounder 231 Kill 369 Locomotion activity 213 Pump 3 Sampling 3, 144

FISHING CAPACITY - GEAR 242, 243, 268, 303, 304, 329

FISHING EFFICIENCY METHODS 90

FISHING EFFORT 85, 325 Standardization 225

FISHING EXPERIMENTS 41, 106, 250

FISHING POWER 320, 329 Boat length 320 Geographical area 320 Gill nets, nylon 329 Troll 320

FISHING TECHNIQUES 360

FLATFISH 84 Behavior feeding 84 Spawning 84 Reaction to stimuli 84 Stomach contents 84 83

FLOATS, EFFECTS OF 223 Groundfish capture 223

FREQUENCY 46

FREQUENCY CURVE Expected catch distribution 325 Iterative method 74 Speed 21 Size 21

FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE, TRAWL 91 Standard length 8

FRIEDMAN'S TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 324

FRONTAL PERIODS 256

FUNGUS Saprolegnia sp. 138

GEAR COMPARISONS (see also Trawl) 285 Effects, sampling 287 Efficiency: 34, 144, 334, 390 Nekton sampling: 199, 201, 202 Trammel nets: 196, 197 Material 398 Mesh size 213 Net catch capacity 214 Net configuration 214 Performance 34 Selectivity: 3, 11, 19, 20, 41, 52, 54, 55, 70, 72, 75, 77, 87, 98, 106, 112, 139, 142, 143, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, 164, 177, 181, 191, 194, 200, 203, 204, 212, 217, 224, 236, 240, 252, 257, 258, 261, 265, 271, 280, 290, 291, 292, 293, 302, 306, 307, 317, 322,

335, 346 348 352 369 384 ) 389 2 391 Retention curves: 211 Trawl: 404 Walleye: 95 Specialized 3

GEOMETRIC MEANS 201

GILL NETS 3, 23, 25, 44, 49, 95, 121, 131, 133, 135, 137, 140, 148, 155, 168, 169, 170, 176, 177, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 204, 217, 218, 239, 256, 257, 258, 275, 276, 286, 292, 296, 310, 311, 316, 317, 318, 323, 329, 341, 347, 353, 369, 370, 377, 389 Artificial selection 135 Bait 177 Bow nets 369 Catch relation to frontal periods 256 Color 133, 176, 177, 353 84

GILL NETS - continued Comparison mono- multifilament: 191, 217, 317, 389 Nylon and cotton: 148, 258, 276, 329 Linen: 219, 277, 311, 342 Construction 133, 137 Cotton 148, 258, 318 Duration of fishing 353 Elasticity 353 Evolution 135 Expected sizes 195 Experimental: 23 Gangs: 258 Herring 190, 292 Knot slippage 276 Lift interval 192, 216, 353 Linen 311, 323, 342, 377 Mesh selection: 169, 190, 191, 310, 353 Size: 23, 133, 137, 140, 168, 170, 190, 191, 204, 217, 257, 258, 292, 310, 353, 369, 370 Size/mean length: 137, 140, 190, 191, 258, 292, 310, 353, 369 Monofilament 137, 176, 177, 191, 217, 317, 347, 353, 389 Nylon: 131, 148, 258, 276, 277, 311, 318, 323, 342, 369 Damage: 276 Efficiency: 277, 311, 342 Experimental: 369 Perca fluiralitis 195, 353 Perlon 276 Polyester 276 Relative abundance 377 Salmon 204, 217, 296, 389 Selectivity 148, 258 Stretch mesh 137, 177, 369 Study 317 Tensile strength 276, 353, 342 Treatment of data 389 Twine 133, 353 Tuna 347 Walleye 95, 341 Visibility 353

GIRTH 61, 121, 129, 131, 133, 190, 191, 244, 246, 258, 369 Cod 246 Head and length 131 Length relationship 369 Profiles 133 Relative mesh 57, 121, 129, 131, 190, 191, 244, 246, 250

GOOSE CREEK FAUNAL LIST 185

GROWTH Gray trout 74 Kelp bass 69 Lake whitefish 135 Pleuronectidae 288 Rates 95, 341 . 85

HACH KIT 394

HARVEST 341

HEARING - FISH 52 Auditory threshold 52 Sense of 52

HERDING 33, 41, 98, 143, 307 Day-Night differences 33, 41, 144 Devices 13, 41, 143, 307 Dusk-dawn 41 Light intensity effect 33, 41, 142, 143, 307 Otterboards 41, 250 Swimming speed stamina 41, 143 Towing speed 33 Trawl bridles 41, 143

HERRING - DRIFT NET 32, 119 Effect light 32 Escapement studies 150, 401 Length distribution 133 Midwater trawl 337 Post larval 40 Trawling investigations 119

HISTOCHEMISTRY 74

LARVAL FISH DRIFT 120

LEAST SQUARE METHOD 274

LENGTH DISTRIBUTION, HADDOCK 41

LENGTH FREQUENCY Cumulative 285 Experimental gill nets 342 Frequency curve 10, 21, 211 Girth - gill net: 131, 190, 191, 369 Relation to mesh: 244, 246 Menidia menidia 8 Menticirrhus littoralis 8 Mugil curema 8 Trachinotus carolinus 8

LENGTH-WEIGHT REGRESSION 147 Leiostomus xanthurus 147

LETHAL CONE 21, 198

LIGHT INTENSITY 31, 32 86

LIGHTS, ARTIFICIAL 31

LINE-FISHING 104 Midwater fishing with vertical lines 104

LINEAR PROGRAMMING 325 Two factor analysis 320

LOBSTER - Homarus americanus 211

LOGARITHMIC SERIES DISTRIBUTION 362

LONG LINE 110, 266, 279, 300, 301, 333, 356 Escapement 108 Net design 108 Rodco setline frame 45 Shooting frame 45 Tuna: 134, 151, 152, 153, 300, 301, 333 Bait loss: 153 Efficiency: 134, 153, 301, 333 Hook interval: 151 Hooks per basket: 153 Hooking temperatures: 300 Retrieving method: 152, 301 Shape: 134 Soaking time: 151, 152, 301 Vertical: 333 -

MACROFAUNA/SURF ZONE STUDIES 8

MARK-RECAPTURE 20, 68, 69, 155, 193, 200, 224, 270, 400

MARKING (see Tagging)

MARKS AND TAGS STUDY 138

MATURITY DATA/KELP BASS 69

MEASUREMENT DENSITY 198

MEASUREMENT, ELECTROMAGNETIC BALANCE 37

MENHADEN, ATLANTIC 377 Larval Gulf menhaden 103

MESH SIZE 75, 246, 401 Mesh selection 380 Optimum codend 297 Optimum mesh size 198 Regulation 370

METHODS Analysis of data '286 Behavior - fish 385 87

METHODS - continued Commercially important fish 356 Efficiencies 71, 391 Gill net selection 133, 321 Larval fish drift 120 Marking 381 Measurements of catch: 37, 228, Rapid: 76 Methods: 47, 68, 138, 220, 224 Codend: 36, 56, 58, 59, 61, 82, 227, 298, 308 Monofilament comparison 317 Orientation 391 Resources survey 228 Orientation 391 Resources survey 228 Sampling 66, 120, 343 Troughs, fish 343 Undersized spawning 80

MIGRATION PATTERNS 369

MORTALITY ASSESSMENT 155 Yield 74

MOVEMENT OF 69 Albemarle Sound 147 Kelp bass 69 Yellowtail 68, 69

MULTIPLE REGRESSION TECHNIQUE 8

NEKTON Abundance estimates 201, 202, 203 Newport River 147, 199, 201, 202 Population dynamics 147 Sampling: 77, 147, 199, 201, 202, 271 Portable drop net: 199, 201, 202, 271

NEKTON-MICRO, SAMPLING 77 Tucker net 77

NET, SEINE 226 Selectivity curve 114 Set 356 Stake 356 Tangle 335 Trammel 196 Trap 95, 120, 165, 309, 399 Trawl modeling 339

NETS Bag 356 Block 208 88

NETS - continued Drift: 32, 96, 156, 253, 280, 356, 383 Bottom: 253, 254, 280 Motion: 253, 254 Efficiency 383 Fyke 138, 252 Gensiki-ami 280 Herring 96 Hoop 3, 252, 399 Life 97 Nylon 350 Plankton: 1, 50, 65, 109, 122, 145, 261, 367 Avoidance: 50, 65 Depressor performance: 122 Efficiency: 261, 367 Escapement: 65, 109, 336 Filtration pressure: 367 Gauge size: 367 High speed: 122 Larval mortality: 261 Mesh size: 367 Multiple nets: 122 Silk: 336 Speed: 109 Standardization techniques: 122 Tow cable length: 122 Lines: 65 Speed: 65, 122, 367 Turbulence: 367' Vision: 65 Water volume measurements: 122

NEWPORT RIVER Fish distribution 200, 201, 202, 377 Gear 377

NEUSE RIVER Biomass 147 Dominant species 147 Salinity data 147 Species diversity indices 147 Temperature data 147

NORTH ATLANTIC FISHING RESOURCES 92

PAHSIMEROI RIVER 322

PATERNOSTERS 104

PERCH, YELLOW 341 Mean annual commercial harvest 341

PERCIDAE HARVEST 341. 89

PHOTOTAXIS STUDY 91

PINS, NICKEL CORROSION OF 48

PLANKTON Gauze: 145, 367 Abrasion: 145 Clogging: 145, 367 Condition of catch: 145 Drag: 145, 367 Filtration efficiency: 145, 367 Mesh velocity: 145, 367 Weave: 145 Width, mesh: 145 Patchiness 50 Sample: 65 Clarke-Bumpus: 298, 299 Sample design 50 Sample efficiency: 1 High speed: 1 Light variation: 65 Net radius: 65 Orientation: 65 Pressure variation: 65 Sample size: 50 Samples per stratum 50 Silk 336

POLLACK FISHING, ALASKA 229, 232, 236

POLLUTION, INDUSTRIAL 341

POPULATION CALCULATIONS 224 Peterson method 224 Removal method 402

POPULATION DENSITY 46

POTS 70, 356 Lightweight 70

PROBABILITY OF CAPTURE 21

PROCEDURES, SAMPLING LARGE TRAWL CATCHES 162

PROFIT (II) 17

PROTECTION OF FISH 56

PUGET SOUND 162

REACTION DISTANCE 143 Sine 143 90

REACTION DISTANCE TO GEAR (see Fish Behavior) Marine fishes to moving netting 33, 143, 307

REGRESSION Analysis 8 Body weight/length 117 Catch 232, 236 Length-weight 147 Linear 232, 236 Multiple linear 230, 232, 236, 341 Preceding haul 232, 236 Quadratic 229, 231

REGRESSION STATISTICS 8

RESOURCE SURVEY 228

RETENTION CURVES 211

RIGGING SYSTEMS 356 Pelagic trawling 356

ROANOKE RIVER - ALBEMARLE SOUND 369

ROTENONE 378

SABLEFISH - TRAP-TRAWL COMPARISON 302

SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE RANGE 74

SAMPLING BIAS 198 Absolute 202 Catches 313 Day-night 199, 202 Fish 3 Mesopelagic 18, 139 Population 141 Procedures 162 Quantitative 3, 200

SATURATION, GILL NETS 133

SAUNDERS-ROE TRAWL 41

SAVING GEAR 9, 79, 80, 81, 82, 118, 172

SCALE MODELING 273

SEINE 3, 8, 126, 128, 144, 200, 243, 293, 348, 356, 377, Beach: 3, 348, 356 Diagram: 348 Codend 226 Danish 143, 144; 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 303 91

SEINE - continued Electric 3 Haul 201, 377 Long Haul 200, 201 Mesh selection: 8, 126, 128 Size: 226 Purse: 21, 160, 164, 240, 250, 293, 346, 356, 393, 396 Avoidance: 396 Hanging net ratio: 164 Lunar cycle: 393 Net knot type: 164 Plankton: 21 Rope type: 160 Stretching: 160 Speed net set: 164 Synthetic netting: 164 Twine strength: 164 Underwater noise: 240 Roundfish 226 Seine/trawler comparison catch 126, 128, 243

SELECTIVITY - FISHING GEAR 8, 9, 11, 20, 21, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 70, 72, 75, 77, 78, 82, 94, 98, 106, 113, 121, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 142, 143, 146, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 164, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 191, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 211, 212, 217, 218, 224, 226, 227, 236, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 252, 259, 260, 261, 265, 267, 268, 271, 280, 286, 290, 291, 293, 297, 302, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 314, 316, 317, 321, 322, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 342, 345, 346, 348, 349, 352, 353, 355, 357, 360, 361, 363, 369, 370, 371, 384, 389, 391, 404 Angling 3 Coefficient 198, 212, 228 Colored nets: 176, 177 Curves: 132, 133, 370 Unimodal: 132, 133, 370 Condition factor 96, 117 Curve 116 Drift net 43, 156, 371 Electric fishing 355 Fish shape 96, 113, 114, 115, 117 Flexibility 114 Fraser River 310 Gear: 96, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 159, 305, 330 Avoidance: 198 Experimental: 3 Nekton: 199, 201 Gill net: 23, 121, 131, 133, 135, 137, 140, 148, 168, 169, 170, 171, 190, 191, 194, 204, 217, 257, 258, 286, 292, 310, 314, 316, 321, 323, 342, 353, 370 Cod: 133 Lake whitefish: 133, 135, 258, 321 Linen: 310, 342 Lucioperca sandra: 140 Mesh size: 131, 132, 137, 140, 168, 169, 171, 190, 191, 258, 310, 314, 321, 353, 369, 370 92

SELECTIVITY - Gill net - continued Nylon: 98, 121, 131, 148, 258, 323, 342 Perch, yellow: 133 • Selectivity curve: 131, 133, 168, 170, 171, 190, 191, 370 Sillago sihama: 191 Stretched mesh: 137 Tilapia esculenta: 121 Walleye: 133 Girth profiles 133, 190, 191, 258 Hook 62, 259, 260 Hoop nets 399 Literature review 310 Longline: 331, 360 Vertical: 333 Mesh flexibility: 114 Selectivity: 9, 32, 35, 82, 96, 113, 114, 115, 117, 140, 321 Size: 28, 29, 96, 168, 191, 246, 260, 297, 310, 363, 371 Method of estimation: 133 Fishing: 137 Monofilament: 137 Net material: 7 Nekton sampling gear 199, 201, 202 Seine 8, 126, 128, 226 Silk plankton net 336 Synthetic fibers 38 Theory 21 Towed net: 21, 42, 198 Avoidance: 21, 42, 198 Catch size: 21, 42 Mesh selection: 21, 198, 246 Species: 42 Trammel net 197 Trap: 21, 162, 302 Crab: 349, 361 Lath spacing: 21 Trawl: 9, 35, 36, 43, 58, 59, 78, 82, 126, 128, 129, 146, 175, 222, 227, 242, 243, 247, 259, 268, 297, 345, 357, 371 Bottom: 371 Carp: 345 Catch: 404 Codend: 9, 82, 174, 175, 242, 243, 247, 268 Design: 28, 29, 56, 146, 260, 308, 330, 363, 371 Mesh: 36, 56, 78, 146, 259, 260 Arctic cod: 330 Baltic: 56 Flatfish: 260 Haddock: 58, 59, 62, 246, 259, 330 Hake: 129 Herring: 119 Shrimp: 297 Sole: 227, 245 Mesh selection: 9, 29, 36, 56, 58, 59, 78, 82, 119, 126, 128, 139, 172, 174, 175, 206, 218, 242, 244, 245, 268, 328, 363, 371 Codend: 9, 36, 58, 59, 78, 82, 126, 172, 174, 175, 242, 268, 328 Haddock: 126, 244, 268, 330 93

SELECTIVITY - Trawl - continued Mesh selectivity: 82 Escape: 58, 59, 79, 80, 297, 308, 363 Large: 260 One trawl: 9, 36, 56, 82, 129, 146, 227, 245, 246, 259, 260, 297, 330, 363 Nylon codends: 60, 175 Wire cable bridles: 403

SETLINE FISHERY 154

SEXING TECHNIQUE 369

SHRIMP, BODY ORIENTATION/BURROWED 391 Penaeus aztecus 391 Penaeus duorarum 391 RiETTFIn to electrical stimulation 391

SILVERSIDE, ATLANTIC - NEWPORT RIVER 377

SIZE FREQUENCY CURVE 21

SPACE BUOYANCY 335

SOAK TIME 17, 151, 152, 278, 301 Crab trap 349

SPEED FREQUENCY CURVE 21

STANDING STOCK ESTIMATION 6

STATISTICS Antillean fish tags 278 Correlation coefficients 239 Drop net, stationary 203 Influence of catch 274 Least squares 8, 17 Length-to-length equations 8 Multiple regression 8 Parametric 63 Trawl destruction 158 Tukey's w-procedure 317 Wilcoxon's signed rank test 317

STRATIFICATION 162

SURF ZONE STUDIES 8

SWIMMING SPEED 41, 106

TAGGING Branding 138 Color coded microtags 138 94

TAGGING - continued Compressed air 224 Fluorescent dye 224 Growth and survival 138 Methods 47, 48, 68, 69, 138, 400 Needle tool 400 Nickel pins 48 Paralabrax 69 Yellowtail 68

TAGS Aquarium tests 47 Atkins 47 Diamond opercular 68 Evaluations 138 Jaw 68 Knotting 47, 68, 400 Loop 138 Metal and plastic 47 Opercular strap 68, 400 Perforation 138 • Peterson Disk 47, 48, 57, 68, 69, 138, 400 Plastic 48, 400 Recovery 00 Returns 193 Staple 47 Streamer 68 Striped bass 47 Subcutaneous tag 220, 269 Tubing 68

TENSILE STRENGTH - GEAR MATERIAL 187, 276, 350, 398

TICKLER CHAIN 54, 67, 149, 181, 212, 304, 377 Beam trawling 67, 108 Door-to-door 181 Effect of 181

TIDAL POOL 8, 270

TROPHIC LEVEL SPECIES 201

TUKEY'S W-PROCEDURE 317

TUNA, BIGEYE 333 Skipjack 293, 346

TOWS 21 Day 21 Day-night comparisons 15 Night 21 Towed net samplers: 10, 20, 21, 42, 198, High speed: 40

TRAPS 3, 17, 139, 211, 278, 302, 349, 352, 361 Antillean 278 95

TRAPS - continued Boat efficiency 349 "Beni-zuwai" 361 Crab 349, 361 Dungeness crab 352 Efficiency 349, 361 Hauling costs 17 Japanese queen 352 Lath spacing 211 Lobster 352 Mesh selectivity 349, 361 Soak time 17, 349 Trap distance: 349 Fisheries: 17, 211, 349, 352 Hoop nets: 3

TRAWL 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 24, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91, 93, 94, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 139, 142, 143, 146, 147, 150, 154, 157, 158, 162, 166, 167, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, 187, 198, 198a, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 216, 218, 221, 222, 224, 227, 229, 232, 236, 238, 239, 242, 243, 247, 250, 251, 252, 255, 259, 263, 265, 266, 268, 272, 273, 274, 285, 288, 297, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 324, 326, 327, 328, 331, 334, 337, 338, 340, 344, 345, 354, 356, 357, 359, 362, 363, 366, 371, 375, 376, 379, 386, 387, 388, 390, 391, 392, 395, 401 Abundance 125, 198a, 288 Alaskan pollack 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236 Balloon 395 Beam 67, 108, 212 Bias 139 Blue crab 54 Bottom: 160 Off: 150 Bull 232, 236 Cable: 354 Shape: 26 Capacities 167, 242, 243, 303, 304 Capture probabilities 167 Cob 147 Codend: Construction: 359 Drag to speed: 29, 146 Effect on catch: 56, 82, 297, 308 Tow speed: 29, 36 Flatfish: 388 Herring: 36 Manila: 36 Mesh size: 9, 28, 29, 56, 58, 59, 78, 81, 82, 129, 146, 172, 174, 175, 242, 260, 268, 308, 328, 359, 363, 371, 388 Large mesh: 9, 297 Minimum mesh size: 56 Optimum: 297 Protection: 359 Selectivity: 9, 82, 174, 175, 242, 268, 359 Trouser: 82, 297 96

TRAWL - continued Commercial 80 Comparisons 32 Data 362 Demersal 295, 376 Depth 173 Design 111, 273, 312, 339 Destruction 119, 158 Door position: 139 Turbulence: 124 Drag coefficient Dutch 67 Eastern 6, 390 Efforts 119, 127, 154, 158, 375, 376 Electric 93, 391 Engine size 187 Escape (see Escapement) Fiber elongation 357 Filtration rate 187, 366 Fish 91, 224, 285 Fishing efficiency 239 Floats 34 Forecasting 239 Gear selection 87 Gear size, tow speed 209 German herring 338 Granton 41, 106 Grimsby 138 Groundrope 216 Headline height 272 Herring 401 High rise 285 Hiodon R/V 285 Isaacs-Kidd 3, 15, 18, 21, 64, 112 Larsson phantom 334 Length frequency 285 Logarithmic series 362 Measurement behavior: 34 Clinometer: 34 Gear: 34, 51, 274, 334, 390 Hydraulic dynamometer: 34 Instrumentation: 34, 334, 390 Net height meter: 34 Speed meter: 34 Mesh size 9, 58, 59, 79, 80, 81, 82, 124, 172, 174, 175, 179, 206, 210, 227, 242, 268, 339, 344, 357, 359, 366, 387 Midwater: 2, 11, 15, 21, 39, 64, 83, 112, 139, 149, 178, 267, 334 Near bottom: 250 Negative binomial 63, 362 Net behavior: 124, 386 Bottom curtain: 118 Design: 124 Diver observation: 386 Drag: 139 Material: 111. Modification: 124 97

TRAWL - Net Behavior - continued Movement in: 387 Angle to: 387 Overcrowding: 139 Position to sea bed: 250 Shape: 248, 340 Size: 139 Speed: 187 Strength, tensile: 187 Oblique 15 One boat 337 Opening and closing 64 Otter: 3, 19, 24, 34, 58, 59, 61, 75, 91, 146, 147, 181, 198, 201, 265, 266, 302, 308, 316, 324, 362, 363 Pair: 239 Parameters: 51, 390 Pelagic: 238, 239 Otterboard, attitude: 255 Boards: 255 Bridle effects: 255 Design: 105 Midwater: 255 Semipelagic: 255 Suberkrub: 338 Rake 55 Rectangular 392 Roundfish 304 Sampling: High speed: 139 Mesopelagic: 18, 139 Pelagic: 250 Net opening: 250 Tow speed: 250 Sample size: 15, 112 Survey: 236 Saunders - Roe 41, 106 Saving gear 9, 82, 118 Semi-balloon 285 Semi-pelagic 315 Shape 207, 242, 243, 303, 368 Shrimp 221, 224, 390, 391, 392 Size 208, 368 Species selectivity 187, 224 Speed: 36, 51, 53, 294, 326, 327 Relative: 368 Study, day-night 18, 19, 91 Surface 201, 202, 252 Telemetry 26 Tidal influence 63 Transect 386 Trawl-tow: Angle: 166 Cable ratio: 26 Duration: 18, 54, 61, 308 Horizontal: 18 Length: 139 98

TRAWL - Tow - continued Optimum: 110 Resistance: 338 Speed: 26, 29, 36, 118, 124, 139, 166, 167, 205, 206, 207, 221, 354, 366, 395 Times: 324 Types 387 Undersized fish 80 Vertical 18 Vessel horsepower 53, 166, 187, 221, 294, 327 Volume 210 Weather 239 Yankee 272

TROLL FISHING 184, 320, 365 Albacore 320 Boat fleet 320 Lures 365 Skipjack 184, 365

VARIABILITY Abundance 297 Age distribution 95 Biomass 201 Catch, repeated trawls: 22 Time of day: 91 Trawl: 3, 19, 22, 62, 232, 266, 274, 304, 324, 362 Vigneron - Dahl trawl: 19 Data 63 Drop net 202 Effect on selection 146 Fish population 19, 324, 362 Length of tow 21, 42

VARIATION Biomass 201 Catch 143 Diurnal 84 Length of hauling 236 Tow captures 6, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 34, 54, 61, 63, 73, 86, 91, 103, 111, 130, 132, 137, 147, 157, 176, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 212, 228, 252, 266, 270, 285, 295, 302, 324, 334, 362, 377, 378, 380, 402 Towing 232

VESSEL NOISE 88 Herring 291 Purse seine 240 Vibration 88

VISIBILITY Equation 374 99

VISIBILITY - continued Underwater Plates: 372, 374 Threshold: 374 Twines: Black: 372, 374 Dyed: 373 Transparent: 373

WATER VELOCITY 287

WEST COAST ALBACORE TROLL-BOAT FLEET 320

WILCOXIN, NON-PARAMETRIC TEST 199, 202 Signed rank 317

WINGSPREAD TOWING DEPTH RELATIONSHIP 390

YIELD Minnesota 341 Total 341 Trends 341