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Analysis of Radio Communication Towers Subjected to Wind, Ice and Seismic Loadings

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Analysis of Radio Communication Towers Subjected to Wind, Ice and Seismic Loadings ANALYSIS OF RADIO COMMUNICATION TOWERS SUBJECTED TO WIND, ICE AND SEISMIC LOADINGS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Missouri – Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By ERIC JAMES SULLINS Dr. Hani Salim, Thesis Supervisor May 2006 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled ANALYSIS OF RADIO COMMUNICATION TOWERS SUBJECTED TO WIND, ICE AND SEISMIC LOADINGS Presented by Eric J. Sullins A candidate for the degree of Masters of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. _______________________________________________ Dr. Hani Salim _______________________________________________ Dr. William Likos _______________________________________________ Dr. Sherif El-Gizawy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to formally thank my advisor, Dr. Hani Salim, my advisor, for his guidance and insight throughout the course of this research. He is a remarkable engineer, a wonderful person, and a good friend. I would also like to thank Dr. William Likos for being my committee member and helping me during this research by providing time history and response spectrum functions used for seismic analysis of the Taum Sauk tower. I would also like to thank Dr. Sherif El-Gizawy for being a committee member and offering me his time and valuable suggestions. I would also like to thank Mr. Rick Bennett and the Missouri Department of Transportation for providing the funding for this research and the opportunity to work on this project. I would also like to thank Rasid Hadsovic and John Hoemann for their help in the creation of tower models using SAP 2000. Each provided vital help and expertise while helping me understand and use the modeling software. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, family and friends for the support they have given to me, not only in my academic career but also in life. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objective..................................................................................................................3 1.3 Scope of Research.................................................................................................... 4 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Numerical Simulations ............................................................................................ 9 2.3 Approximate Static Methods ................................................................................. 13 2.4 Design Codes for Earthquake Resistant Design .................................................... 17 2.5 Procedures for Developing Seismic Response Spectra ......................................... 18 3 Modeling and Analysis Tools ..................................................................................... 24 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 24 3.2 ERITower................................................................................................................ 25 3.3 SAP2000 v9.0 ......................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Simple Example Using SAP and ERITower .......................................................... 30 3.5 Results..................................................................................................................... 33 iii 4 Analysis Under Ice and Wind Loading..................................................................... 34 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 35 4.1.1 Kansas City Tower Model Details.................................................................. 36 4.1.2 Taum Sauk Tower Model Details................................................................... 37 4.2 Loading .................................................................................................................. 37 4.2.1 Loading of Kansas City Tower....................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Loading of Taum Sauk Tower ........................................................................ 42 4.3 Kansas City Tower Analysis.................................................................................. 44 4.4 Taum Sauk Tower Analysis................................................................................... 46 4.5 Summary of Results............................................................................................... 48 4.5.1 Kansas City Tower Results............................................................................. 48 4.5.2 Taum Sauk Tower Results............................................................................... 48 5 Analysis Under Seismic Loading ............................................................................... 50 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 50 5.2 Taum Sauk Model Details ..................................................................................... 50 5.3 Taum Sauk Tower Loading ................................................................................... 51 5.4 Results from Seismic Analysis .............................................................................. 57 5.5 Summary................................................................................................................ 59 6 Parametric Evaluation................................................................................................ 60 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 60 6.2 Condition Indexing System ................................................................................... 61 6.3 Wind and Ice Loading............................................................................................ 64 6.3.1 Effects of Guy Damage................................................................................... 64 iv 6.3.2 Effects of Bracing Damage............................................................................. 67 6.3.3 Effects of Leg Damage ................................................................................... 70 6.4 Seismic Loading .................................................................................................... 72 6.4.1 Effects of Component Damage on Critical Brace........................................... 73 6.4.2 Effects of Component Damage on Critical Cable........................................... 77 6.4.3 Effect of Component Damage on Tower Legs ............................................... 81 6.5 Summary................................................................................................................ 85 7 Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................................... 87 7.1 Conclusions............................................................................................................ 87 7.2 Recommendations.................................................................................................. 91 Appendix A. Structural Drawings for Taum Sauk Tower.......................................... 93 Appendix B. Modes of Vibration for Taum Sauk Tower............................................ 96 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 103 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. MODOT radio communication tower system……………………………….1 Figure 2.1. Example of a typical self-supporting (free standing) tower…………………7 Figure 2.2. Example of a typical guyed mast tower……………………………………..8 Figure 2.3. Base shear versus tower height……………………………………………..12 Figure 2.4. Uniform Building Code (UBC, 1997) response spectrum…………………18 Figure 2.5. UBC seismic zones for the United States…………………………………..19 Figure 2.6. Response spectrum (a) and equivalent accelerogram (b) for short duration seismic event at Taum Sauk site (Rock, Zone 2A)………………………...22 Figure 2.7. Response spectrum (a) and equivalent accelerogram (b) for long duration seismic event at Taum Sauk site (Rock, Zone 2A)………………………...23 Figure 3.1. Screenshot of Code input interface on ERITower………………………….26 Figure 3.2. Screenshot of Geometry input interface on ERITower…………………….27
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