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Steam and Systems Advanced Users Bill Jefferson

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Steam and Systems Advanced Users Bill Jefferson Steam and Systems For Advanced Users Bill Jefferson 2 Preface Steam from the late 1800’s to the mid 1960’s was the choice of heating for most industrial building and the main media used in process manufacturing. It was widely used in the industrial revolution as a means of propulsion driving large generators producing electricity, driving turbine engines, which turned the wheels that operated production lathes, cutting tools, conveyers in industrial plants. Steam was economically produced in a central area, distributed to users by using a network of under ground pipes. It was used to drive the propellers for the shipping industry and was experimented as the media in the first designs of the automobiles, until Henry Ford refined the gasoline engine. The steam locomotive trains opened the frontiers of both Canada and the United States. In many cases, steam was the choice for heating small residential homes in the northern and eastern part of the United States. In Canada, the smaller residential homes used more wood and coal than steam but were more popular in the towns closer to the Canadian and United States border. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin of the Apollo 11 walked on the moon in 1969; from that date forward man’s ideas, thinking processes and technology changed at an accelerated rate. New ideas and concepts were developed, people needed to change. The trend to use steam as a total package also changed. Today steam is produced to heat water, which is pumped throughout the building using heat exchangers and circulating pumps. New developments in roof top units, which use natural gas, are more commonly used for industrial heating. With changing times and a definite reduction in steam usage, the working fields are becoming smaller. The population of certified steamfitters, stationary engineers, and design engineers with the knowledge base to design and build are becoming smaller. The principal’s and techniques remain the same and with this advanced course, the reader will be able to learn these fundamentals of steam. 3 4 Table of Contents ADVANCED STEAM COURSE.............................................................................. 8 STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................................... 8 One-Pipe Gravity System ............................................................................................................................ 9 One-Pipe Vapour System .......................................................................................................................... 10 Two-Pipe Gravity System.......................................................................................................................... 11 Two-Pipe Pressure System ....................................................................................................................... 11 Two-Pipe Vapour System .......................................................................................................................... 13 Two-Pipe Vacuum System ........................................................................................................................ 13 HEATING SYSTEM DETAILS....................................................................................................................... 17 Supply Piping ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Central Systems and Unit Systems........................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................... 18 HEATING EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Blast Coils ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Radiators....................................................................................................................................................... 23 Convectors..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Baseboard Units.......................................................................................................................................... 26 Extended Surface-Heating Elements or Finned Tube Units............................................................ 27 Unit Heaters.................................................................................................................................................. 27 Cabinet Unit Heaters.................................................................................................................................. 29 Unit Ventilators ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Other Types of Heating Equipment........................................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................... 31 SIZING STEAM TRAPS FOR HEATING EQUIPMENT............................................................................................ 31 HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................... 32 STEAM ABSORPTION UNITS FOR COOLING....................................................................................................... 33 STEAM FOR PROCESS WORK............................................................................................................................. 35 WHAT STEAM PRESSURE SHOULD BE USED? ................................................................................................. 35 USES OF PROCESS STEAM................................................................................................................................. 38 Heating to Assist Chemical Action.......................................................................................................... 39 Sizing Steam Traps for Coil-Heated Tanks.......................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................... 43 Log Mean Temperature Difference ......................................................................................................... 43 Installation of Heating Coils ..................................................................................................................... 45 Designing Pipe Coils................................................................................................................................... 48 STEAM FOR WATER HEATING. (WASHING, LAUNDRIES, TEXTILE MILLS, ETC.) ........................................... 53 Instantaneous Water Heaters .................................................................................................................. 53 Storage Water Heaters............................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 5 ..................................................................................................... 62 AIR HEATING ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 EVAPORATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 64 DISTILLATION.................................................................................................................................................. 65 STEAM-TO-STEAM GENERATORS ...................................................................................................................... 67 OPEN-TYPE EVAPORATORS ................................................................................................................................68 CLOSED TYPE EVAPORATORS ............................................................................................................................ 70 FILM EVAPORATORS............................................................................................................................................ 70 INDUSTRIAL DRYING ........................................................................................................................................... 73 PAPER MACHINES ............................................................................................................................................... 73 TEXTILE DRYING CANS....................................................................................................................................... 75 ROTARY DRYERS ................................................................................................................................................. 75 CALENDARS AND IRONERS ................................................................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................
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