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Proceedings of the United States National Museum

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Proceedings of the United States National Museum A REVIEW OF THE COTTTD.E OR SCULPINS FOUND IN THE WATERS OF JAPAN. By David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin Starks, Of tlie Lelund tStanford Junior University. In the present paper is ^iven a review of the genera and species of fishes of the family of Cottida?, known in English as Sculpins, in Japanese as Kajika or Bero, found in the waters of Japan. The paper is based on the collections made in 1900 by Professors Jordan and Snyder and those made in the same year by the U. S. Fish Cora- mission steamer Alhatross. Series of the species mentioned are depos- ited in the United States National Museum and in the collections of Leland Stanford fFunior University. The accompanying illustrations are the work of Mrs. Chloe Lesley Starks. Capt. Charles Bradley Hudson, Mr. Kako Morita, Mr. Sekko Shimada, and Mr. Robert Logan Hudson. Family COTTlDiE. THE SCULPINS. Body moderately elongate, fusiform or compressed, tapering liack- ward from the head, which is usuall}' })road and depressed. Eyes placed high, the interocular space usuall}^ narrow; a bony staj' con- necting the suborbital with the preopercle, usually covered by the skin; upper angle of preopercle usually with 1 or more spinous pro- cesses, the head sometimes wholly unarmed. Teeth equal, in villi- form or cardiform bands on jaws, and often on vomer and palatines; premaxillaries protractile; maxillaiy without supplemental bone. Gills 3i or 4, slit behind the last small, often obsolete; gill rakers short, tubercle-like or obsolete; gill membranes broadly connected, often jointed to the istlnnus. Body naked, or variously ai'med with scales, prickles, or ])ony plates, but never uniformly scaled; lateral line present, simple, sometimes chain -like. Dorsal tins separate or somewhat connected, the spines, (5 to 18 in numl)er, usually slender, sometimes concealed in the skin, the soft part elongate; caudal fin separate, usually rounded, rarely forked; anal fin similar to the soft dorsal, without spines; pectoral fins large, with broad procurrent bases, the rays mostly simple, the upper sometimes branched; ventrals thoracic, rarely entirely wanting, the rays usually I, 3 to I, 5, their Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. XXVII— No. 1358. 231 232 PROCEEDINOS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvii. insertion well forward. PseudobranchifB present. Vertebrae numer- ous, 30 to 50. Scapular arch normal; myodome developed; actinosts large, partly intervening between coracoids; ribs sessile on the ver- tebrge. Pyloric caeca usually in small number {-^ to 8) ; air bladder com- monly wanting. Genera numerous, mostly of the rock pools and shores of northern regions; many species found in fresh waters; some of the salt-water species descending to great depths. Most of the species are of small size and singular aspect, and none is valued as food. The family is an extremely varied one, which can not readil}'^ be thrown into subordinate groups. Almost every species has an individuality of its own, and among the marine forms it is necessary to recognize almost as many genera as species. It is impossible to throw these small genera together into large groups. Of the various forms, probalily the American genus Jordania is nearest the primitive scaly stock, from which such forms as Zaniolepis and Oxylebius among the Ilexagramimd^d are also descended. Fresh-water degeneration is exemplified in Cottu^ and Uranidea and deep-water degeneration in Zesticelus^ Cottunculus^ and Psychrolutes. A. Ventral fins well developed, the rays I, 2 to I, 5. B. Spinous dorsal evident, not concealed in the flesh nor indistinguishable from soft part; head with spines or tubercles (except in rare cases), its bones not all hidden in lax skin. C. Pectoral fins without free rays below, and not coalescent. D. Ventral rays not I, 5; usually I, 3, sometimes I, 2 or I, 4. E. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, of less than 13 spines. F. Hemilepidotin^. Body definitely more or less scaly above, the scales sometimes arranged in bands or sometimes modified as bony jilates, these usually placed along lateral line or at base of dorsal (skin naked in Arfediellus). G. Last gill arch without slit behind it; gill membranes united, free from the isthmus. H. Vomer and palatines with teeth; ventral rays I, 2. /. Preopercular spine with 1 to 5 enlarged hooks or antler-like pro- cesses above, besides the two on its bifid or emarginate tip. /. Body with three series of bony plates, those of the upper and lower series strongly keeled Stlengis, 1. JJ. Body with a single row of rough plates along the side; head with conspicuous pores Schmidt ia, 2. II. Preopercular spine bifid or simple, without hooks or antler-like processes above. K. Vent .very close behind ventrals; supraoccipital cirrus very high; skin with small, rough plates Archistes, 3. KK. Vent well l)ehind ventrals ; supraorbital cirrus low or wanting. L. Upper preopercular sjiine forked; a simple flap above eye; body covered with rough scales above Daruma, 4. LL. Upper preopercular spine simple, more or less hooked at tip. M. Body covered above with small, rough plates, those on lateral line larger; preopercle with four spines; preoper- cular spine slightly hooked Ricuzenhts, 5. AOf. -Body entirely scaleless; preopercular spine strongly hooked Artediellus, 6. STARKH. 233 NO. 1358, JAPANESE SCULPINS-JORDAN AND JjLL. Upper preopercular spine simple or emarfiinate; 1)ack with a series of lar<ier plates along base of dorsal; sides with scattered scales; ])ody slender and elongate, ./re/1/.s, 7. sides with a series of ////. Vniiicr with teeth; palatines witli none; bony, keeled plates. N. Plates iin hea<l viu-y small; Ix'dy rather robust; pre- opcrcle with four spines, the uppermost hooked np- ^^yryy^\ Stdf/islrum, 8. aa. La.st Kill arcli with a <listinct slit behind it. folds; preoper- (), Sides of body witii obliiiue, serrated cular si)ines small, simple or bifid; gill membranes free from the isthnms; no palatine teeth. r. Caudal fin tnuu'ate or nearly so. Q. Back -with a series of bony tubercles along base of dorsal; breast naked, with cross folds of skin Trlglops, 9. Fl\ Caudal tin emarginate; body very slender; lower rays of pectoral produced; no bony plates along 10. Ijase of dorsal Prionistins, 00. Sides of body without oblique, serrated folds; no bony tubercles along dorsal fin; body very robust. E. Bac-k with one or two bands of large, rough scales; lateral line without bony shields; palatines with teeth; i)reopen'ular spine Ct. of S. Back aiid sides with two separate bands coarse, rough scales; ventrals moderate; spinous dorsal notched; gill openings '^- forming a broad fold across isthmus. * TIcmilepidotns, 11. SS. Body without scales, but with a l)and of coarse, bony plates along lateral line; gill membranes broadly united to the isthmus. T. Preopercular spine sim]>le, very strong. Enophrijs, 12. TT. Preopercular spine very long, armed above with recurved hooks. CeratoeotiHs, 13. with bony plates, the skin FF. Bodv not definitelv scaly nor armed bony armature along smooth or prickly or with scattered warts; no lateral line. warty or r. CoTTiN.K. Skin smooth or velvety, not evenly hispid w ith stiff prickles; head and body more or less depressed. united to V. Gill membranes broadly the isthmus, not forming a fold with across it; fresh-water species the head feeV)ly armed; palatine tei'th pn-sent, occasionally few or wanting altogether; no slit behind last gill arch. Proc. N. ^I. vol. xxvii—03- -It) 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvii. TT'. Pectoral fin with the lower rays simple. A'. Ventral rays I, 4; palatine teeth usually present. Y. Suborbital stay with a promi- nent ridge; head with dis- tinct ridges above; skin prickly; preopercular spine strongly hooked. TrdcJiidcrinns, 14. YY. Suborbital stay flat, without ridge; head rounded above. Cottu.s, 15. A'A^ Ventral rays I, 3; palatines mostly toothless. Uranidi'ii, 16. WW. Pectoral fin with the rays all branched; ventral rays I, 4. liheopreshe, 17. VV. Gill niendjranes free from the isthmus or else forming a Ijroad fold across it. Z. Palatines without teeth. a. Vomer with teeth. b. Dorsal spines simple, not fringed with tentacles; no tentacles on temporal region. r. Precpercle with three spines only, the uppermost straight, the third turned downward; skeleton well ossified; lateral line developed, with or without concealed plates. Lower jaw included; post temporal with one spine. Myoxocephalui>, 18. cc. PreoiJercle with three si)ines; lower jaw projecting; post temporal with a double spine 3IegaJocottus, 19. ccc. Preopercle with four spines; the lowermost turned downward. d. Nasal spines strong; bones of head firm; lower jaw included. e. Upper preopercular spine very long and straight; no slit behind fourth gill .1 inocottus, 20. ee. Upper preopercular spines curved. /. Ventral fins moderate, not reaching vent Porocoiius, 21. ff. Ventral fins very long; reaching past front of anal Argyrocotfus, 22. dd. Nasal spines obsolete; bones of head soft and spongy; lower jaw projecting; lateral line reduced to scattered pores; vomer Avith teeth; deep water sculpins, with feeble fins and reduced armature. g. PTppermost preopercular spine long and sharp; dorsals separated. Zesticelm, 23. gg. Uppermost preopercular spine short and concealed in the skin; dorsals continuous CoUunculus, 24. aa. Vomer and palatines toothless; upper preopercular spine stout, armed with antler-like processes; slit behind last gill small or vfajviin^. .Gymnocantlms, 25. bh. Dorsal spines each with a fringe of tentacles; ventral rays I, 3; a pair of mul- tifid flaps behind orbit Crossias, 26. ZZ. Palatines as well as vomer with teeth; gill mem- branes free from the isthmus; last gill slit small or wanting. NO. 13.58. JAPANESE SCULPINS—JORDAN AND STARKS. 235 }i. Ventral rays I, 3 (allies of OtifjoroUuK).
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