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Optimisation of Common Snook Centropomus Undecimalis Broodstock Management

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Optimisation of Common Snook Centropomus Undecimalis Broodstock Management Optimisation of common snook Centropomus undecimalis broodstock management NICOLE RENEE RHODY May 2014 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING I Nicole Rhody DECLARATION This thesis has been composed in its entirety by the candidate. Except where specifically acknowledged, the work described in this thesis has been conducted independently and has not been submitted for any other degree. CANDIDATE NAME: .............................................................. SIGNATURE: ............................................................... DATE: ................................................................ SUPERVISOR NAME: ............................................................... SIGNATURE: ................................................................ DATE: ................................................................ II Nicole Rhody ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my principle supervisor, Dr. Hervé Migaud, for his constant support, direction and encouragement throughout this venture. I am particularly grateful for the guidance, scientific prospective and constructive criticism you provided along the way. To Dr. Kevan Main, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for her unwavering commitment to helping me on both a personal and professional level to accomplish the work presented in this dissertation. I would also like to convey my appreciation to Drs. Andrew Davie, John Taggart, Harry Grier, Nilli Zmora and Cecilia Puchulutegui for their instruction and seemingly endless patience in the laboratory. I thank you all for the countless hours you spent sharing your knowledge and expertise, as well as the time you dedicated to improving each manuscript. Special thanks go to my friends, colleagues and fellow “summer campers” at Mote Marine Laboratory in particular, Dr. Nathan Brennan, Paula Caldentey, Carole Neidig, Michael Nystrom, Matthew Resley and Dr. Carlos Yanes-Roca. All your help and valuable input is what made this work a success. To Holly Rolls, Marion Hauville and Catherine Hayslip, I want to thank each of you for your assistance with field collections and willingness to share your samples and perspectives on snook research. Additionally, I would like to thank Drs. Janina Costa, Matthew Sprague, Monica Betancor, Eric Leclercq and Sara Picòn-Camacho, not only for their friendship, but for giving me a place to stay during my time in Stirling. Thanks to your kindness and hospitality I always felt I had a “home away from home”. Last but not least, I want to give a special thank you to Paul West. Although many people encouraged me throughout this work, you were there from the beginning constantly cheering me on all the way to the finish line and for that I will always be grateful. III Nicole Rhody TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ………………………………………………………………..........................I Declaration ………………………………………………………………......................II Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………III Table of Contents………………………………………………………………............IV List of Species Names………………………………………………………………...VII Abbreviations…….…………………………………………………………….............IX Abstract…………….………………………………………………………………...XIII CHAPTER 1. General Introduction ...........................................................................1 1. 1. Overview of common snook life history and relevance to aquaculture..................2 1.1.1. Geographic distribution and biology………….........................................2 1.1.2. Economic importance and brief history of management in Florida..........5 1.1.3. Aquaculture prospects: current situation and challenges………………..8 1.2. Gametogenesis in fish …………............................................................................11 1.2.1. Nomenclature…………………………………………………………...11 1.2.2. Female gonadal development in teleosts (oogenesis)…………………..12 1.2.3. Patterns of ovarian development in teleosts……………………………17 1.2.4. Male gonadal development in teleosts (spermatogenesis)……………...18 1.3. Neuroendocrine control of reproduction……………………………………….....21 1.3.1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH…………………………….....23 1.3.2. Pituitary gonadotropins………………………………………………....25 1.3.3. Sex steroids and the control of gametogenesis…………………….........27 1.4. Environmental regulation of reproduction………………………………………..29 1.4.1. Photoperiod……………………………………………………………..30 1.4.2. Temperature……………………………………………………………..31 1.4.3. Lunar periodicity………………………………………………………...31 1.5. Hormonal manipulation of oocyte maturation and spermiation…………………..33 1.6. Experimental aims………………………………………………………………...37 IV Nicole Rhody CHAPTER 2. Assessing reproductive condition in captive and wild common snook stocks: A comparison between the wet mount technique and histological preparations..................................................................................................................39 Abstract ..............................................................................................................40 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................41 2. Materials and methods ...................................................................................43 3. Results ............................................................................................................46 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................58 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................61 CHAPTER 3. Spawning performance and endocrine profiles of captive common snook Centropomus undecimalis broodstock treated with different sustained release GnRHa-delivery systems………………………………...…………………..62 Abstract ..............................................................................................................63 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................64 2. Materials and methods ...................................................................................67 3. Results ............................................................................................................79 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................90 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................94 CHAPTER 4. Parental contribution and spawning performance in captive common snook Centropomus undecimalis broodstock…………………………….95 Abstract .............................................................................................................96 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................98 2. Materials and methods .................................................................................101 3. Results ..........................................................................................................109 4. Discussion ....................................................................................................124 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................128 V Nicole Rhody CHAPTER 5. Influence of tidal cycles on the endocrine control of reproductive activity in common snook (Centropomus undecimalis.............................................130 Abstract ...........................................................................................................131 1. Introduction .................................................................................................133 2. Materials and methods ................................................................................ 136 3. Results ..........................................................................................................146 4. Discussion ....................................................................................................166 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................171 CHAPTER 6. Embryonic and early larval development in hatchery-reared common snook.............................................................................................................172 Abstract ............................................................................................................173 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................174 2. Materials and methods .................................................................................176 3. Results .........................................................................................................180 4. Discussion ...................................................................................................198 Acknowledgements .........................................................................................205 CHAPTER 7. Summary of findings…….................................................................206 CHAPTER 8. General discussion…………………………………………………210 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................220 PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCES..............................................................267 VI Nicole Rhody LIST OF SPECIES Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus
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