Lecture 6 Outline: the Birth of Polyphony

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Lecture 6 Outline: the Birth of Polyphony

21M.220 Fall 2010 Class #6 TROUBADOURS, CONTINUED: EARLY POLYPHONY THROUGH TO LEONIN 1. Sext 2. Peter Munstedt, Librarian of the Lewis Music Library, Introduction 3. Troubadours and Trouvères a. Part of the Medieval tradition of fin amours (or fin’amors) : refined love or courtly love i. This is the Middle Ages of popular imagination: chivalry, jousting, feasts, minstrels, unrequited love. ii. Poetry has endless variations on the theme of love from a lower/middle class man (or even a knight) for “the lady” – usually the wife of the Lord; often told in a poet’s vida (stylized biography) iii. Less often, but not rarely: unrequited love of a lower/middle class woman (trobaritz or trobairitz) for a nobleman. iv. First important major literary collections in the vernacular v. All were probably sung, but not all survive with melodies. Only 10% of troubadour songs have surviving melodies (and sadly, exactly one by a trobaritz) and 2/3 of the (later) trouvère songs. b. Rhythm and Secular Music i. Rule #1: Don’t go there! c. Instruments and Secular Music i. Rule #1: Don’t go there! ii. Rule #2: Try a drone iii. Rule #3: Some random notes plucked on a harp or a lute between verses sound good. 4. Three troubadour pieces: a. Bernart de Ventadorn, Can vei la lauzeta mover. (c. 1160–70; troubadour) b. Beatriz de Dia, A chantar m’er (c. 1175—the only surviving trobaritz melody) c. Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Kalenda Maya (borrowed “estampida”) 5. Other traditions a. Italy: extension of the troubadours b. Germany: Minnesinger (creators of Minnesang) c. Spain: cantigas 6. Early Polyphony 7. Theoretical sources and prehistory a. Musica enchiriadis (Music Handbook) c. 890: teaches improvised polyphony on the spot i. Sing a new voice (vox organalis) in parallel below the chant (vox principalis) at the fourth (or perhaps the fifth) ii. Either of the voices, organalis or principalis, may be doubled an octave up. For Thursday: Paper Due MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 21M.220 Early Music Fall 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Romance and Writing: Interpreting the Lyric Domnas of Occitania
Trends in Historiography Romance and Writing: Interpreting the Lyric Domnas of Occitania by Aubri E. Thurmond “I’ll ask you this: when a lady freely loves a man, should she do as much for him as he for her, according to the rules of courtly love?”1 These words are attributed to Maria de Ventadorn, a woman composing in the lyric tradition of the troubadours. From 1100-1300 A.D., Occitania (Southern France) produced over 400 troubadours whose poetry shaped the concepts of romantic love in the West. Their poems, written in langue d’oc, were expressions of fin’ amor, or courtly love.2 According to Paul Zumthor, “Fin’ amor strives toward a desired but unnamed good, bestowable only by a lady, herself identified only by an emblematic pseudonym: a dialogue without reply, pure song, turning into poetry the movements of a heart contemplating an object whose importance as such is minimal.”3 The troubadour was symbolically dependent on the favor of his lady, therefore seemingly giving her power and humbling himself.4 Fin ‘amor was the source of all courtly values.5 However, there were also women troubadours, called trobairitz, in Southern France. The name trobairitz comes from the root trobar, meaning to compose and the feminine suffix –airitz, literally meaning “a woman who composes.”6 The female troubadours did not refer to themselves as trobairitz. In fact, the term trobairitz is only found once in 13th century literature: in the romance Flamenca, when the heroine calls her maid 1 As quoted in Meg Bogin, The Women Troubadours (Scarborough, England: Paddington Press Ltd., 1976), 99.
[Show full text]
A Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Troubadours and Old Occitan Literature
A Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Troubadours and Old Occitan Literature Robert A. Taylor RESEARCH IN MEDIEVAL CULTURE Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Troubadours and Old Occitan Literature Medieval Institute Publications is a program of The Medieval Institute, College of Arts and Sciences Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Troubadours and Old Occitan Literature Robert A. Taylor MEDIEVAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS Western Michigan University Kalamazoo Copyright © 2015 by the Board of Trustees of Western Michigan University All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Taylor, Robert A. (Robert Allen), 1937- Bibliographical guide to the study of the troubadours and old Occitan literature / Robert A. Taylor. pages cm Includes index. Summary: "This volume provides offers an annotated listing of over two thousand recent books and articles that treat all categories of Occitan literature from the earli- est enigmatic texts to the works of Jordi de Sant Jordi, an Occitano-Catalan poet who died young in 1424. The works chosen for inclusion are intended to provide a rational introduction to the many thousands of studies that have appeared over the last thirty-five years. The listings provide descriptive comments about each contri- bution, with occasional remarks on striking or controversial content and numerous cross-references to identify complementary studies or differing opinions" -- Pro- vided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-58044-207-7 (Paperback : alk. paper) 1. Provençal literature--Bibliography. 2. Occitan literature--Bibliography. 3. Troubadours--Bibliography. 4. Civilization, Medieval, in literature--Bibliography.
[Show full text]
Rest, Sweet Nymphs: Pastoral Origins of the English Madrigal Danielle Van Oort [email protected]
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2016 Rest, Sweet Nymphs: Pastoral Origins of the English Madrigal Danielle Van Oort [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Music Commons Recommended Citation Van Oort, Danielle, "Rest, Sweet Nymphs: Pastoral Origins of the English Madrigal" (2016). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 1016. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. REST, SWEET NYMPHS: PASTORAL ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH MADRIGAL A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Music Music History and Literature by Danielle Van Oort Approved by Dr. Vicki Stroeher, Committee Chairperson Dr. Ann Bingham Dr. Terry Dean, Indiana State University Marshall University May 2016 APPROVAL OF THESIS We, the faculty supervising the work of Danielle Van Oort, affirm that the thesis, Rest Sweet Nymphs: Pastoral Origins of the English Madrigal, meets the high academic standards for original scholarship and creative work established by the School of Music and Theatre and the College of Arts and Media. This work also conforms to the editorial standards of our discipline and the Graduate College of Marshall University. With our signatures, we approve the manuscript for publication. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express appreciation and gratitude to the faculty and staff of Marshall University’s School of Music and Theatre for their continued support.
[Show full text]
IMAGES of WOMEN in the TROBAIRITZ1 POETRY (Vocabulary and Imagery)
Olaru Laura Emanuela IMAGES OF WOMEN IN THE TROBAIRITZ1 POETRY (Vocabulary and Imagery) M. A. Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection The Central European University Budapest June 1998 I, the undersigned, Laura Emanuela OLARU, candidate for the M. A. degree in Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person's or institution's copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 15 June 1998 Signature CEU eTD Collection Images of Women in the Trobairitz Poetry (Vocabulary and Imagery) by Laura Emanuela Olaru (Romania) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU Chair, Exarffination Comittee External Examiner /\/ Examiffgp/^''^ Budapest June 1998 CEU eTD Collection Images of Women in the Trobairitz' Poetry (Vocabulary and Imagery) ABSTRACT The present study has focused on the poetry of the trobairitz, who wrote during 1180-1260 in Occitania, in the environment of the court. Its purpose is to extract the images of women as depicted in and through the vocabulary and the imagery. The study of vocabulary and imagery seemed the best way to understand the significance and the richness of the types of women depicted in the poems: the conscious woman, the authoritative figure, the fighter, the lover, the beloved, the uncourtly woman.
[Show full text]
Bernart De Ventadorn [De Ventador, Del Ventadorn, De Ventedorn] (B
Bernart de Ventadorn [de Ventador, del Ventadorn, de Ventedorn] (b Ventadorn, ?c1130–40; d ?Dordogne, c1190–1200). Troubadour. He is widely regarded today as perhaps the finest of the troubadour poets and probably the most important musically. His vida, which contains many purely conventional elements, states that he was born in the castle of Ventadorn in the province of Limousin, and was in the service of the Viscount of Ventadorn. In Lo temps vai e ven e vire (PC 70.30, which survives without music), he mentioned ‘the school of Eble’ (‘l'escola n'Eblo’) – apparently a reference to Eble II, Viscount of Ventadorn from 1106 to some time after 1147. It is uncertain, however, whether this reference is to Eble II or his son and successor Eble III; both were known as patrons of many troubadours, and Eble II was himself a poet, although apparently none of his works has survived. The reference is thought to indicate the existence of two competing schools of poetic composition among the early troubadours, with Eble II as the head and patron of the school that upheld the more idealistic view of courtly love against the propagators of the trobar clos or difficult and dark style. Bernart, according to this hypothesis, became the principal representative of this idealist school among the second generation of troubadours. The popular story of Bernart's humble origins stems also from his vida and from a satirical poem by his slightly younger contemporary Peire d'Alvernhe. The vida states that his father was either a servant, a baker or a foot soldier (in Peire's version, a ‘worthy wielder of the laburnum bow’), and his mother either a servant or a baker (Peire: ‘she fired the oven and gathered twigs’).
[Show full text]
Mouvance and Authorship in Heinrich Von Morungen
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Songs of the Self: Authorship and Mastery in Minnesang Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87n0t2tm Author Fockele, Kenneth Elswick Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Songs of the Self: Authorship and Mastery in Minnesang by Kenneth Elswick Fockele A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German and Medieval Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Niklaus Largier, chair Professor Elaine Tennant Professor Frank Bezner Fall 2016 Songs of the Self: Authorship and Mastery in Minnesang © 2016 by Kenneth Elswick Fockele Abstract Songs of the Self: Authorship and Mastery in Minnesang by Kenneth Elswick Fockele Doctor of Philosophy in German and Medieval Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Niklaus Largier, Chair Despite the centrality of medieval courtly love lyric, or Minnesang, to the canon of German literature, its interpretation has been shaped in large degree by what is not known about it—that is, the lack of information about its authors. This has led on the one hand to functional approaches that treat the authors as a class subject to sociological analysis, and on the other to approaches that emphasize the fictionality of Minnesang as a form of role- playing in which genre conventions supersede individual contributions. I argue that the men who composed and performed these songs at court were, in fact, using them to create and curate individual profiles for themselves.
[Show full text]
Compositeur Naissance Décès Période Notker Balbulus C
Compositeur Naissance Décès Période Notker Balbulus c. 840 912 Médiévale Odo of Cluny c. 878 942 Médiévale Guido da Arezzo c. 991 c. 1033 Médiévale Hermann of Reichenau 1013 1054 Médiévale Guillaume d'Aquitaine 1071 1126 Médiévale Petrus Abaelardus 1079 1142 Médiévale Hildegard von Bingen 1098 1179 Médiévale Bernart de Ventadorn c. 1130 a. 1230 Médiévale Léonin 1135 1201 Médiévale Pérotin 1160 1225 Médiévale Philippe le Chancelier c. 1160 1236 Médiévale Pierre de Molins 1170 c. 1220 Médiévale Walther von der Vogelwide c. 1170 c. 1230 Médiévale Alfonso el Sabio 1221 1284 Médiévale Adam de la Halle c. 1235 1288 Médiévale Petrus de Cruce c. 1260 a. 1302 Médiévale Philippe de Vitry 1291 1361 Médiévale Guillaume de Machaut c. 1300 1377 Médiévale Francesco Landini c. 1325 1397 Médiévale Johannes Ciconia c. 1335 1412 Médiévale/Renaissance Jacopo da Bologna Bologna c. 1340 c. 1386 Médiévale Zacara da Teramo c. 1350 c. 1413 Médiévale/Renaissance Leonel Power c. 1370 1445 Médiévale/Renaissance Oswald von Wolkenstein c. 1376 1445 Médiévale/Renaissance John Dunstaple c. 1390 1453 Renaissance Guillaume Dufay 1397 1474 Renaissance Gilles Binchois c. 1400 1460 Renaissance Johannes Ockeghem c. 1410 1497 Renaissance Gilles Joye c. 1424 1483 Renaissance Antoine Busnois c. 1430 1492 Renaissance Alexander Agricola c. 1446 1506 Renaissance Heinrich Isaac c. 1450 1517 Renaissance Loyset Compère c. 1450 1518 Renaissance Josquin des Prez c. 1450 1521 Renaissance Jacob Obrecht c. 1457 1505 Renaissance Jean Mouton c. 1459 1522 Renaissance Antoine Brumel c. 1460 c. 1513 Renaissance Pierre de la Rue c. 1460 1518 Renaissance Robert Fayrfax 1464 1521 Renaissance William Cornysh 1465 1523 Renaissance Francisco de Penalosa c.
[Show full text]
Bernard De Ventadorn - Poems
Classic Poetry Series Bernard de Ventadorn - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Bernard de Ventadorn(1150 - 1195) Bernart de Ventadorn also known as Bernard de Ventadour or Bernat del Ventadorn, was a prominent troubador of the classical age of troubadour poetry. Now thought of as "the Master Singer" he developed the cançons into a more formalized style which allowed for sudden turns. He is remembered for his mastery as well as popularisation of the trobar leu style, and for his prolific cançons, which helped define the genre and establish the "classical" form of courtly love poetry, to be imitated and reproduced throughout the remaining century and a half of troubadour activity. Bernart was known for being able to portray his woman as a divine agent in one moment and then in a sudden twist, portraying her as Eve, the cause of man's initial sin. This dichotomy in his work is portrayed in a "graceful, witty, and polished" medium. <b>Life</b> According to the troubadour Uc de Saint Circ, Bernart was possibly the son of a baker at the castle of Ventadour (Ventadorn), in today's Corrèze(France). Yet another source, a satirical poem written by a younger contemporary, Peire d'Alvernha, indicates that he was the son of either a servant, a soldier, or a baker, and his mother was also either a servant or a baker. From evidence given in Bernart's early poem Lo temps vai e ven e vire, he most likely learned the art of singing and writing from his protector, viscount Eble III of Ventadorn.
[Show full text]
Troubadours NEW GROVE
Troubadours, trouvères. Lyric poets or poet-musicians of France in the 12th and 13th centuries. It is customary to describe as troubadours those poets who worked in the south of France and wrote in Provençal, the langue d’oc , whereas the trouvères worked in the north of France and wrote in French, the langue d’oil . I. Troubadour poetry 1. Introduction. The troubadours were the earliest and most significant exponents of the arts of music and poetry in medieval Western vernacular culture. Their influence spread throughout the Middle Ages and beyond into French (the trouvères, see §II below), German, Italian, Spanish, English and other European languages. The first centre of troubadour song seems to have been Poitiers, but the main area extended from the Atlantic coast south of Bordeaux in the west, to the Alps bordering on Italy in the east. There were also ‘schools’ of troubadours in northern Italy itself and in Catalonia. Their influence, of course, spread much more widely. Pillet and Carstens (1933) named 460 troubadours; about 2600 of their poems survive, with melodies for roughly one in ten. The principal troubadours include AIMERIC DE PEGUILHAN ( c1190–c1221), ARNAUT DANIEL ( fl c1180–95), ARNAUT DE MAREUIL ( fl c1195), BERNART DE VENTADORN ( fl c1147–70), BERTRAN DE BORN ( fl c1159–95; d 1215), Cerveri de Girona ( fl c1259–85), FOLQUET DE MARSEILLE ( fl c1178–95; d 1231), GAUCELM FAIDIT ( fl c1172–1203), GUILLAUME IX , Duke of Aquitaine (1071–1126), GIRAUT DE BORNELH ( fl c1162–99), GUIRAUT RIQUIER ( fl c1254–92), JAUFRE RUDEL ( fl c1125–48), MARCABRU ( fl c1130–49), PEIRE D ’ALVERNHE ( fl c1149–68; d 1215), PEIRE CARDENAL ( fl c1205–72), PEIRE VIDAL ( fl c1183–c1204), PEIROL ( c1188–c1222), RAIMBAUT D ’AURENGA ( c1147–73), RAIMBAUT DE VAQEIRAS ( fl c1180–1205), RAIMON DE MIRAVAL ( fl c1191–c1229) and Sordello ( fl c1220–69; d 1269).
[Show full text]
Levitsky Dissertation
The Song from the Singer: Personification, Embodiment, and Anthropomorphization in Troubadour Lyric Anne Levitsky Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Anne Levitsky All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Song from the Singer: Personification, Embodiment, and Anthropomorphization in Troubadour Lyric Anne Levitsky This dissertation explores the relationship of the act of singing to being a human in the lyric poetry of the troubadours, traveling poet-musicians who frequented the courts of contemporary southern France in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. In my dissertation, I demonstrate that the troubadours surpass traditionally-held perceptions of their corpus as one entirely engaged with themes of courtly romance and society, and argue that their lyric poetry instead both displays the influence of philosophical conceptions of sound, and critiques notions of personhood and sexuality privileged by grammarians, philosophers, and theologians. I examine a poetic device within troubadour songs that I term ‘personified song’—an occurrence in the lyric tradition where a performer turns toward the song he/she is about to finish singing and directly addresses it. This act lends the song the human capabilities of speech, motion, and agency. It is through the lens of the ‘personified song’ that I analyze this understudied facet of troubadour song. Chapter One argues that the location of personification in the poetic text interacts with the song’s melodic structure to affect the type of personification the song undergoes, while exploring the ways in which singing facilitates the creation of a body for the song.
[Show full text]
Programació a La Ciutat De
Programació a la ciutat de OCTUBRE NOVEMBRE DESEMBRE 2019 FRONTERA, MARÍA PAGÉS I EL ARBI EL HARTI VICENT MARZÀ I IBÁÑEZ CONSELLER D’EDUCACIÓ, CULTURA I ESPort Benvolgudes amigues, benvolguts amics, Tornem a les rutines després de l’impàs estiuenc. Tor- nem, i ho fem amb ganes, perquè la tardor a Castelló es presenta pleníssima de plans culturals interessants i gustosos, en general i per suposat també als espais de l’Institut Valencià de Cultura a la ciutat. Al Teatre Principal podrem gaudir de produccions teatrals com “Una Ilíada”, “Lapònia” o “Viejo amigo Cicerón”, especta- cles musicals com el “Cant espiritual” de Carles Dénia o “Les Corts de l’amor”, de Mara Aranda. A l’Auditori, la programació tornarà a recollir el bo i millor del pa- norama simfònic europeu, sense deixar de banda els cicles de jazz i noves músiques i totes les activitats pensades per a les famílies. Mentrestant, a l’Espai d’Art Contemporani i al Museu de Belles Arts, les ex- posicions conviuran amb els tallers i programacions didàctiques per oferir experiències enriquidores a tots tipus de públics. A més, la segona edició dels premis de les arts escè- niques, de l’audiovisual i de la música, amb gal·les de lliurament de guardons repartides per tota la nostra geografia, tornaran a ser una celebració de l’excel·lent treball fet per la indústria cultural valenciana. La gala dels Premis Valencians de l’Audiovisual tindrà lloc el 22 de novembre a l’Auditori de Castelló. Ens ve un inici de temporada intens, no vos el perdeu! Programació a la ciutat de OCTUBRE | NOVEMBRE | DESEMBRE | 2019 Teatre Principal AUDITORI I PALAU TEATRE DE CONGRESSOS DANSA MÚSICA CLÀSSICA MÚSICA AUDITORI JAZZ CLUB OPERÀ TERRITORI CS FAMILIAR UN MÓN DE MÚSIQUES Organitza FAMILIAR PLAÇA DE LA PAU, S/N.
[Show full text]
Indici 1971|2001
I.S.S.N. 0391-5654 . 1-2 fasc Rivista di Filologia Romanza fondata da Giulio Bertoni ANNO LXVIII - 2008 - FASC. 1-2 . LXVIII - 2008 Direzione ROBERTO CRESPO ANNA FERRARI savERIO GUIDA VOL - Comitato scientifico INA CARLOS ALVAR ELSA GONÇALVES Université de Genève Universidade Clássica de Lisboa T Svizzera Portogallo GÉRARD GOUIRAN ULRICH MÖLK OLA Université de Montpellier Universität Göttingen Francia Germania E N ASCARI M. MUNDÓ WOLF-DIETER STEMPEL Institut d’Estudis Catalans Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften A Barcelona, Spagna München, Germania GIUSEPPE Tavani MADELEINE TYSSENS Università “La Sapienza” Université de Liège TUR Roma, Italia Belgio L FRANÇOISE VIELLIARD FRANÇOIS ZUFFEREY U École Nationale des Chartes Université de Lausanne C Paris, Francia Svizzera MUCCHI EDITORE Poste italiane s.p.a. - Sped. Abbon. Postale - D.L. 353/2003 (conv. in L. 27/02/2004 N. 46) art. 1, comma 1, DBC, Modena CPO CULTURA NEOLATINA Rivista di Filologia Romanza fondata da Giulio Bertoni ANNO LXVIII - 2008 - FASC. 1-2 Direzione ROBERTO CRESPO ANNA FERRARI SAVERIO GUIDA Comitato scientifico CARLOS ALVAR ELSA GONÇALVES Université de Genève Universidade Clássica de Lisboa Svizzera Portogallo GÉRARD GOUIRAN ULRICH MÖLK Université de Montpellier Universität Göttingen Francia Germania ASCARI M. MUNDÓ WOLF-DIETER STEMPEL Institut d’Estudis Catalans Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Barcelona, Spagna München, Germania GIUSEPPE TAVANI MADELEINE TYssENS Università “La Sapienza” Université de Liège Roma, Italia Belgio FRANÇOISE VIELLIARD FRANÇOIS ZUffEREY École Nationale des Chartes Université de Lausanne Paris, Francia Svizzera MUCCHI EdITORE CULTURA NEOLATINA DIREZIONE: Roberto Crespo Anna Ferrari Saverio Guida COMITATO DI REDAZIONE: Patrizia Botta Maria Careri (responsabile) Anna Radaelli Adriana Solimena INDICI XXXI (1971) – XLI (2001) a cura di Danilo SROUR Facendo seguito agli Indici degli anni I-XXX (1941-1970), a cura di Sandro Ma- riani («Cultura Neolatina», XXXVII, 1976, fasc.
[Show full text]