THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF HOMEOPATHY, 1847, VOL. 5 (CLASSIC REPRINT) PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

J J Drysdale | 566 pages | 23 May 2017 | Forgotten Books | 9780282016555 | English | none A Chronology of Homoeopathy in the Hudson Valley | Brian Altonen, MPH, MS

Homeopathic prophylaxis of headaches and migraine? A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Management ; 18 5 Stevinson C, Ernst E. Am J Obstet Gynecol Jul; 1 : A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy. Br J Clin Pharmacol ; 54 6 : Effect of homeopathic medicines on daily burden of symptoms in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Br Med J ; Use of ultramolecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Fingerhut A. Homeopathy for the restoration of transit after abdominal surgery. Chirurgie ; Individualised homeopathy as an adjunct in the treatment of childhood asthma: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax ; 58 4 : Homeopathic treatment of plantar warts. Can Med Assoc J ; Homeopathic versus placebo therapy of children with warts on the hands: a randomized double-blind clinical trial Dermatol ; 4 : A double-blind, controlled clinical trial of homeopathy and analysis of lunar phases and postoperative outcome. Arch Dermatol Nov; 11 Effect of homoeopathy on pain and other events after acute trauma: placebo controlled trial with bilateral oral surgery. Br Med J ; : Double-blind, placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of homoeopathic arnica C30 for pain and infection after total abdominal hysterectomy. J Royal Soc Med ; 90 2 Homeopathy for delayed onset of muscle soreness: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Br J Sports Med ; Homeopathic Arnica 30x is ineffective for muscle soreness after long-distance running: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Clin J Pain ; 14 3 : Osteoarthritic pain: a comparison of homeopathy and acetaminophen. Am J Pain Management ; Homeopathic management of adenoid vegetations, results of a prospective, randomized double-blind study. HNO ; Double-blind randomized placebo controlled study of homeopathic treatment of chronic headaches. Cephalgia ; Classical homeopathic treatment of chronic headaches. Cephalgia ; 17 2 The long-term effects of homeopathic treatment of chronic headaches: 1 year follow up. Cephalgia ; 20 9 Homeopathic treatment of migraine: a double blind, placebo controlled trial of 68 patients. Br Homeopath J Jan; 89 1 Use of homeopathy in the treatment of tinnitus. Br J Audiol ; 32 4 A randomized comparison of homeopathic and standard care for the treatment of glue ear in children. Complement Ther Med ; 7 3 Health Technol Assess ; 4 37 A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of homeopathy in rheumatoid arthritis Scand J Rheumatol ; 20 3 Rheumatol Sept; 40 9 Homeopathic Arnica in postoperative haematomas: a double-blind study. Dermatol ; 4 : Homeopathic arnica for prevention of pain and bruising: randomised placebo-controlled trial in hand surgery. J R Soc Med ; 96 2 : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of classical homeopathy in generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry ; 64 3 : Wallach H. Does a highly diluted homeopathic drug act as a placebo in health volunteers? J Psychosom Res ; 37 8 : The effects of homeopathic Belladonna 30CH in healthy volunteers: a randomized double-blind experiment. J Psychosom Res ; 50 3 J R Soc Med Nov; 91 11 Campbell A. Can homeopathically prepared mercury cause symptoms in healthy volunteers? J Altern Complement Med Apr; 7 2 Grabia S, Ernst E. Homeopathic aggravations: a systematic review of randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Homeopathy ; 92 2 Homeopathy and science: a closer look. Treatment of acute childhood diarrhea with homeopathic medicine: a randomized clinical trial in Nicaragua. Pediatrics ; 93 5 Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series. Br Med J ; Aug ; Sampson W, London W. Analysis of homeopathic treatment of childhood diarrhea. Pediatrics ; 96 5 : Raso J. Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet ; Linde K, Jonas WB. Meta-analysis of homoeopathy trials. Clinical trials of homoeopathy. Br Med J ; Feb 9; : Effect of homoeopathic treatment on fibrositis Br Med J ; Coulquhoun D. Re-analysis of clinical trial of homoeopathic treatment of fibrositis. Wall PD. Trials of homoeopathy. Br Med J ; 2 Kahn MF. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis. Are highly dilute homeopathic remedies placebos? Perfusion ; Impact of study quality on outcome in placebo-controlled trials of homeopathy. J Clin Epidemiol ; 52 7 Re-analysis of previous meta-analysis of clinical trials of homeopathy. J Clin Epidemiol Nov; 53 11 Evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy. A meta-analysis of clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol ; 56 1 Homeopathy for post-operative ileus? A meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroentherol ; 25 4 : Alternative Therapy Bias. Nature ; J Clin Epidemiol ; 53 5 : The methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of homeopathy, herbal medicines and acupuncture. Int J Epidemiol Jun; 30 3 Langman MJS. Homeopathy trials: reason for good ones but are they warranted? Lancet ; 20 : Wagner MW. Is homeopathy "new science" or "new age"? The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine ; 1 1 : Kerr H, Saryan L. Arsenic content of homeopathic medicines. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol ; 24 5 : Morice A. Adulterated homeopathic cure for asthma. Lancet ; 12 1 Misuse of corticosteroids in some of the drugs dispensed as preparations from alternative systems of medicine in India. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf Dec; 9 7 Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE. High dilution experiments a delusion. Nature ; : Inhibition of human basophil degranulation by successive histamine dilutions: results of a European multi-centre trial. Inflamm Res Apr; 48 Suppl 1:S Introductory Statistics Fourth Edition , p. Seagrave JC. Evidence of non-reproducibility. Metzger H, Dreskin SC. Only the smile is left. Mechanical agitation of very dilute antiserum against IgE has no effect on basophil staining properties. Experientia ; Human basophil degranulation is not triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE. The effect of high diluted agitated thyroxine on the climbing activity of frogs. Vet Hum Toxicol ; 36 1 Vet Hum Toxicol ; 37 3 Betz W - Homeopathy logic and tactics. Park RL - Alternative medicine and the laws of physics. Skeptical Inquirer ; 21 5 : Vickers AJ - Independent replication of pre-clinical research in homeopathy: a systematic review. Forsch Komplementarmed Dec; 6 6 Frederick Jacob Rummel was born April 26, and died October 10, In , after seven years, of Allopathic practice, he adopted Homoeopathy and joined the Provers' Society. In , while co editor of the Allgemeine Hom. Zeitung , he removed to Magdeburg , and there worked unceasingly for the recognition of Homoeopathy by the government. He was particularly assisted in and by the fact that the Prussian physicians were under milder legal restrictions and were allowed to dispense Homoeopathic medicines. By his efforts Hahnemann's monument was erected at Leipsic in and he was also the originator of the " Hahnemann Fund "which is controlled by the Central Society , and out of which prizes are awarded for the - best essays on certain subjects prepared by the members of the society. In Rummel practised the old system of medicine at Merseberg , near Stapf , and such of his patients as were not cured went to seek aid from the celebrated Homoeopathist of Naumburg , from whom many obtained the aid that the old method had failed to give. Rummel , excellent man, of great honesty, of true heart and lofty intellect, waited upon Stapf to study his system of medication ; he only yielded step by step to the clinical results, and in his legitimate doubt evidenced the same tenacity that had characterized the blind resistance of others. I cannot refrain from quoting here that which he wrote a little time after he commenced to practice the new system. To physicians who, like him, abandoned their ordinary methods of practice, it will be of interest :. Very often I was surprised by my remarkable success in the treatment of old chronic cases ; often I could only relieve or palliate them ; sometimes also I was obliged to return to Allopathic measures lest my patients grow weary of my futile attempts. This last event satisfied the that I knew but little of the resources of my new method. I became convinced that this system of healing was more direct and more speedy than Allopathy ; still there are, I thought, a great class of maladies, the nervous for example, that do not yield to its powers. Rummel gives then the various diseases where he found Homoeopathy most useful. Rummel , however, soon became an active and faithful follower of Hahnemann. Rapou continues :. Ten years after his entrance into Homoeopathy, Rummel was called to Magdeburg , where he settled ; there an action was brought against him for dispensing remedies, a suit that caused some comment. He defended with energy that which he considered the right of all Homoeopathists, and a condition of the existence of our school. He gained the suit and was happy to furnish so favorable a precedent to those of his confreres who were less active in taking the matter before the courts. Rummel was now less intimate with Stapf , his ancient master but lead for some time been associated with Gross and Hartmann in founding a weekly Homoeopathic journal, the Allegemeine homoopathische Zeitung , a journal devoted to facts and shunning polemics, so perpetually in our school in the last dozen years. Rummel , who is of a very conciliating temperament, and who readily yields accessory points to those who accept fundamental truths, was, at the time of my second journey, the object of a particular proselytism ; he lead been induced by argument to make concessions that his experience did not warrant. The partisans of exact Homoeopathy already mourned the loss of one of their best defenders. Rummel wrote letter after letter in the Allegemeine Zeitung in response to Greisselich , where he clearly expressed his opinions in regard to the new method, and declined all communication with the partisans of the pretended specific reform. Rummel employed the high dilutions. On my last journey I visited him at Magdeburg. I found him suffering with deafness, but he understood the aim of my visit and kept me and talked to me for three hours on practical subjects of interest. He was at this time considered in Germany to be the representative of sound Homoeopathic doctrine. He is of the number of Homoeopathic physicians who have examined dilutions under the microscope and found visible molecules of the diluted substance. His confreres doubting this observation he bade me send to Kallenbach for examination two preparations of the Arrived at Berlin I took them to the microscopists. Rapou then gives a very interesting- account of these early microscopic trials of Homoeopathic dilutions. Rummel as is well known was one of the first to rush into the lists and to deny most emphatically that Hahnemann considered the " Organon " the sum total of all the medical sciences and declared superfluous all other studies. He maintained that a thorough and intimate knowledge of all the various branches and studies taught by the Allopaths was absolutely necessary to fit a man for the successful practice of Homoeopathy. We do not propose to ignore the experience of the Allopaths when they stand the test of reliable experience, but we want to throw light upon their explanations and hypotheses. We do not propose to deny the usefulness of their method of cure in any case, but we are bound to show where physicians interfered with nature instead of studying it after the manner of Hippocrates : where they rudely suppressed the curative powers of nature, while prating constantly about guiding these efforts : where they cared symptomatically, and yet talked of methods suggested by the first cause : we propose to show them how little common sense is hidden beneath their high sounding phrases ; how true common sense here is a recognition of the limit set its, enabling its to recognize the laws, but not the primary causes of vital phenomena. XI, p. In an article published in the British Journal of Homoeopathy Vol. Figure 1 Dr. Rummel of Magdeburg, the first of the converts to Homoeopathy. Brilliantly gifted with suitable acquirements, penetrated by genuine humanity, and consequent gentleness and kindness, he had soon recognized the importance and significance of Hahnemann's doctrine, and at once his life was devoted to the perfecting, defending and extension of it. As a watchful warrior he stood unwearied at his post to repel the attacks of the enemy with sharp weapons, and never allowed himself to swerve in the strife from the various personal attacks and annoyance, which he had to endure. It is especially due to him that Homoeopathy found legitimate recognition and protection in Prussia. He took as lively a part in all controversial questions within as he did in the battle without, and sought to decide them. One of the most interesting passages in this category is his discussion with one who was in all respects his equal, and who represented the South German party, viz : Greisselich of Carslruhe , when he sought to shake the foundations of Homoeopathy. The course of this controversy carried on with so much spirit and good sense will give great pleasure to every reader, and it were to be wished that it should serve as a model in all scientific disputes. His work, " The Bright and Dark Sides of Homoeopathy," is of special importance for the emancipation of Homoeopathy from the person of Hahnemann , as well as a series of articles in the Archiv and the Allg. Zeitung , which he, in conjunction with Hartmann and Gross , established, and which he continued to edit till his death. The last part of his life was devoted to exertion for the purpose of giving a visible expression to the general respect for the Master by erecting a monument. With unwearied real lie set on foot subscriptions for this purpose, and had the great happiness during the evening of his life when he was afflicted with total deafness to attend the unveiling of this monument. He obtained a lasting souvenir in Homoeopathy by establishing out of the surplus of the subscriptions a prize for the physiological proving of a medicine. In the Allgemeine horn. Zeitung Vol. Died of typhus fever in the early morning hours of October 10, , Dr. Rummel , of Magdeburg , on the first anniversary of the day on which his friend and fellow-editor, Dr. Hartmann , died. Remarks concerning the Hahnemannian System. Hufeland's Journal, Cure of Cholera. Homoeopathy viewed in its Lights and Shadows. Leipsic : Reclam, Leipsic : Schumann. Necessity for the Equalization of Homoeopathy with the older 'Medical School. A critical review of the possible benefits associated with homeopathic medicine

H Frei,. Frei, R. Paper well written, with high quality statistical analysis. Presented in logical sequence. Uses innovative methodology developed over five years of clinical research polarity analysis, perception symptoms questionnaire. All patients treated with verum facilitating patient recruitment. Other treatment for ADHD was prohibited or stopped during the homeopathic treatment increasing reliability of homeopathic observations. A median of 3 in selecting accurate simillimums is high and is due to paucity in use of supportive homeopathic analytical methods; a lower median time with screening phase of 3 months instead of 5, earlier randomization eligibility with quicker achievement of optimal phase of treatment results from greater accuracy in first remedy choice. The potential contribution other research designs could make to understanding the topic Future research design in the homeopathic treatment of ADHD could be modified to incorporate qualitative analysis of information obtained during a RCT. Variations of RCT design, like pragmatic trials, factorial designs, preference trails are possible Verhorf Neither quantitative nor qualitative methods are sufficient in themselves, to capture the trends and details of the situation Cresswell: Homeopathic methodology lends itself to a variety of qualitative methods, generating data through questionnaires, interview techniques, observational studies, documents and audio-visual techniques. Rigorous interrelated design criteria have already been suggested Cresswell, which include:. In the study of ADHD, one reason for mixing would be to enhance the chances of establishing the holistic beneficial effect of homeopathy. Qualitative Data obtained through field study and from other professionals involved, besides the parents, could be conducted sequentially, with data from independent groups of observers informing subsequent data collection and analysis Johnson et al Integration of data could occur at various points, possibly timed following each scheduled clinical follow-up. Other adaptations of RCT include combining pragmatic trails that have high external validity and factorial design that has high internal validity , paying adequate attention to assessing appropriate outcome measures Verhoef et al, ME Dean makes a case for the consideration of pragmatic trails against placebo controlled trails as they are by nature collaborative and oriented towards health service requirements. They incorporate patient requirements and preferences where possible and satisfy scientific and homeopathic claims without compromising on the values of either. From the homeopathic standpoint, the methodology for constructing a randomized pragmatic trail Oberbaum, could be appropriately chosen to avoid the effect of entanglement Milgrom, and also suit the case presentation of various diseases. In addition, information that suits homeopathic theory is Cohort Study of participants of trials. These cases, if included in an inception cohort Greenhalgh, study and followed up over years, would give an idea of prognosis and influence of homeopathic treatment on disease progression, control or cure. This could be analysed from the Miasmatic perspective and Laws of homeopathic direction of cure. Chatfield wisely perceives the emergence of a new paradigm embracing holism, vitalism and homeopathy which need not reject rationalism. Rather we could expect a re- direction of the rationalistic tradition that encompasses a better explanation of known anomalies like homeopathy. ADHD as a childhood disorder is becoming increasingly prevalent today. Children are put on controversial medication like Methylphenidate and amphetamine that have serious side effects. It is imperative that healthcare systems have adequate evidence to prove that homeopathy and other complementary systems offer reliable, inexpensive and curative alternatives for parents in the treatment of this disease. With this information healthcare systems may support alternative therapy like homeopathy for patients, in addition to allopathic drugs. Lamont was able to document that homeopathic treatment demonstrated a statistically significant positive response in comparison to the placebo. Easy administration of remedies and continuous effect over 24 hours and no side effects of the individual remedy could make homeopathy the first choice treatment. Mixed methods study should be the next step of development for future trial design. Bazeley refers to Chen , stating that where the purpose of the research is made clear, and is theory driven i. When methods are mixed, careful consideration must be given to the particular assumptions of rules and expectations regarding their conduct, otherwise corruptions of those methods can occur such that results obtained by them become subject to question. Bazeley, Barklay R. A ; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder — a handbook for treatment and diagnosis ; New York and London: Guilford Press Bazeley, P ; Issues in mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches to research ; Applying qualitative methods to marketing management research; Ed: Buber, Gadner, Richards; Boger, C. Chen, H ; Applying mixed Methods under the framework of theory-driven evaluations ; Advanced in mixed-methods evaluation: the challenges and benefits of integrating diverse paradigms; p. Cresswell J. Dean M. Frie, H, Thurneysen, A ; Treatment of hyperactive children: homeopathy and methylphenidate compared in a family setting ; British Homeopathic Journal , 90, p. Frei H, von Ammon K, Thurneysen, A ; Randomized controlled trails of homeopathy in hyperactive children: treatment procedure leads to an unconventional study design ; Homeopathy , 96, p. Johnson R. Little, David ; A Commentary on Dr. Wood N, ; Health project book: a Handbook for new researchers in the field of health, London ; Routeledge , p. Her present interests include management of in-patients in homeopathic hospitals, and clinical research in classical homeopathy. She has been in practice for over 20 years and is online at www. Visit Dr. I appreciate your knowledge of statistics, though, which much exceeds mine. Cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, symptoms, diagnosis and homeopathy medicines for treating ADHD A Case of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Homeopath Sunil Anand uses the sensation method to solve a case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The first of two cases he presents today Attention Deficit Disorder in a Boy of 13 Dr. Cristina Pombo shares a case of attention deficit disorder in a boy of Silent grief, aversion to consolation, difficult concentration and weakness of memory were among the symptoms leading to the simillimum View all posts. Homoeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled study. Treatment for hyperactive children: Homeopathy and methylphenidate compared in a family setting. Purpose of this prospective trial was to assess the efficacy of homeopathy in hyperactive patients and to compare it MPD. This work was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. There were no statistically significant differences between homeopathic remedy and placebo groups on the primary or secondary outcome variables. However, there were statistically and clinically significant improvements in both groups on many of the outcome measures. Its use supersedes all local applications. No higher authority than the united testimony of these five of our best observers could be brought to show the action of Sepia upon the pelvic organs. We confess that we cannot understand how so many question the value of potencies for proving or curing…. Sepia , like Sulphur , affects the general circulation in a very marked manner. Flashes of heat with perspiration and faintness is almost as characteristic of this remedy as of Sulphur. But there are, with Sepia , more apt to be associated with them the pelvic symptoms already given, and they are also more apt to occur in conjunction with the climacteric. Indeed, these flashes often seem with Sepia to start in the pelvic organs and from thence to spread over the body. But this irregularity of circulation extends as far as that of Sulphur. The hands and feet are hot alternately, that is, if the feet are hot, the hands are cold, and vice versa. There is not so much sensation of burning with Sepia as with Sulphur , but there is actual heat, and the venous congestion, which seems to be the real state of the organs where the pressive bearing down et cetera is felt, is also accompanied with much throbbing and beating. This local congestion to the pelvic organs is not simply sensational. There are actual displacements in consequence of it, and the long continued congestion results in inflammations, ulcerations, leukorrheas and even malignancies or cancerous organizations. Induration with a painful sense of stiffness in the uterine region is characteristic. This pelvic congestion also affects the rectum in a marked degree. The rectum prolapses, there is a sensation of fullness, or of a foreign substance as of a ball or weight , and oozing of moisture from the rectum. Indeed, the rectal and anal symptoms are almost as strong as the uterine and vaginal. It is impossible to enumerate all the symptoms connected with the circulatory disturbances of Sepia is such a work as this, only a general study of the Materia Medica can do it. The urinary organs come in for their share of symptoms. The same pressure and fullness consequent upon the portal congestion reaches here. We will now proceed to give what we have found to be particularly valuable symptoms under the various organs in this region. With children there is one peculiar symptom which has often been verified. Upon the male organs I have found it particularly useful in chronic gleet. Sepia does it in the majority of cases and Kali iodatum will do it in the rest. I have, where there was a thick discharge of long standing and the smarting and burning on urination continued, several times finished the case with Capsicum. As a rule, this long continued slight, passive gleety discharge is a result of weakness of the male genitals, as is shown by a flaccidity of the organs and frequent seminal emissions. The emissions are thin and watery. Sepia covers all of this and often sets all to rights in a short time. The mind symptoms of Sepia are like Pulsatilla , in that she is sad and cries frequently without knowing the reason why. So if in a tearful mind with uterine disturbances Pulsatilla should fail you, the next remedy to be studied is Sepia. But there is another condition of mind not found under Pulsatilla or any other remedy in the same degree, and that is, that, notwithstanding there is no sign of dementia from actual brain lesion, the patient, contrary to her usual habit, becomes indifferent to her occupation , her house work, her family or their comfort, even to those whom she loves the best. This is a very peculiar symptom and a genuine keynote for the exhibition of Sepia …. I once cured a very obstinate case of entero-colitis so-called cholera infantum , after the complete failure of two eminent allopaths, with Sepia , the leading symptom being, always worse after taking milk. Oozing of moisture from the anus finds its remedy here sometimes, but oftener in Antimonium crudum. The Sepia patient is very weak. A short walk fatigues her very much. She faints easily from extremes of cold and heat, after getting wet, from riding in a carriage, while kneeling at church, and on other trifling occasions. As can be seen by this excerpt, the indications for a remedy are complex, requiring study and understanding. Since homeopathy arose from empirical observations, and operates from phenomenologically descriptive fields rather than causal relationships, its evaluation by the scientific method, as described by Karl Popper, poses unique problems. A recent critical review appeared in The British Homeopathic Journal describing the methods utilized in various attempts to verify this school of medicine. Science is based on the premise of non-biased inquiry. Despite antagonism towards homeopathy, researchers have persisted in producing clinical trials, most of which have demonstrated its efficacy. The method of individualization in homeopathic prescribing has challenged study designs, and required several studies to be questioned. However a recent meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials showed that for every negative study, an average of 2. References for homeopathic research may be found on the internet. During World War II, isopathic preparations were given prophylactically, and homeopathic therapies were used in mustard gas burns. A statistical analysis shows that these treatments yielded significant results when compared with placebos. The remedies used were mustard gas, Rhus toxicodendron , and Kali bichromium. Gibson et al [ 16 ] published a double-blind clinical trial of homeopathic treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. All patients continued to use conventional, non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs, and the treated group showed significant improvement in subjective pain, articular index, stiffness, and grip strength. In another study, Shipley et al [ 17 ] compared Rhus toxicodendron and fenoprofen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. The study demonstrated no effects from the Rhus toxicodendron , but it has been deservedly criticized since it lasted only 2 weeks hardly enough time for the remedy to work since, in chronic diseases, homeopaths typically wait 4—6 weeks before attempting to evaluate the efficacy of the remedy and the remedy was not individualized for the patient. Caulophylum in the 30th centesimal potency was given to 10 sows to test its efficacy in the control of stillbirths. The results showed a statistically significant drop in the number of stillbirths and led to a larger, uncontrolled study in a whole herd. After4 months of therapy, piglet mortality dropped from 20 to 2. Cloudhury [ 19 ] obtained dramatic results from injecting mice intraperitoneally with Kali phosphoricum , Calcarea phosphorica , or Ferrum phosphorica in the 30th decimal potency 12 days after implantation of fibrosarcoma. Scofield, [ 20 ] in his review article, discusses numerous experiments with humans, animals, and plants using isopathic treatment for poisoning and experimental liver damage, and various in vitro studies. According to his exhaustive evaluations, although many of the studies demonstrated that homeopathic preparations have effects, even when not applied according to the homeopathic method, most lacked statistical analysis or were poorly designed, making a definitive statement of efficacy impossible at this time. Homeopathy represents an integrated holistic system of natural therapeutics. Its capacity for addressing psychosomatic disease and acute pathology as a dynamic process is unique. It has remained a coherent system, with extensive clinical verification, for over two centuries. Homeopathy is an economical and effective method which has been established as an integral part of the medical system in several countries. With the resurgence of interest in natural medicine, this discipline will undoubtedly be more widely utilized. Unfortunately, however, homeopathy is also an extremely difficult system to master, requiring both considerable understanding of case-taking and materia medica as well as extensive consultation time with the patient. It has, therefore, often been discarded, even by those aware of its efficacy. In the context of modern naturopathic medicine, it is important to recognize that Hahnemann did not ignore the importance of lifestyle in the treatment of the patient:. One should ascertain whether there is anything in them which may cause or sustain the disease and remove it to help the cure. Coulter H. Divided legacy: a history of the schism in medical thought, vol. Hahnemann S. Lesser writings. New York, NY: Radde. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. New Engl J Med ; — See Chapter for a full discussion of this report and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon 5. Organon of medicine. Isaacs A. Scientific American ; 51—57 7. Harris C. Homeopathic influences in 19th century allopathic therapeutics. Boyd W. A textbook of pathology. Menninger K. Changing concepts of disease. Ann Int Med ; — Vithoulkas G. The science of homeopathy. Scofield AM. Experimental research in homeopathy — a critical review. Br Homeop J ; — Shui-Yin Lo et al. Physical proproperties of water with IE structures. Mod Phys Lett B ; — The reflections and observations were analyzed by C. Eyles, and S. Brien checked a sample of these. Twenty-five homeopaths were interviewed, 5 consultations were observed and 4 diaries were collected see Table 1 , this was sufficient to achieve saturation. All practitioners practiced classical homeopathy over a period of 3 to 35 years and were based in the south of England. Despite a variation in the sample characteristics there were no overt differences in the process of the consultation between medical and non- medical homeopaths. The main difference between private and NHS homeopaths was found to be the length of the consultation which could vary for a first consultation from 20 minutes for NHS practitioners to 2 hours for private practitioners. A followup consultation could vary from 10 minutes for NHS practitioners to 45 minutes for a private practitioner. Five main categories emerged from the data to form the model; connecting, exploring the journey, finding the level, responding therapeutically and understanding self. Connecting emerged as the central process and core category in the homeopathic consultation; the other four categories were dependent on and linked to connecting see Figure 1. The intention of the practitioners was to use this process of connecting to promote healing for their patients. Each constituent category is described below using illustrative quotations in the indicated tables. Pseudonyms are used to protect the anonymity of participants. The practitioners described connecting in several ways see illustrative quotations in Table 2 but it always referred to several factors; the relationship that is formed between the practitioner and the patient , the level of engagement that patients have with homeopathy or holistic consultations, the level of engagement that the practitioner has with practicing homeopathy and the relationship that the practitioner has with themselves. Connecting on these different levels needed to be tailored to the needs of individual patients and tensions could arise between being able to achieve a connection with a patient and over connecting. Practitioners reported, and it was also observed, that they used empathy and rapport building communication strategies to facilitate their connection with patients. A caring and compassionate demeanour was seen in the observations along with attempts to create rapport; for example, by making the patient welcome and through the skilful mirroring of body language. The homeopaths described how the consultation could vary in length, especially the first consultation which could last from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Much of this time was spent listening to the patients story, as was observed in the consultations. Patients would spend the first 20 minutes disclosing without interruption and then the homeopath would prompt for further information and unravel the patients narrative until an understanding of the patient was reached see Table 3. Many of the participants referred to homeopathic treatment as being part of a long-term journey of self discovery for both the patient and practitioner as many patients did not know what the underlying reason for their illness was. Therefore, the role of the practitioners at this point of the consultation appeared to be to facilitate the exploration of their symptoms. The process of exploring the patients narrative through their symptoms was described by the practitioners as not only a way for them to connect with their patients, but also as a means of gaining an understanding of the patients beliefs and perspective about their illness. This gathering of symptoms based on the patients subjective experience of their illness was described as purposeful since the intention was to gather enough information and understanding of the patient to prescribe a homeopathic remedy. The homeopaths were not only interested in the presenting complaint but also in all idiosyncratic and idiopathic symptoms of the whole person. Such an interest could create a tension for practitioners and patients as they attempted to skilfully balance volunteered patient disclosure with purposeful elicitation of information about symptoms. This led many practitioners to either adopt a patient led or more directive style, or even to oscillate back and forth between these formats in order to maintain a balance between the two styles. Having established a connection and understanding of the patient through exploration of their symptoms homeopaths could then evaluate the patient. The concepts of energy , wholeness, expectations and collaboration emerged as being important in this evaluative process. The concepts of energy vitalism and wholeness holism were often linked by the participants and referred to a process of understanding how individual symptoms could relate to the whole person. These were seen as an approach for connecting different components of the patient, such as the psychological and physical. All participants considered that the expectations of both patients and practitioner were important when evaluating the patient. The practitioners construed that these approaches were often new to patients as they may more accustomed to biomedical consultations which may not be as sensitive to patients expectations. Once they have connected only then can the practitioner respond in a therapeutic way to the patient. The responses that the practitioners reported and were observed in the consultation ranged from; the patient can receive benefit from the consultation alone, or, benefit can result from the interaction plus the matching and prescribing of the correctly chosen homeopathic remedy, or change can occur through lifestyle changes see Table 5. This range of responses is represented by the concepts therapeutic consultation, matching and adjunct therapies. Several practitioners described occasions where their patients received benefit from a consultation before the administration of a remedy. Some of the practitioners ascribed this benefit to the patient being able to talk and be listened to. Other practitioners enlarged on this by describing how the particular type of exploration of the patients narrative in the homeopathic consultation could lead to the patient making meaningful connections about their illness experiences. However, the majority of practitioners in this study reported that the remedy also had a central role in the homeopathic process. Finding the right remedy for patients was described by many of the practitioners as a complicated process for which there were several steps. These included a systematic process of deduction, the use of intuition and the use of bodily sensations and awareness to guide remedy choice. Although a homeopathic consultation will typically result in the prescription of a remedy, adjunct therapies may also be suggested such as lifestyle changes or referral to another therapy, either in addition to, or, instead of the homeopathic remedy. Having an understanding of ones self as a professional practitioner was construed to be important by the homeopaths see Table 6. They reported that it assisted them in the ability to connect and understand their patients and in managing the balance between the challenges and benefits of homeopathic practice. The concepts of being drained and being replenished respectively represent these challenges and benefits and reveal the tensions and difficulties that the practitioners can encounter in practice. For example, some of the participants felt that their own life experiences contributed to being able to understand others, however there own life experiences can also predispose them to developing preconceptions or assumptions about the patient; and this prior experience was to be used with caution. The practitioners described many experiences that were difficult to manage and contributed to feeling drained. Several participants described the feeling of being judged, either by their individual patients or by the scientific community. They revealed that there was a pressure to appear successful in the eyes of the wider world for the sake of the homeopathic profession; some participants framed this within the recent media scrutiny of homeopathy. The sense of being judged could be compounded by the pressure of finding the right remedy for a patient. Meeting the demands of particular patients was also noted as another factor that contributed to difficulties in practice and could also lead the practitioner to become overinvolved emotionally with the patient, resulting in potential health problems for the practitioner. Although all practitioners discussed the difficulties that they experienced many of them described a sense of fulfilment from their practice. This fulfilment derived from occasions when patients would respond positively to a consultation and remedy. Additionally most of the practitioners described various activities that they embarked on in order to balance the demands of practice. However, despite these measures two participants, during the course of this study, decided to give up the practice of homeopathy because the apparent challenges outweighed the benefits of continued practice. Connecting emerged as the core category in the consultation and refers to the relationship that the practitioner forms or attempts to form with the patient and themselves as professionals. Connecting was crucially linked to and interwoven with other key processes categories. Through connecting a shared journey with the patient was enabled, allowing exploration and evaluation of the patients symptoms which usually involved moving beyond the presenting complaint. Responding to the patient in a therapeutic way could be due to the interaction alone or due to the interaction including lifestyle changes within the consultation combined with the homeopathic remedy. Practitioner self awareness was construed as essential for maintaining the balance between the challenges and benefits of practice. The findings of this study build on previous research and broaden our understanding of the homeopathic consultation showing how homeopaths view and enact the process of the whole consultation with their patients. These findings indicate that there are features of the homeopathic consultation that are common to other types of consultation such as counselling and psychotherapy as well as aspects that are unique and specific to homeopathy, this has also been noted elsewhere [ 64 ]. Empathy and rapport are common to many therapeutic consultations [ 65 ] and previous literature has shown that having a whole person approach [ 66 ] being empathic and developing rapport [ 33 , 67 ] has potential therapeutic value. This study highlights empathy and rapport as skills that were valued and employed by the homeopaths and were viewed as crucial to establishing a relationship with the patient, this is consistent with previous literature [ 10 , 40 ]. These findings clearly suggest tensions between the benefits and challenges in the practice of homeopathy not previously known or understood. Although this aspect is discussed and explored by homeopaths in homeopathic journals [ 69 , 70 ] and books [ 62 , 71 ] it has not been systematically researched; only one study has looked at the challenges of practice for homeopaths [ 45 ]. It is noteworthy that that during the data collection period of this study there was considerable media coverage and scrutiny of homeopathy [ 72 — 76 ]. This study suggests that homeopaths consider themselves an instrument in the therapeutic process and this has been recognised in conventional medicine as the single most important factor in developing a therapeutic relationship [ 78 — 80 ]. This has not been noted elsewhere in relation to homeopathy. Self awareness and understanding is important as practitioner characteristics can influence the practitioner patient relationship [ 81 , 82 ]. Some of the participants felt that their own life experiences contributed to being able to understand others. Although this can be a valuable tool for cultivating empathy [ 65 ] it can also predispose practitioners to make assumptions about their patients. This sharing of information and choices is similar to shared decision making in the medical consultation [ 84 ] which is the ideal model for decision making in the consultation [ 85 ]. Our findings add to this as we suggest that the collaborative nature of the homeopathic consultation is also seen in the sequential process of dealing with expectations, which may change in order and according to the patients need. This sequence resembles a process of negotiation that has not been previously noted in the homeopathy literature and is significant given the association between expectations and treatment outcomes observed in medical [ 86 ] acupuncture [ 87 ] and in homeopathic consultations [ 88 ]. The narrative-based approach to the homeopathic consultation which has been previously reported [ 44 , 64 ] is consistent with other narrative-based therapies [ 89 — 92 ] in that it is concerned with illness experience rather than disease [ 83 ]. However there are characteristics of the homeopathic narrative-based approach that are unique and specific to homeopathy [ 64 ]. The homeopath probes for specific information that is central to finding the correct homeopathic remedy, such as peculiar and idiosyncratic bodily information, changes in mood, emotional symptoms, sleep and energy symptoms. This indicates that the consultation is significantly different to psychotherapeutic and counselling consultations with which homeopathy is often compared [ 93 ]. Moreover the purpose of this narrative exploration is to assist the process of identifying and matching the appropriate homeopathic remedy. This is described in this study as a pattern of decision making which is consistent with the PHIR-M model [ 6 ] which includes both cognitive and intuitive processes [ 3 ]. The remedy is then prescribed with the intention of treating the whole person including their idiosyncratic and subjective symptoms and thus differs from the medical consultation which fits the drug or intervention to the presenting complaint with the aim of treating the disease. This study adds to this body of knowledge by showing in more detail the process of how the narrative is elicited from the patient and highlights that probing for specific information which may lead to a remedy is central to this process. Depending on the setting; the length of consultations in the NHS can vary from 10 minutes to 1 hour compared to those in private practice which can last from 30 minutes up to 2 hours. Although longer consultations are more likely to result in better health outcomes [ 98 ] and contain important elements of care [ 99 ] especially in improved recognition and handing of psychosocial problems [ ], it is the quality of care that concerns patients [ ]. If patients have their emotional needs met, feel listened to and understood regardless of the time spent with the doctor then they are satisfied with the process and the consultation length [ , ]. Most of the practitioners in this study had consultations that lasted longer than 20 minutes although NHS practitioners in this study and elsewhere [ ] have reported that they are able to prescribe homeopathic remedies in a standard 10 minute general practice consultation. Additionally based on the interviews, this study found many similarities between consultations conducted by medical and nonmedical homeopaths and private and NHS practitioners. One of the main differences was that medical homeopaths perceived that they conducted more medically orientated homeopathic consultation which tended to be more concerned initially with the disease process that a patient presented with. Follow-up observational work would confirm this. This study has implications for researchers of homeopathy as it demonstrates that the process of finding and prescribing the remedy is embedded in the consultation, highlighting the interconnectedness of the whole homeopathic consultation. The study challenges some assumptions. First, the notion that diagnosis takes place before a research trial; these finding indicate that the homeopath does not make a biomedical diagnosis but understands and evaluates the patients subjective illness according to homeopathic principles. Second, that some non-specific factors such as talking and listening are generic to therapeutic consultations. However, the way in which this is accomplished in the homeopathic consultation is specific to homeopathy. Third, the process of identifying and matching the remedy are specific and integral to the consultation and cannot easily be separated from other non-specific factors such as empathy corroborating a previous theoretical explanation by Weatherley-Jones [ ] that the homeopathic remedy is synergistic to the consultation. As such using Whole Systems Research [ ] would be a necessary and appropriate research framework to assess this complex intervention. This study also has implications for practitioners of homeopathy. The training of homeopathic practitioners has not been systematically researched. The focus of many courses is on the study of homeopathic philosophy, materia medica remedies and clinical training, including components that involve interpersonal skills, communication skills, practitioner personal and professional development. For teachers of homeopathy this theoretical model could provide a tool to aid the teaching of interpersonal skills for homeopathic students and for practicing homeopaths a tool to use in supervision. Recruitment for study A observation of consultations was challenging as there were many non-responders for this part of the study. When asked homeopaths reported that introducing a third party camera or researcher into the consultation would change the dynamics of the interaction, which patients were often paying for. The main limitation of this study was that the observations of the consultations did not include NHS medical homeopaths, this is important as this group of practitioners may not wholly recognise the model as a model of their consultations. However the model was informally shown to several NHS medical homeopaths. These limitations are mitigated by a number of strengths. Triangulation of methods was employed so that the model shows how the practitioners not only viewed but enacted key aspects of the consultation. The model is also likely to be applicable recruiting both medical and nonmedical homeopaths working in variety of locations across different geographical and socioeconomic areas and private and NHS practitioners. The tendency to label any benefit from homeopathy as placebo effect, nonspecific effects or context effects belies the full range of experiences of the consultation. The authors would like to thank the homeopaths for their time and help in participating in this study. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Journal overview. Special Issues. Caroline Eyles , 1 Geraldine M. Leydon, 1 George T. Received 21 Jul Accepted 01 Sep Published 30 Sep Friedrich Jacob Rummel () - Pioneers of homeopathy by T. L. Bradford

No differences could be detected between the 2 groups, and an interesting result was that during the first month, clear symptoms were reported by all patients, probably due to the "novelty" characteristic of the study. Physical foundations and in vitro research. The modern in vitro homeopathic research can be said to begin with the work of the French immunologist Jacques Benveniste, during the s. In , this researcher reported that in his laboratory, conclusive proof of homeopathic effects had been identified. According to him, water could retain a "memory" of its solutes and, with this memory, cause the degranulation of basophil cells in vitro , even after the solute had been diluted to 10 This committee, however, concluded that 73 :. Recently, an allegedly positive replication of this study was reported This study, however, was only published as a short, non-peer reviewed article, and, apparently, had methodological flaws that could compromise its results. Also, the statistical techniques used appear inadequate. For instance, consider the fractions of control x treatment degranulation reported in the study for "laboratory 1":. More recently, Benveniste stated that the "homeopathic potentialization" of a substance could be sent and recovered through electromagnetic means for example, through an e-mail message The "water memory" thus digitized could then be used to transfer the properties of the original solute to other substances, at long distance. The member list of this group has more than scientists from many countries, and renowned members include the French immunologist Madeleine Bastide. In one of the few studies of the group that appeared in the scientific literature 82,83 , the authors attempted to study the effects of ultra-diluted thyroxine 10 in the growth of juvenile frogs see Endler 84 for more details. The authors report on the results of 4 experiments. In the first one, a very highly diluted thyroxine solution was applied to a tank in which juvenile frogs were developing. In the second, this solution was placed inside a sealed vial, which was then placed close to the tank without contact with the water. In 2 other experiments, a procedure was used to "digitize" the properties of the solution and then to "communicate" them to water in another vial. Basically, in the 2 last experiments, a vial with the thyroxine preparation was connected to a coil wire and to an amplifier. An electric current was then applied to the wire, and "after filtering and noise reduction", the homeopathic effect was, allegedly, transferred to a pure water vial, also connected to the amplifier. In each of the 4 experiments, "diluted water water 10 " was used as control. Results were similar in all the 4 experiments: frog growth was altered whether they were exposed to the ultra-diluted thyroxine, to the closely placed sealed vial, or to the vials to which the "digitized" properties had been transferred. The authors also reported that many other factors, for instance, the time of the year when the experiments were performed, appeared to influence the results. From these experiments, the authors concluded that the homeopathic effect propagates through electromagnetic waves, which had transferred the homeopathic effect to the frogs. However, the most probable explanation is that the complex and non-blind characteristic of the work allowed for the introduction of bias, which would explain the altered rate of growth in all 4 experiments 85, Other GIRI members further expanded the implications of these results. For instance, the Belgian researcher William Betz reports that, in a similar situation, when both a placebo and a homeopathic preparation produced the same effect, Madeleine Bastide concluded that the placebo had been "contaminated" by the "homeopathic radiation", arising from the closely stored homeopathic preparation Finally, Vickers 87 performed a comprehensive review of the literature concerning "pre-clinical research" in homeopathy, concluding that: "There is a lack of independent replication of any pre-clinical research in homoeopathy. In the few instances where a research team has set out to replicate the work of another, either the results were negative or the methodology was questionable". In summary, similarly to the analysis concerning clinical trials, here, also, it is possible to identify a clear relationship between the low methodological quality of a homeopathic study and its positive results. Still concerning the physical mechanisms of homeopathy, it is not possible to identify differences between homeopathic preparations and pure water by means of a nuclear magnetic ressonance NMR analysis It is well known that homeopathy "violates" the Avogadro number, that is, in a homeopathic preparation above a 10 dilution, not 1 molecule of the original solute is expected to be found. However, explanations for the putative action mechanisms for homeopathy under these circumstances are only very rarely presented. Worse yet, when examined, these few explanations turn out to be absolutely non-substantiated and non-scientific 43, The reason for such an oblique, unspecific citation must be the long history of non-corroborated search for such water structures, of which a recent example is Lo et al. Even if homeopathic medications were prepared in a room of maximum cleanness, the chance of one of these particles ending in the final preparation would be large. How could the water tell between what is the active substance and what is a sulphur molecule from a hairspray? How can it tell, in its memory, the molecule of the rotten liver of a duck among millions of organic particles that are thrown over it by the simple act of breathing? The statement that homeopathy is "discriminated by an "official science" cannot be supported by the results of the present review. The quantity and quality of the current research in this area indicates that, actually, the rejection of homeopathy as a valid scientific endeavor comes from the fact that the more recent research has thoroughly disconfirmed the main homeopathic hypotheses. Another conclusion concerns the relationship between the quality of a homeopathic study and its positive results. This is a clearly recognized phenomenon, which, for instance, admittedly "contaminated" the meta-analyses conducted in the s that detected a weak favorable effect for homeopathic preparations. In summary, the present review indicates that the weight of the modern evidence clearly disconfirms the hypothesis that ultra-diluted substances could have a noticeable clinical or pharmacological effect in living organisms. My thanks to Drs. Wim Betz Vrije Universitei, Belgium and Wallace I Sampson, Stanford University Medical School , for the discussion of some of the aspects of the present work, and for their help in identifying relevant references. Homeopathy in HIV infection: a trial report of double-blind placebo controlled study. Br Homeopath J ; 88 2 Jarvis W. Homeopathy: a position statement by the national council against health fraud. Hill C, Doyon F. Review of randomized trials of homeopathy. Kurz R. Clinical medicine versus homeopathy. Padiatric Padology ; 27 2 Aulas J. Homeopathy update. Linde K, Melchart D. Randomized controlled trials of individualized homeopathy: a state-of-the-art review. J Altern Complement Med Winter; 4 4 Ernst E, Pittler MH. Efficacy of homeopathic arnica: a systematic review of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Arch Surg ; 13 11 Ernst E. Homeopathic prophylaxis of headaches and migraine? A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Management ; 18 5 Stevinson C, Ernst E. Am J Obstet Gynecol Jul; 1 : A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy. Br J Clin Pharmacol ; 54 6 : Effect of homeopathic medicines on daily burden of symptoms in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Br Med J ; Use of ultramolecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Fingerhut A. Homeopathy for the restoration of transit after abdominal surgery. Chirurgie ; Individualised homeopathy as an adjunct in the treatment of childhood asthma: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax ; 58 4 : Homeopathic treatment of plantar warts. Can Med Assoc J ; Homeopathic versus placebo therapy of children with warts on the hands: a randomized double-blind clinical trial Dermatol ; 4 : A double-blind, controlled clinical trial of homeopathy and analysis of lunar phases and postoperative outcome. Arch Dermatol Nov; 11 Effect of homoeopathy on pain and other events after acute trauma: placebo controlled trial with bilateral oral surgery. Br Med J ; : Double-blind, placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of homoeopathic arnica C30 for pain and infection after total abdominal hysterectomy. J Royal Soc Med ; 90 2 Homeopathy for delayed onset of muscle soreness: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Br J Sports Med ; Homeopathic Arnica 30x is ineffective for muscle soreness after long-distance running: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain ; 14 3 : Osteoarthritic pain: a comparison of homeopathy and acetaminophen. Am J Pain Management ; Homeopathic management of adenoid vegetations, results of a prospective, randomized double-blind study. HNO ; Hartmann and Haubold were also with him. It was not before October 4th that I was requested to visit him. This was the first time since I had been located here with him, for he had only suffered in a few times from a swollen cheek owing to toothache. I found a violent typhus gastric fever tongue coated thickly and tenaciously, with tendency to small diarrheic stools, lassitude, languor, irritability, decrepitude, restless nights, with lively talking in his sleep, and at night so great dryness of the tongue that the patient compared it to an old highway of stones on which not a drop of water could stay, with normal pulse. On the 6th of October the patient had risen as usual in the morning and had taken a cup of tea with toast, when he was suddenly about seven o'clock seized with violent colic and with two profuse, very fetid, diarrhoeic stools and a violent chill which drove him to bed. As soon as I called I gave him Veratrum. The pains in the abdomen were soon relieved, nor did the diarrhoea recur soon, and the chill was followed by heat, which soon brought quite a copious sweat. The pulse now became feverish and was at times intermittent which was also said to have been the case at the beginning of the illness. The patient who, however, seemed to retain his cheerfulness, at times talked deliriously and once there was singultus. Under these circumstances I invited my colleague Rath , who had also visited the patient, to visit him with me. The disease had enormously developed up to October 9th, when also Fielitz , from Brunswick , had hastened to a consultation. The use of Arsenicum which had followed upon Veratrum was of no avail in checking the disease ; at six P. The stupefaction of the brain had in the meantime reached so high a degree that the patient never uttered any foreboding about his condition, and passed away in the night between the 9th and 10 th of October at A. Numberless are the tears of dove, friendship and gratefulness that are shed for this noble man. Convention," Vol. II, p. Frederick Jacob Rummel was born April 26, and died October 10, In , after seven years, of Allopathic practice, he adopted Homoeopathy and joined the Provers' Society. In , while co editor of the Allgemeine Hom. Zeitung , he removed to Magdeburg , and there worked unceasingly for the recognition of Homoeopathy by the government. He was particularly assisted in and by the fact that the Prussian physicians were under milder legal restrictions and were allowed to dispense Homoeopathic medicines. By his efforts Hahnemann's monument was erected at Leipsic in and he was also the originator of the " Hahnemann Fund "which is controlled by the Central Society , and out of which prizes are awarded for the - best essays on certain subjects prepared by the members of the society. In Rummel practised the old system of medicine at Merseberg , near Stapf , and such of his patients as were not cured went to seek aid from the celebrated Homoeopathist of Naumburg , from whom many obtained the aid that the old method had failed to give. Rummel , excellent man, of great honesty, of true heart and lofty intellect, waited upon Stapf to study his system of medication ; he only yielded step by step to the clinical results, and in his legitimate doubt evidenced the same tenacity that had characterized the blind resistance of others. I cannot refrain from quoting here that which he wrote a little time after he commenced to practice the new system. To physicians who, like him, abandoned their ordinary methods of practice, it will be of interest :. Very often I was surprised by my remarkable success in the treatment of old chronic cases ; often I could only relieve or palliate them ; sometimes also I was obliged to return to Allopathic measures lest my patients grow weary of my futile attempts. This last event satisfied the that I knew but little of the resources of my new method. I became convinced that this system of healing was more direct and more speedy than Allopathy ; still there are, I thought, a great class of maladies, the nervous for example, that do not yield to its powers. Rummel gives then the various diseases where he found Homoeopathy most useful. Rummel , however, soon became an active and faithful follower of Hahnemann. Rapou continues :. Ten years after his entrance into Homoeopathy, Rummel was called to Magdeburg , where he settled ; there an action was brought against him for dispensing remedies, a suit that caused some comment. He defended with energy that which he considered the right of all Homoeopathists, and a condition of the existence of our school. He gained the suit and was happy to furnish so favorable a precedent to those of his confreres who were less active in taking the matter before the courts. Rummel was now less intimate with Stapf , his ancient master but lead for some time been associated with Gross and Hartmann in founding a weekly Homoeopathic journal, the Allegemeine homoopathische Zeitung , a journal devoted to facts and shunning polemics, so perpetually in our school in the last dozen years. Rummel , who is of a very conciliating temperament, and who readily yields accessory points to those who accept fundamental truths, was, at the time of my second journey, the object of a particular proselytism ; he lead been induced by argument to make concessions that his experience did not warrant. The partisans of exact Homoeopathy already mourned the loss of one of their best defenders. Rummel wrote letter after letter in the Allegemeine Zeitung in response to Greisselich , where he clearly expressed his opinions in regard to the new method, and declined all communication with the partisans of the pretended specific reform. Rummel employed the high dilutions. On my last journey I visited him at Magdeburg. He used but one bottle for each medicine, and employed French brandy for his diluting medium. The following is from the British Journal of Homoeopathy :. In our last number we gave a brief account of the peculiarities of Jenichen's mode of preparing his renowned potencies as far as we could understand that from the rambling account furnished by his successor and heir. Dr Rentsch. In the 42 d. Rentsch , which we think it right to lay before our readers, wherefrom they may themselves judge of the rationality of the stall-meister's method and in general of the claims of their originator to the confidence of the profession. Caspar Julius Jenichen was born in , and destined by his father for the legal profession, but his inclination led him to devote himself to the study of the veterinary art, and he soon acquired a tolerable reputation as a horse-doctor, and got the charge of the Duke of Gotha's manege with the title of Stallmeister or Ecuyer. He afterwards gave up this appointment, and after becoming a convert to the homoeopathic method he finally settled in Wismar where he did not confine his practice to beasts but operated likewise on human beings. It was in Wismar he invented the high potencies which have become so notorious. It is said that the labor and fatigue caused by their preparation made him fall ill of a very painful disease of the foot and leg, to free himself from which, finding that his high potencies did not suffice, he took an allopathic dose of Plumbum by sending a bullet into his brain. He soon became convinced we are not told how that the decillionth dilution, as prescribed by Hahnemann , was not the best potency in which to administer the medicine, and he forthwith began to dilate still higher and higher in the ordinary manner with but indifferent success, until accident one day revealed to him the mode in which he could make the most effectual preparation. He wished to dynamize the 29 th dilution of Plumbum aceticum still higher, when he found that the cork of the bottle in which that preparation was had got loosened, and the whole of its contents had evaporated. He resolved to ascertain if in this dry bottle there still existed medicinal power, and accordingly, adding the requisite quantity of alcohol, he dynamized it up to the th. He soon had an opportunity of testing its virtue, for a patient appeared suffering from fetid sweat of the feet, whom he allowed to sniff once at some globules moistened with this wonderful preparation, and behold! From this case he most logically inferred that the best mode of preparing all the earths and metals must be to allow the 29th dilution to evaporate to dryness, and from this dry bottle to go on preparing the higher dilutions. Dr Rentsch cannot say for certain if he applied the same rule to his preparations of the other medicines besides the earths and metals. The proportions used were : for the dilutions up to , 6 drops of the previous dilution to of the vehicle ; from the th to the th, 1 drop to ; for the higher dilutions, 2 drops to 12 The lowest dilution of the Jenichen scale was , the highest we cannot tell. In the preparation of his potencies he used 8 bottles. When he diluted beyond , he used much larger bottles. The succussion he performed in the standing or sitting position, with the upper part of his body naked. He held the bottle in his fist in a slanting direction, from left to right, and gave the strokes perpendicularly with all his force, so that the fluid in the bottle made a noise like the jingling of silver coins. At first the violent muscular action caused, after three days' work, so much pain in the arm, that he was forced to discontinue it and rest for a week or a fortnight. Afterwards, when he got regularly into training and his muscles were in condition, he ceased to feel any bad effects from his violent exercise. By a minute calculation made by Dr. Rentsch , from the quantity of alcohol stated by Jenichen to have been employed by him to make the th potency, and from various other assertions of Jenichen's , it appears that he reckoned his potencies quite differently from Hahnemann , and that the following was the way in which he made them. He had, as before observed, 8 bottles. In the first of these he put the vehicle and medicine in the proportions above indicated ; gave to this succussions without stopping, and considered that he had potentized it 25 degrees, ten succussions counting as a degree of potency. The higher potencies seem to have been made in a precisely similar manner, except as regards the proportions of the vehicle indicated above and the amount of succussions given to each so called potency, which were increased as he ascended the scale. It even appears, from what Rentsch says, that he latterly contented himself with increasing the potency in one bottle only, by merely succussing and not diluting further; so that his later preparations all represent only the 30 th or 31 st dilution of the Hahnemannic scale, to which a more or less enormous amount of succussions had been given. Nay, more, Dr. Rentsch surprises that he latterly abandoned the 29th dilution as his starting point, and commenced with the 6th or the 3d dilution, or perhaps even still lower, designating the potency not by the amount of dilution he gave it, but by the number of succussions he communicated to it. In this case the highest Jenichen preparations may represent the very lowest dilution, to which his enormous number of succussions has been given. If this be the case, and we have no reason to mistrust the accuracy of Dr. These preparations are somewhat similar to those introduced by Wahle , of Rome , who prepared high potencies simply by shaking the 6th dilution some thousands of times. That we have as yet any proof that either his or Jenichen's potencies act better than the ordinary preparations we must utterly deny. Rentsch's rambling surmises correct, and more especially if it should be true that most of the preparations were made from low potencies without further dilution, the most obvious inference we can draw from the whole Jenichen controversy is this, that those who delighted to call themselves pure Hahnemannists, among whom the high potency heresy chiefly spread, had found that sticking to decillionths was not the very best mode of erring their patients, and that they eagerly caught at Jenichen's preparations which they conceived to owe their efficacy to their greater dilution and dynamization, whereat the better results they obtain were referable to their employment of stronger doses of the medicine under a deceptive name. We have said that Dr. Rentsch's statements as to the Jenichen potencies are only inferences or surmises from the documents and letters which he inherited. Hering, of Philadelphia, however, stated so long ago as the year Vide British Journal of Homoeopathy, vol. We think it might have saved a world of controversy and acrimony among the disciples of Hahnemann , and have saved Homoeopathy the scandal of dealing in nostrums and arcana, had he long ago published the secret which he alone has hitherto professed to know for certain. It is evident that as long as the mode of their preparation remained secret they were treated with disdain by the great majority of homoeopathic practitioners, and we have no expectation that the revelation that we have given, or that Dr. Hering could give, relative to them, will have the effect of making them more esteemed ; but it is important that all suspicion of secret processes or secret remedies should be banished as speedily as may be from our system, which professes to he in the vanguard of medical science. It was all about Jenichen , and Rentsch's disclosures, and Hering's refusal to tell. We quote :. Such has been mutatis mutandis , very nearly the history of that homoeopathic cat-in-the-bag- Jenichen's mode of manufacturing the so called high potencies. Gross and Stapf were the first patrons of these novelties - not that Jenichen was the first introducer of high potencies, so-called, into homoeopathic practice, for Von Korsakoff preceded him with his high potencies by infection, as we showed in vol. Hering certainly knew it, and after the death of Gross and Stapf - if not before - was the only one who possessed the secret. Hering was frequently appealed to reveal the secret, but his answer was :. Solicitations were evidently fruitless to get the cat out of the bag. A most interesting letter from Dr. Hering dated Philadelphia, June 1st, , may be found in the British Journal of Homoeopathy for October, , in which he tells the story of his travels in Europe and a great deal about the Jenichen controversy. Rentsch , of Wismar , a very scientific man, whose physiological researches in the domain of microscopic organisms resemble in some ways those of our own Drysdale , was constituted the heir of Jenichen. At the meeting of the Congress at Leipzig in he read a paper giving, from the writings of Jenichen and, where these were defective, from his own conjectures, the mode of preparation of Jenichen's potencies. We gave an account in our ninth volume of our impression of what Rentsch said at the Congress ; not an abstract of his paper, which we had not seen, and which, in fact, we did not see until after our own report had been published. Well, Rentsch's guess at the contents of the bag did not succeed in inducing Hering to let his cat out ; so our venerable friend still continued to pass as the sole and envied possessor of the mighty secret. But the bag, which was kept tightly closed against the solicitations and the guesses of friendly colleagues, was at last opened to Dr. Hughes's contemptuous remark in our number of last January, that these high potencies are " utter impossibilities ," equivalent to an assertion that there is nothing in the bag ; that, in short, the whole affair is a sort of homoeopathic Mrs. Harris , of whom the skeptical Mrs. Prigg said " she didn't believe there wasn't no sich person. Hering , more fortunate than Sarah Gamp , can triumphantly produce his Mrs. Harris in the flesh he has a real cat to let out of his bag. He was probably rendered more willing to do this by the crop of rival claimants to high-potency fame that had sprung up of late. As long as there was only one, poor Petters , of Dessau , who tried to make high potencies according to Hahnemann's method, Hering had no difficulty in snuffing him out with the remark that his potencies had been tried and found useless, and although Rummel took up the defence of Petters , and even subjected his preparations to the ordeal of a solar microscope, it was of no avail. Jenichen and Jenichen alone would go down, and henceforth, for some time, high potencies and Jenichen's preparations were convertible terms. But when a crowd of high potentizers appeared, each with his cat in his bag, which he made no pretence of concealing, but, on the contrary, which he displayed to all the world, appealing to all to say whether it was not the very perfection of cats, and especially a thousand times better than that old affair of Jenichen's , the possessor of the last-mentioned treasure felt that unless he displayed his very superior animal there was some danger that its place would be occupied by one or more of the new claimants for admiration. There was Dunham with his ths, made by fastening his bottles to a mill wheel ; Fincke with his thousandths, obtained by the facile process of putting his dilution bottle under a water butt, and letting the contents flow through it at their leisure ; there was Lehrmann with his high potencies made one way, Boericke with his high potencies made another way ; Swan with his millionths, and Skinner with his ten millionths. The ingenuity of some of these potentizers is displayed in the complicated machines, automatic and other, for taking the labor of potentizing off their hands. Evidently one or other of these new high-potencies, some of which go up to millions, will soon shoulder the Jenichen potencies out of the swim altogether, unless it can be shown that his method is vastly superior to any of their modern rivals with their new fangled machinery. So its custodian resolves at last and at length to let the Jenichen cat out of the bag, and he chooses " The Organon " for that purpose. Rather hard, this, on Dr. Skinner , who has his own special potencies, and his own ingenious machinery for potentizing. We will now compare the accounts giver, by Hering and Rentsch of Jenichen and his mode of preparing the high-potencies connected with his name, in order to enable our readers to judge of the difference between them, and to appraise for themselves the value of Dr. Hering's cat in the bag. Caspar Julius Jenichen , born at Gotha in , was intended by his father for the profession of law. In he went to fight as a mounted volunteer rifleman. Returning - from the wars he bought a property near Gotha , where he devoted himself to training horses and veterinary medicine. When, in , Duke Ernst erected a national manege, Jenichen was appointed Master of the Horse and placed at the head of the institution. Owing to his skill in veterinary medicine he was appointed examiner of candidates. After the death of the Duke, the manege being done away with, Jenichen went back to his property and horse training. He had become acquainted with Homoeopathy in Gotha , and practiced it on his horses. At the request of Baron von Biel , of Weitendorf , near Wismar , he undertook the management of his stables. After some years he retired from his post and settled in Wismar. Here he invented the high potencies, and whilst preparing them he got a disease of the feet and legs, which caused him so much pain that he committed suicide in February, Jenichen was a man of Herculean strength. He once, for a wager, dashed his fist through a door panel, and he exerted all his strength in the preparation of high potencies. The reason why he made high potencies was because he was discontented with the potencies produced on the method pursued by Hahnemann whether with their effects on horses or men we are not told.

Mr Caspar Julius Jenichen () - Pioneers of homeopathy by T. L. Bradford

So its custodian resolves at last and at length to let the Jenichen cat out of the bag, and he chooses " The Organon " for that purpose. Rather hard, this, on Dr. Skinner , who has his own special potencies, and his own ingenious machinery for potentizing. We will now compare the accounts giver, by Hering and Rentsch of Jenichen and his mode of preparing the high-potencies connected with his name, in order to enable our readers to judge of the difference between them, and to appraise for themselves the value of Dr. Hering's cat in the bag. Caspar Julius Jenichen , born at Gotha in , was intended by his father for the profession of law. In he went to fight as a mounted volunteer rifleman. Returning - from the wars he bought a property near Gotha , where he devoted himself to training horses and veterinary medicine. When, in , Duke Ernst erected a national manege, Jenichen was appointed Master of the Horse and placed at the head of the institution. Owing to his skill in veterinary medicine he was appointed examiner of candidates. After the death of the Duke, the manege being done away with, Jenichen went back to his property and horse training. He had become acquainted with Homoeopathy in Gotha , and practiced it on his horses. At the request of Baron von Biel , of Weitendorf , near Wismar , he undertook the management of his stables. After some years he retired from his post and settled in Wismar. Here he invented the high potencies, and whilst preparing them he got a disease of the feet and legs, which caused him so much pain that he committed suicide in February, Jenichen was a man of Herculean strength. He once, for a wager, dashed his fist through a door panel, and he exerted all his strength in the preparation of high potencies. The reason why he made high potencies was because he was discontented with the potencies produced on the method pursued by Hahnemann whether with their effects on horses or men we are not told. He did not think better of Korsakoff's method, and resolved to find one for himself. He had the luck to make a great discovery no less than a new law of nature Naturgesetz ; a real revelation of nature Naturoffenbarung - in this way : Finding a bottle of the 29th dilution of Plumb. A patient affected with hereditary fetid perspiration of the feet, smelt once at a few globules saturated with this potency, and in a few days was permanently cured. After this Jenichen began all his high dilutions of earths and metals from the evaporated 29th dilution. Rentsch does not know if he did this with other medicines besides the metals and the earths. He thinks it probable that Jenichen began to potentize other medicines from the 5th or 3d attenuation. For the potencies from to be used alcohol, for those from upwards the water of Lake Schwerin , which is as clear as crystal. The proportions of medicine to vehicle were, up to , 6 to ; for those from to , 1 to ; for the remainder 2 to He used eight such bottles. For the highest potencies he employed larger and heavier bottles, which, including their contents, weighed 18 ounces 36 Loth. Jenichen sat or stood stripped naked to the waist, holding the bottle in his fist in an oblique direction from left to right, and shook it in a vertical direction. The fluid, at every stroke, emitted a sound like the ringing of silver coins. He paused after every 25th potency, and the muscles of his naked arm vibrated. At first, after one day of potentizing, he had to rest about a week to recover, but when by practice he got into condition he would go on potentizing without hurting the muscles, though every stroke shook his body as though it was electrified. He worked at his voluntary task from 10 P. He always took everything in the shape of food and drink cold, as he held warm food to be tin physiological, and he was a teetotaller. From he gave 10 shakes for each potency ; from to , 12 shakes ; from to , 30 shakes for each dilution. Rentsch thinks that for every 10, 12, or 30 shakes, he counted a degree of potency. He thinks, also, that the peculiar efficacy of Jenichen's potencies was owing partly to their being started from the evaporated bottle of the 29th dilution, which he terms a revelation of a natural law, partly to the violent friction of the fluid against the sides of the bottle effected by his giant strength, partly by the magnetic power communicated to the fluid by his enthusiasm and will. Jenichen belonged to a noble family of North Germany what became of the "von"? After this he was engaged to be married, but on riding to his bride's house he learned she was dead, like. He returned home alone, and being told that her life might have been saved by Homoeopathy, took to studying that system of medicine. Having acquired a knowledge of the practice, he devoted add his energies to curing horses. His muscular strength was prodigious. One day he saw a carriage and pair dashing down a hill at full speed. He caught hold of a horse with each hand and brought them to a standstill. The size of the horses is not stated ; perhaps it was a pony carriage. The carriage contained the Grand Duke of Gotha and his lady. When was the Duchy of Gotha made a Grand Duchy? The British , with their characteristic meanness, translate this title stallmeister into " hostler. We don't know who Dr. Hering refers to ; as far as we know the British have always said he was a trainer of horses, on the authority of Rentsch and others ; we don't remember to have heard him called " hostler. At the duke's table one day he rolled up a silver plate as if it had been a piece of pasteboard, and afterwards tore the roll into shreds as if it had been a newspaper. No wonder the Grand Duke did not retain his services very long. A new terror will be added to the business of a host if the guests are to roll up their silver plates like pasteboard and afterwards tear them to shreds like newspapers. We have heard the story of rolling up a silver plate with the fingers told of Count Orloff , a Russian ambassador, but the tearing it afterwards to shreds is new to us. The high potencies, i. Each potency gets twelve strokes. The highest potencies - from upwards are made in bottles weighing 18 oz. Each potency gets thirty strokes. The vehicle used is the water of Lake Schweri n, which is as clear as crystal. Water " clear as crystal " does not give us information as to its purity. Our Thames water as supplied by the companies may be described as " clear as crystal," but we know that it contains a pretty considerable admixture of organic and inorganic substances. His regular proportion of medicine to vehicle for the high potencies is 1 to , for the highest potencies 2 to But he does not know the exact proportion of composition in the highest potencies. Hering gives exactly the same account as Rentsch of Jenichen's discovery of the art of making high potencies which, however, he does not, like Rentsch , call a new-discovered law of nature or a revelation of nature-viz : the dried-up bottle of Plumb. The cork was shrivelled and loose in the bottle's neck, and had, perhaps, been so for years. He filled it three fourths full of alcohol, shook it, and then potentized a drop of this in his usual way with drops of alcohol up to With this he saturated some globules and cured with them a stinking foot-sweat of two years' standing. Ever since that time Jenichen , made all the high potencies of the earths and minerals, as also some others, from evaporated phials. It would be important to know how many of the other medicines he potentized in this way, and if he did not make them all so, at all events it is evident, from what Hering says, that he did not confine his remarkable method of potentizing from an empty bottle to the earths and metals ; so, for all we know, he may have so prepared all his high potencies. Hahnemann taught that each dilution should be made with a hundredth part of the previous potency ; but Jenichen , whose method was considered so infinitely superior to Hahnemann's by some of Hahnemann's immediate disciples, and who enjoyed revelations of nature denied to Hahnemann , prepared his potencies from an empty bottle. If Hahnemann took for his motto similia similibus curentur , it would not have been amiss had Jenichen adopted the motto ex nihilo nihil fit. Our readers have now before them the two accounts of Jenichen's mode of preparing his high potencies, Rentsch's guesses and Hering's revelations, and they may judge for themselves how far they differ. To ourselves the difference between theca is much about as important as that between the traditional tweedledum and tweedledee. They both say that the process of high potentizing commenced with a phial nominally of the 29th dilution, from which all the medicine had been evaporated. This to Rentsch is a physical apocalypse Naturoffenbarung. Hering discreetly omit, to say what he thinks of it. They agree in the proportions of vehicle to medicine, 1 to for the 2 to for the highest potencies. They agree also in the number of shakes given to each dilution. They both describe the muscular strength of this person ns prodigious. Rentsch describes him dashing his fist through a door panel, Hering as stopping a carriage and a pair of horses madly galloping down hill with a Grand Duke and his lady possibly his grand duchess and afterwards rolling up silver plates and tearing them in strips. The only point on which there is a material difference between these two authorities is where Rentsch suspects that Jenichen reckoned each 10, 12 or 30 shakes as a degree of potency irrespective of dilution. There is apparently no foundation for this suspicion in Jenichen's own communications, but yet there is nothing in them to render it impossible that such was the case, and Rentsch says the circumstance that he only employed eight phials in all for a medicine, and had them scalded with hot water for each subsequent medicine, rather strengthens Rentsch's supposition. Moreover, Jenichen says he rested after every 25 th potency, and that the th potency received succussion strokes. Hering offers no evidence that this is not the explanation of Jenichen's high potencies, unless that be considered as evidence which Jenichen writes to Hering , that he proposes to make a special potency for Hering running from a th and giving it strokes, but only raising it eight degrees thereby. Boenninghausen's " conclusive comments" have no bearing on the subject. The only point of interest in connection with the whole subject to us is this, that men of standing in the homeopathic world, Hahnemann's immediate disciples and others, could encourage in ignorant and presumptuous man like this Jenichen in his attempt to upset the teachings of the master with regard to the preparation of homoeopathic medicines, and to substitute for the well-known and well tried pharmaceutic processes hitherto practiced a method proceeding from his own fancy, without a single proof of its superiority, which set at defiance all tile maxims of reason and experience, and would imply that the proper mode of making our pharmaceutic preparations is to commence diluting front an empty bottle. The instances of Jenichen's practice, published alter his death, and which there is no reason to suppose Stapf and Gross knew about, are mostly beneath contempt, either from their titter triviality or sheer impossibility. Chamomilla removed the diarrhoea by the next day, but the bronchial catarrh only after five days-". One dose of Silic cured her in eight days. So, on the testimony of an ignorant horse trainer, we are expected to believe that a girl of eleven, had grey cataract of one eye, and further, that it was cured by internal treatment in eight days. Credat Judaeus! Of what value can be the assertions of a man who is either so ignorant or so untruthful as to make such a statement? Connected with this melancholy incident in the history of Homoeopathy we have a scientific man like Rentsch declaring that this empty-bottle pharmacy is a revelation of nature - a physical apocalypse - a newly discovered law of nature ; and we have the sad spectacle of men like Gross and Stapf encouraging, if not enjoining, this vain man to keep his process a secret, thus introducing, for the first time into Homoeopathy the disreputable secrecy of the charlatan. The saddest spectacle of all is that of the honored veteran of the homeopathic Materia Medica, Dr. Hering , urging on Jenichen , from across the Atlantic , to go higher and higher. Thus encouraged, stimulated by the applause of these well-known disciples of Hahnemann , see the wretched author of these innovations laboring half naked every night from 10 to 3 at his useless work, expending his prodigious strength on succussing successive dilutions of nothing, each stroke of his Herculean arm making the innocuous liquid in the bottle ring like silver money, and causing the whole house to shake. His giant strength and health gave way under his self imposed task ; but still he toiled away in obedience to Hering's wish, and for Hering's sake gave still more shakes to each dilution. His health and his brain at length gave way under this incessant toil, and he put an end voluntarily at once to life and his sufferings. This miserable episode reminds us of the fable of the frog swelling and puffing itself out to imitate the ox. So Jenichen says to Hering , " Is that high enough? The manifest duty of those who first came in contact with Jenichen and his potencies was to discourage any departure from Hahnemann's approved method. If it be replied that they did not know Jenichen's method of preparing his so called high potencies, then it was clearly their duty either to insist on a full and complete publication of his process, or to decline to have anything to do with them. Had they acted in the interests of science and Homoeopathy they would have snubbed the poor lunatic from the first, thereby saving us from a shameful episode of credulity and nostrum mongering, and perhaps preventing the melancholy self sacrifice of a half-witted enthusiast, whose antecedents eminently disqualified him for the office of revolutionizing and upsetting Hahnemann's pharmaceutic processes. As for Dr. Hering's exclusive possession of the secret of Jenichen's mode of preparing his high potencies, our readers are now able to estimate the value of this for themselves, now that Hering has himself let the cat out of the bag. Constantin Hering. We now see that far from being a respectable cat it more nearly resembles a much more insignificant animal. The process of parturition has been long and difficult, and the result is like the starling-point of Jenichen's high potencies - nothing at all! After this corroboration by the sole possessor of Jenichen's secret of what Rentsch told us long ago, we regret that we devoted so much space in our 5 th vol. The highly respectable names of Drs. Gross and Stapf , who stood sponsors to the Jenichen innovation, induced us to attach to it a greater importance than it deserved. It is humiliating to observe that a respectable reputation, real useful work, and an intimate personal acquaintance and friend ship with the great founder of Homoeopathy failed to preserve some of his immediate disciples from such arrant gobemoucherie. Note du Dr R. Oiseaux, t. VIII, p. Il se dit aussi de quelques plantes dont la tige visqueuse ou certaines parties contractiles retiennent les mouches et autres insectes qui viennent s'y poser. Terme familier. Roth tells in the British Journal of Homoeopathy vol. It my arrogance I believed in that there was something it Hahnernann's doctrine, and wished, by way of experiment, to free it from its errors, to purify it, to make it scientific, wished to make an experiment on my sister Ernestine , who was a real incarnate Pulsatilla , when I called on her and found her eyes inflamed, I was so intensely incredulous that I wished to prepare myself the tincture, but as I did not find the plant when I had seen it before I fetched the Tincture of Pulsatilla at Theodore Ruckert's , in Herrnhut , and prepared myself the dilutions. To I did not object ; the second , I considered naturally as nothing ; the third as nothing at all ; there was nothing but laughing going on. Having already prepared the six little bottles, and wishing to make a trial, I continued the dilutions thinking, in case of failure, I can again descend the ladder otherwise I would have certainly stopped. While all the sisters laughed I gave her Ernestine one drop of the 6th dilution that is 1 th, and we went merrily to bed. Having walked to and fro from Zittau to Herrnhut it was spring I slept like a top, when I was awoke by a loud call of "Murderer up, march! Now save your sister if you can. It was my father who, with a light in his hand, stood before me in the greatest rage ; he said :. This d - poison must be immediately removed from the house. Thus he continued, while I silently obeyed, and, following him, covered myself with my Russian sheepskin cloak. Ernestine was up, and ran to and fro moaning and crying, " I must die," and, in fact, she was out of her senses. The oldest sister, Klara , was the only one who remained quiet and tried to soothe all. I fetched the Materia Medica , 1 ed. II, p. However the consultation is not always perceived by practitioners as harmonious as the therapeutic relationship can be complex and conflicted [ 45 ]. This is important to understand for a number of reasons. Improved understanding of their role may benefit homeopathic practitioners and enhance their clinical outcomes, through improved training and supervision of practitioners and in addition may assist other clinicians through enhanced understanding of components of the consultation that may be generic. A qualitative approach was employed in this study using grounded theory. Grounded theory is suitable for investigating largely unexplored topics, for exploring interactions and for the development of a theoretical model [ 47 — 49 ]. The value of using multiple methodological approaches to explore different perspectives of phenomena has been previously reported [ 50 ]. In the field of CAM the validity of qualitative methodology has been identified as fundamental to understanding and describing the philosophical foundations, contextual frameworks and key treatment components of CAM modalities [ 51 , 52 ]. Data collection proceeded through two phases. Phase of the study involved face-to-face interviews with homeopaths from which a tentative theoretical model of the consultation was developed. In phase of the study the model was tested using observations of the consultations and solicited practitioner diaries. The triangulation of different methods to collect data is consistent with theoretical sampling [ 48 ] and is a strategy that can increase the robustness of the findings [ 46 ]. Approval was also given by 12 Primary Care Trusts. All participants provided informed written consent. Initially purposeful sampling enabled a selection of practitioners see Table 1 who used a range of practice styles. These styles included medical and non-medical homeopaths and homeopaths who worked in private practice, NHS practices and NHS hospitals. The training of these homeopaths also differed between private colleges, university degree courses and faculty training. Practitioners also worked in different locations, including rural and inner city areas. Twenty five of the 30 contacted agreed to be interviewed, reasons for refusal were not provided but the characteristics of non-responders did not appear to be any different from respondents in terms of training, location and clinical experience. In depth interviews were conducted using an open-ended unstructured interview technique, which allowed participants to talk about their experiences of first and subsequent consultations and to illustrate with examples where possible. This allowed participants to express their perspectives on their perceptions, experiences, intentions and roles within the consultation [ 46 , 53 ]. Analysis was performed concurrently with data collection and as categories emerged from the interviews the questioning became progressively more focused. Theoretical sampling [ 54 ] was employed and practitioners were selected because of known aspects of their practice that were likely to contribute to the emerging theoretical model and to negative case analysis. Sampling continued until saturation of the data occurred and no new categories developed [ 48 ]. The interviews were recorded for transcription and analyzed by C. Eyles, and the analysis was checked in a sample of interviews by the co-authors, with any disagreements resolved by consensus. Data analysis followed the standard procedure for grounded theory [ 49 ]. Initially the data were coded; thereafter concepts and categories were developed from the data and constantly compared and cross-referenced within and between interview transcripts. This process in turn guided data collection and sampling of participants [ 48 , 54 ]. From the interview data an emerging theoretical model of the homeopathic consultation developed. From this model a checklist of sensitized categories [ 46 , 55 ] was produced to assist the analysis of data from phase. In total 60 homeopaths members of both the Society of Homeopaths and the Faculty of Homeopathy were invited to participate in phase. Letters were sent to the 25 participants who had been interviewed in phase and 35 new participants were additionally contacted. Participants therefore included both nonmedical and medical homeopaths all of whom were in private practice. NHS homeopathic practitioners were not sampled in phase of the study, due to practical considerations and time constraints. Phase of the data collection process was in two parts, study A and study B. Study A used non-participant observations of homeopathic consultations [ 56 ]; three practitioners took part in study A. Five consultations were observed by C. Eyles and recorded on a camcorder. Through observation the contexts within which practitioners operated and interacted were captured. B Study B involved the completion of solicited practitioner reflective diaries by the participants. Four practitioners took part in study B; and four practitioner diaries were collected in total. The diaries were completed over a two week period using either audio or written format. The practitioners were asked to reflect on their recent consultations, focusing on difficult consultations, using an unstructured narrative format. Data from phase 2 of data collection were analyzed using the checklist developed from phase. Reflections and observations of actions that confirmed, refuted or provided new data which enriched categories were noted in the checklist and used to inform the final model. The reflections and observations were analyzed by C. Eyles, and S. Brien checked a sample of these. Twenty-five homeopaths were interviewed, 5 consultations were observed and 4 diaries were collected see Table 1 , this was sufficient to achieve saturation. All practitioners practiced classical homeopathy over a period of 3 to 35 years and were based in the south of England. Despite a variation in the sample characteristics there were no overt differences in the process of the consultation between medical and non-medical homeopaths. The main difference between private and NHS homeopaths was found to be the length of the consultation which could vary for a first consultation from 20 minutes for NHS practitioners to 2 hours for private practitioners. A followup consultation could vary from 10 minutes for NHS practitioners to 45 minutes for a private practitioner. Five main categories emerged from the data to form the model; connecting, exploring the journey, finding the level, responding therapeutically and understanding self. Connecting emerged as the central process and core category in the homeopathic consultation; the other four categories were dependent on and linked to connecting see Figure 1. The intention of the practitioners was to use this process of connecting to promote healing for their patients. Each constituent category is described below using illustrative quotations in the indicated tables. Pseudonyms are used to protect the anonymity of participants. The practitioners described connecting in several ways see illustrative quotations in Table 2 but it always referred to several factors; the relationship that is formed between the practitioner and the patient , the level of engagement that patients have with homeopathy or holistic consultations, the level of engagement that the practitioner has with practicing homeopathy and the relationship that the practitioner has with themselves. Connecting on these different levels needed to be tailored to the needs of individual patients and tensions could arise between being able to achieve a connection with a patient and over connecting. Practitioners reported, and it was also observed, that they used empathy and rapport building communication strategies to facilitate their connection with patients. A caring and compassionate demeanour was seen in the observations along with attempts to create rapport; for example, by making the patient welcome and through the skilful mirroring of body language. The homeopaths described how the consultation could vary in length, especially the first consultation which could last from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Much of this time was spent listening to the patients story, as was observed in the consultations. Patients would spend the first 20 minutes disclosing without interruption and then the homeopath would prompt for further information and unravel the patients narrative until an understanding of the patient was reached see Table 3. Many of the participants referred to homeopathic treatment as being part of a long-term journey of self discovery for both the patient and practitioner as many patients did not know what the underlying reason for their illness was. Therefore, the role of the practitioners at this point of the consultation appeared to be to facilitate the exploration of their symptoms. The process of exploring the patients narrative through their symptoms was described by the practitioners as not only a way for them to connect with their patients, but also as a means of gaining an understanding of the patients beliefs and perspective about their illness. This gathering of symptoms based on the patients subjective experience of their illness was described as purposeful since the intention was to gather enough information and understanding of the patient to prescribe a homeopathic remedy. The homeopaths were not only interested in the presenting complaint but also in all idiosyncratic and idiopathic symptoms of the whole person. Such an interest could create a tension for practitioners and patients as they attempted to skilfully balance volunteered patient disclosure with purposeful elicitation of information about symptoms. This led many practitioners to either adopt a patient led or more directive style, or even to oscillate back and forth between these formats in order to maintain a balance between the two styles. Having established a connection and understanding of the patient through exploration of their symptoms homeopaths could then evaluate the patient. The concepts of energy , wholeness, expectations and collaboration emerged as being important in this evaluative process. The concepts of energy vitalism and wholeness holism were often linked by the participants and referred to a process of understanding how individual symptoms could relate to the whole person. These were seen as an approach for connecting different components of the patient, such as the psychological and physical. All participants considered that the expectations of both patients and practitioner were important when evaluating the patient. The practitioners construed that these approaches were often new to patients as they may more accustomed to biomedical consultations which may not be as sensitive to patients expectations. Once they have connected only then can the practitioner respond in a therapeutic way to the patient. The responses that the practitioners reported and were observed in the consultation ranged from; the patient can receive benefit from the consultation alone, or, benefit can result from the interaction plus the matching and prescribing of the correctly chosen homeopathic remedy, or change can occur through lifestyle changes see Table 5. This range of responses is represented by the concepts therapeutic consultation, matching and adjunct therapies. Several practitioners described occasions where their patients received benefit from a consultation before the administration of a remedy. Some of the practitioners ascribed this benefit to the patient being able to talk and be listened to. Other practitioners enlarged on this by describing how the particular type of exploration of the patients narrative in the homeopathic consultation could lead to the patient making meaningful connections about their illness experiences. However, the majority of practitioners in this study reported that the remedy also had a central role in the homeopathic process. Finding the right remedy for patients was described by many of the practitioners as a complicated process for which there were several steps. These included a systematic process of deduction, the use of intuition and the use of bodily sensations and awareness to guide remedy choice. Although a homeopathic consultation will typically result in the prescription of a remedy, adjunct therapies may also be suggested such as lifestyle changes or referral to another therapy, either in addition to, or, instead of the homeopathic remedy. Having an understanding of ones self as a professional practitioner was construed to be important by the homeopaths see Table 6. They reported that it assisted them in the ability to connect and understand their patients and in managing the balance between the challenges and benefits of homeopathic practice. The concepts of being drained and being replenished respectively represent these challenges and benefits and reveal the tensions and difficulties that the practitioners can encounter in practice. For example, some of the participants felt that their own life experiences contributed to being able to understand others, however there own life experiences can also predispose them to developing preconceptions or assumptions about the patient; and this prior experience was to be used with caution. The practitioners described many experiences that were difficult to manage and contributed to feeling drained. Several participants described the feeling of being judged, either by their individual patients or by the scientific community. They revealed that there was a pressure to appear successful in the eyes of the wider world for the sake of the homeopathic profession; some participants framed this within the recent media scrutiny of homeopathy. The sense of being judged could be compounded by the pressure of finding the right remedy for a patient. Meeting the demands of particular patients was also noted as another factor that contributed to difficulties in practice and could also lead the practitioner to become overinvolved emotionally with the patient, resulting in potential health problems for the practitioner. Although all practitioners discussed the difficulties that they experienced many of them described a sense of fulfilment from their practice. This fulfilment derived from occasions when patients would respond positively to a consultation and remedy. Additionally most of the practitioners described various activities that they embarked on in order to balance the demands of practice. However, despite these measures two participants, during the course of this study, decided to give up the practice of homeopathy because the apparent challenges outweighed the benefits of continued practice. Connecting emerged as the core category in the consultation and refers to the relationship that the practitioner forms or attempts to form with the patient and themselves as professionals. Connecting was crucially linked to and interwoven with other key processes categories. Through connecting a shared journey with the patient was enabled, allowing exploration and evaluation of the patients symptoms which usually involved moving beyond the presenting complaint. Responding to the patient in a therapeutic way could be due to the interaction alone or due to the interaction including lifestyle changes within the consultation combined with the homeopathic remedy. Practitioner self awareness was construed as essential for maintaining the balance between the challenges and benefits of practice. The findings of this study build on previous research and broaden our understanding of the homeopathic consultation showing how homeopaths view and enact the process of the whole consultation with their patients. These findings indicate that there are features of the homeopathic consultation that are common to other types of consultation such as counselling and psychotherapy as well as aspects that are unique and specific to homeopathy, this has also been noted elsewhere [ 64 ]. Empathy and rapport are common to many therapeutic consultations [ 65 ] and previous literature has shown that having a whole person approach [ 66 ] being empathic and developing rapport [ 33 , 67 ] has potential therapeutic value. This study highlights empathy and rapport as skills that were valued and employed by the homeopaths and were viewed as crucial to establishing a relationship with the patient, this is consistent with previous literature [ 10 , 40 ]. These findings clearly suggest tensions between the benefits and challenges in the practice of homeopathy not previously known or understood. Although this aspect is discussed and explored by homeopaths in homeopathic journals [ 69 , 70 ] and books [ 62 , 71 ] it has not been systematically researched; only one study has looked at the challenges of practice for homeopaths [ 45 ]. It is noteworthy that that during the data collection period of this study there was considerable media coverage and scrutiny of homeopathy [ 72 — 76 ]. This study suggests that homeopaths consider themselves an instrument in the therapeutic process and this has been recognised in conventional medicine as the single most important factor in developing a therapeutic relationship [ 78 — 80 ]. This has not been noted elsewhere in relation to homeopathy. Self awareness and understanding is important as practitioner characteristics can influence the practitioner patient relationship [ 81 , 82 ]. Some of the participants felt that their own life experiences contributed to being able to understand others. Although this can be a valuable tool for cultivating empathy [ 65 ] it can also predispose practitioners to make assumptions about their patients. This sharing of information and choices is similar to shared decision making in the medical consultation [ 84 ] which is the ideal model for decision making in the consultation [ 85 ]. Our findings add to this as we suggest that the collaborative nature of the homeopathic consultation is also seen in the sequential process of dealing with expectations, which may change in order and according to the patients need. This sequence resembles a process of negotiation that has not been previously noted in the homeopathy literature and is significant given the association between expectations and treatment outcomes observed in medical [ 86 ] acupuncture [ 87 ] and in homeopathic consultations [ 88 ]. The narrative-based approach to the homeopathic consultation which has been previously reported [ 44 , 64 ] is consistent with other narrative- based therapies [ 89 — 92 ] in that it is concerned with illness experience rather than disease [ 83 ]. However there are characteristics of the homeopathic narrative-based approach that are unique and specific to homeopathy [ 64 ]. The homeopath probes for specific information that is central to finding the correct homeopathic remedy, such as peculiar and idiosyncratic bodily information, changes in mood, emotional symptoms, sleep and energy symptoms. This indicates that the consultation is significantly different to psychotherapeutic and counselling consultations with which homeopathy is often compared [ 93 ]. Moreover the purpose of this narrative exploration is to assist the process of identifying and matching the appropriate homeopathic remedy. This is described in this study as a pattern of decision making which is consistent with the PHIR-M model [ 6 ] which includes both cognitive and intuitive processes [ 3 ]. The remedy is then prescribed with the intention of treating the whole person including their idiosyncratic and subjective symptoms and thus differs from the medical consultation which fits the drug or intervention to the presenting complaint with the aim of treating the disease. This study adds to this body of knowledge by showing in more detail the process of how the narrative is elicited from the patient and highlights that probing for specific information which may lead to a remedy is central to this process. Depending on the setting; the length of consultations in the NHS can vary from 10 minutes to 1 hour compared to those in private practice which can last from 30 minutes up to 2 hours. Although longer consultations are more likely to result in better health outcomes [ 98 ] and contain important elements of care [ 99 ] especially in improved recognition and handing of psychosocial problems [ ], it is the quality of care that concerns patients [ ]. If patients have their emotional needs met, feel listened to and understood regardless of the time spent with the doctor then they are satisfied with the process and the consultation length [ , ]. Most of the practitioners in this study had consultations that lasted longer than 20 minutes although NHS practitioners in this study and elsewhere [ ] have reported that they are able to prescribe homeopathic remedies in a standard 10 minute general practice consultation. Additionally based on the interviews, this study found many similarities between consultations conducted by medical and nonmedical homeopaths and private and NHS practitioners. One of the main differences was that medical homeopaths perceived that they conducted more medically orientated homeopathic consultation which tended to be more concerned initially with the disease process that a patient presented with. Follow-up observational work would confirm this. This study has implications for researchers of homeopathy as it demonstrates that the process of finding and prescribing the remedy is embedded in the consultation, highlighting the interconnectedness of the whole homeopathic consultation. The study challenges some assumptions. First, the notion that diagnosis takes place before a research trial; these finding indicate that the homeopath does not make a biomedical diagnosis but understands and evaluates the patients subjective illness according to homeopathic principles. Second, that some non-specific factors such as talking and listening are generic to therapeutic consultations. However, the way in which this is accomplished in the homeopathic consultation is specific to homeopathy. Third, the process of identifying and matching the remedy are specific and integral to the consultation and cannot easily be separated from other non-specific factors such as empathy corroborating a previous theoretical explanation by Weatherley-Jones [ ] that the homeopathic remedy is synergistic to the consultation. As such using Whole Systems Research [ ] would be a necessary and appropriate research framework to assess this complex intervention. This study also has implications for practitioners of homeopathy. The training of homeopathic practitioners has not been systematically researched. The focus of many courses is on the study of homeopathic philosophy, materia medica remedies and clinical training, including components that involve interpersonal skills, communication skills, practitioner personal and professional development. For teachers of homeopathy this theoretical model could provide a tool to aid the teaching of interpersonal skills for homeopathic students and for practicing homeopaths a tool to use in supervision. Recruitment for study A observation of consultations was challenging as there were many non- responders for this part of the study. When asked homeopaths reported that introducing a third party camera or researcher into the consultation would change the dynamics of the interaction, which patients were often paying for. The main limitation of this study was that the observations of the consultations did not include NHS medical homeopaths, this is important as this group of practitioners may not wholly recognise the model as a model of their consultations. However the model was informally shown to several NHS medical homeopaths. These limitations are mitigated by a number of strengths. Triangulation of methods was employed so that the model shows how the practitioners not only viewed but enacted key aspects of the consultation. The model is also likely to be applicable recruiting both medical and nonmedical homeopaths working in variety of locations across different geographical and socioeconomic areas and private and NHS practitioners. The tendency to label any benefit from homeopathy as placebo effect, nonspecific effects or context effects belies the full range of experiences of the consultation. The authors would like to thank the homeopaths for their time and help in participating in this study. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Journal overview. Special Issues. Caroline Eyles , 1 Geraldine M. Leydon, 1 George T. Received 21 Jul Accepted 01 Sep Published 30 Sep Introduction Classical homeopathy [ 1 ] is a form of complementary and alternative medicine CAM which aims to treat mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual symptoms of the person. Methods A qualitative approach was employed in this study using grounded theory. Table 1. Figure 1. A model of a UK classical homeopathic consultation. Understanding what why having a relationship with the patient. Table 2. Table 3. Am I going to be able to get further than the physical with this patient, can we discover the emotional side? Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. References S. Steinsbekk and L. Brien, B. Dibb, and A. In press.

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