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The Christian Society for the Study of Hinduism, 1940-1956: Interreligious Engagement in Mid-Twentieth Century India

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The Christian Society for the Study of Hinduism, 1940-1956: Interreligious Engagement in Mid-Twentieth Century India View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Unisa Institutional Repository THE CHRISTIAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HINDUISM, 1940-1956: INTERRELIGIOUS ENGAGEMENT IN MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY INDIA by RICHARD LEROY HIVNER Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject RELIGIOUS STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR M CLASQUIN JUNE 2011 Acknowledgements This thesis is deeply indebted to many individuals, both historical and contemporary, who have lived in nebulous areas on the borderlands of Hinduism and Christianity. Some of them would object even to this illustration of their engagement with what have come to be understood as two different world religions, and perhaps they are better described as pilgrims in uncharted territory. Nonetheless, my debt and gratitude, particularly to those I am privileged to call friends. Many librarians and archivists have been helpful and generous in my researches over the years. Related to this thesis, particular thanks are due to the librarians and archivists at the United Theological College in Bangalore, the archivists of the CMS collection at the University of Birmingham, and the librarians and archivists at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. The late Fr. James Stuart of the Brotherhood House in Delhi provided access to books and abundant encouragement, and his successors there have continued to provide hospitable access. Thanks are also due to Bishop Raphy Manjaly and Rev. Joseph D’Souza of the diocese of Varanasi of the Roman Catholic Church for making copies of The Pilgrim in their possession available to me. In North America many libraries have made works accessible, and thanks in particular are due to the staff of libraries at William Carey International University, Fuller Theological Seminary, the University of California at Los Angeles, and Northwestern University. i I am grateful to the University of South Africa and its excellent program of extension study, and more so to my always helpful supervisor, Dr. Michel Clasquin-Johnson. As in all my writings, my largest debt is to my own family; my wife offering unwavering support and encouragement for this project, along with my children who are now grown enough to understand exactly what the years of book collecting and study have been all about. Rick Hivner Pasadena, California November, 2010 ii Table of Contents Preface 1 Chapter One Introduction: Analytical and Historical Background 7 1.0 The Christian Study of Religions 8 1.1 Christian Assimilation from Non-Christian Faiths 9 1.1.1 Paul Hacker (1913-1979) and Early Christian Chrêsis (χρησις) 9 1.1.2 Anton Wessels (1946- ) and How Europe Became Christian 11 1.1.3 J. H. Bavinck (1895-1964) on Possessio and Accommodation 13 1.1.4 Hacker, Wessels and Bavinck in Review 15 1.2 Interreligious Dialogue and a Theology of Religions 16 1.2.1 Christian Theology of Religions 17 1.2.2 Comparative Theology 20 1.3 Conclusion 26 2.0 Religious Studies 27 2.1 World Religions 28 2.2 Enlightenment Narrowing of “Religion” 31 2.3 Multiple Religious Belonging 33 2.4 Reconsidering Christianity 36 2.5 Conclusion 39 3.0 Hinduism 39 3.1 Hinduism as a Non-Existent Misnomer 40 3.1.1 Robert Eric Frykenberg 40 3.1.2 S. N. Balagangadhara 43 3.1.3 Conclusion 44 3.2 Hinduism as a Religion Born in the Nineteenth Century 44 3.2.1 Gavin Flood 45 3.2.2 Eric J. Sharpe 46 3.2.3 Conclusion 47 iii 3.3 Hinduism rooted in the Vedic Tradition 47 3.3.1 Orientalism 48 3.3.2 Brian Pennington 50 3.3.3 Wendy Doniger 52 3.3.4 Conclusion 53 3.4 Hinduism as More Than Religion 54 3.4.1 Heinrich von Stietencron 54 3.4.2 Julius Lipner 56 3.4.3 The Supreme Court of India 57 3.4.4 Conclusion on Hinduism as More than Religion 61 3.5 Conclusion on Hinduism and Religion 61 4.0 The Mid-Twentieth Century Indian Context of the CSSH 66 4.1 The Christian Study of Hinduism in Historical Perspective 66 4.1.1 The Nineteenth Century Background 67 4.1.1.1 The Dominant Paradigm 67 4.1.1.2 Fulfillment Theology 69 4.1.1.3 William Miller’s Approach 71 4.1.2 Twentieth Century Developments 72 4.1.2.1 Miller’s Ongoing Influence 73 4.1.2.2 Hendrik Kraemer 75 4.1.3 Neglect of CSSH and The Pilgrim 77 4.1.4 P. D. Devanandan 79 4.1.5 Conclusion 80 4.2 Indian Christianity and the CSSH 81 4.2.1 Organizational Roots of the CSSH in Indian Protestant Christianity 82 4.2.2 Indian Protestant Christianity and “the Christian Community” 83 4.2.3 Following Christ without Conversion to Christianity 85 4.2.4 Concluding Thoughts on the Indian Christian Community 87 4.3 Hinduism, Nationalism and “Hindu Nationalism” 88 4.3.1 Hinduism and Nationalism 88 4.3.2 Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) 90 4.3.3 Hindu Nationalism or Hindutva (“Hindu-ness”) 93 4.3.4 B. R. Ambedkar 95 4.3.5 Conclusion 96 iv 4.4 Political Developments 97 4.5 Conclusion 97 Chapter Two The Benares United City Mission 99 1.0 Benares (Varanasi) 99 2.0 The Benares United City Mission 100 2.1 Early Problems 102 2.2 J. C. Jackson 103 2.3 Sidney R. Holt 106 2.4 J. S. Moon 109 2.5 R.C. Das 110 2.6 Fatal Conflicts 114 2.7 Conclusion 119 Chapter Three The Christian Society for the Study of Hinduism 121 1.0 Birth of the CSSH 121 2.0 Purpose of the CSSH 123 2.1 A Permanent School of Hinduism 123 2.2 The Benares Institute 125 2.3 The Pilgrim 126 2.3.1 A. J. Appasamy 126 2.3.2 J. S. Moon 128 2.3.3 P. Chenchiah 129 2.3.4 R. D. Immanuel 130 3.0 Conclusion 130 Chapter Four R. C. Das 131 1.0 Background and Life of R. C. Das (1887-1976) 131 1.1 The Namasudras 131 1.2 R. C. Das in East Bengal 135 1.2.1 Family life 135 1.2.2 Education 136 1.2.3 Between the Brahmo Samaj and Baptist Christianity 137 1.2.4 Conviction of Sin and Conversion 139 v 1.2.5 Reactions to Conversion 141 1.2.6 Das the Christian Convert 141 1.3 Calcutta Years 142 1.3.1 Education 142 1.3.2 Church Relations 143 1.3.3 Marriage 144 1.3.4 Teaching 145 1.3.5 Retrospect on Calcutta Years 146 1.4 Calcutta to Banaras 148 1.4.1 St. John’s College Agra 148 1.4.2 CMS Evangelist in East Bengal 148 1.4.3 Church of God Ministry 149 1.5 Banaras Years 149 1.5.1 New Ministry Initiatives 150 1.5.1.1 New Magazines 150 1.5.1.2 A New Church Movement 152 1.5.1.3 An Ashram Property 153 1.5.2 Personal Matters 154 1.5.2.1 Family Crisis 154 1.5.2.2 Financial Strains 157 2.0 The Christianity of R. C. Das 158 2.1 Jesus Christ as Unique Savior 159 2.2 Christianity as Historically and Culturally Relative 161 2.2.1 Das on Religion 161 2.2.2 Christianity as Religion 165 2.2.3 The Problem of Indian Christianity 166 2.2.4 Analysis of Das on Indian Christianity 168 2.3 Das and Possessio 170 2.4 Fulfillment and Possessio 178 3.0 R. C. Das on Hinduism 180 3.1 Lectures on Hinduism to the Benares Institute 180 3.1.1 The Facts of Hinduism 181 3.1.2 The Practical Focus 184 3.1.3 Comparing Hinduism and Christianity 185 vi 3.2 Viewpoint from The Pilgrim 188 3.3 Further Thoughts on Hinduism from R. C. Das 192 4.0 Analysis of R. C. Das 195 Chapter Five A. J. Appasamy’s Stewardship of The Pilgrim 199 1.0 Religion in A. J. Appasamy’s Thought 199 1.1 Defining Religion 200 1.2 Mystical Religion 201 1.3 Concluding Comments 204 2.0 Christianity and Hinduism 205 2.1 Utilitarian Possessio 205 2.2 Fulfillment 206 2.3 Appasamy and the Goals of the CSSH 207 2.4 Sympathy and Triumphalism 208 2.5 Christianity Learning from Hinduism 211 2.6 Christianity Correcting Hinduism 213 3.0 Conclusion 218 Chapter Six The Many Voices of The Pilgrim 219 1.0 Moon and Summary Approaches to Hinduism 219 1.1 J. S. Moon’s Writings 220 1.2 Ashananda Nag on Hinduism 223 1.3 N. T. Jacob’s Paradigm 225 2.0 Many Other Voices 228 2.1 Studies of Hindu Texts 228 2.1.1 Vedic Studies 228 2.1.2 Bhagavad Gita Studies 230 2.1.3 A Mahabharata Story 231 2.1.4 Saiva Siddhanta Studies 231 2.2 Biographical Studies 234 2.3 Sociological Studies 237 2.4 Thematic Studies 238 3.0 Conclusion 243 vii Chapter Seven The Failed Revolution of P. Chenchiah 245 1.0 Circulation Problems of The Pilgrim 245 2.0 Chenchiah’s Teaching 247 2.1 Chenchiah on Religion 248 2.2 Interreligious Cooperation 249 2.3 Chenchiah on Christianity 252 2.4 Chenchiah on Fulfillment 256 2.5 Chenchiah on Hinduism 257 3.0 Conclusion 267 Chapter Eight The Twilight of The Pilgrim 269 1.0 R.
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