Français Jean-Antoine Nollet Antinori (1792-1865), Divertissantes (1700-1770)

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Français Jean-Antoine Nollet Antinori (1792-1865), Divertissantes (1700-1770) Le Museo Galileo renferme dans ses salles les collections des Médicis et des Lorraine se non seulement la précieuse collection sont progressivement créées, les lieux qui les scientifique des Médicis et des Lorraine mais ont abritées, les ambitions des commettants aussi des instruments uniques ; les instruments et les activités des scientifiques qui en ont pensés et fabriqués par Galilée et les seuls été les protagonistes. Galilée est la clef de parvenus jusqu’à nous (parmi ces derniers voûte autour de laquelle se déploie l’entière il faut signaler les deux lunettes et la lentille exposition. La collection des Médicis nous objective du télescope avec lequel Galilée offre le témoignage de la culture scientifique a découvert les satellites de Jupiter). de l’époque, culture dans laquelle Galilée La nouvelle dénomination du Musée, qui s’est formé. D’autre part, les instruments et date de 2010 (tout en conservant le nom les appareils expérimentaux acquis par les précédent – Institut et Musée d’Histoire des Lorraine au XVIIIème et XIXème siècles reflètent Sciences) met l’accent sur l’importance l’empreinte que les découvertes de Galilée que l’héritage laissé par Galilée revêt pour laissera sur les développements des sciences les activités et la physionomie culturel de physiques et mathématiques de l’âge moderne. l’institution : il s’agit à la fois d’un musée doté Le Musée reconstruit autour de la figure d’un inestimable patrimoine d’instruments emblématique de Galilée l’histoire des et d’appareils expérimentaux et d’un institut initiatives scientifiques de Florence et de la qui se consacre aux activités de recherches et Toscane, une histoire qui met en évidence de documentation et met à la disposition des des liens avec les activités de recherches chercheurs du monde entier les ressources les plus avancées qui se sont développées considérables de sa riche bibliothèque, simultanément à un niveau international. ressources aujourd’hui également accessibles En effet, les Médicis et les Lorraine ont à travers Internet. offert, pendant des siècles, protection et Le parcours de l’exposition (qui présente encouragement aux savants de grand talent, plus de mille instruments et appareils de protagonistes de certaines, parmi les plus notable importance scientifique mais aussi importantes, acquisitions théoriques et d’une beauté exceptionnelle) reconstruit le pratiques, de la science moderne. contexte historique et culturel dans lequel Premier étage Deuxième étage Le collectionnisme Le collectionnisme des Médicis des Lorraine VIII IX I II XII XIII XIV XI VII XV III XVI VI V IV X XVIII XVII Museo Galileo Piazza dei Giudici 1 50122 Florence Salle I Le collectionnisme des Médicis Salle X Le collectionnisme des Lorraine tel. +39 055 265311 www.museogalileo.it Salle II L’astronomie et le temps Salle XI Le spectacle de la science Salle III La représentation du monde Salle XII L’enseignement des sciences : la mécanique Salle IV Les globes de Vincenzo Coronelli Salle XIII L’enseignement des sciences : l’optique, la pneumatique, l’électromagnétisme Salle V La science de la mer Salle XIV L’industrie des instruments de précision Salle VI La science de la guerre Salle XV Mesurer les phénomènes naturels : l’atmosphère et la lumière Salle VII Le nouveau monde de Galilée Salle XVI Mesurer les phénomènes naturels : l’électricité et l’électromagnétisme Salle VIII L’Accademia del Cimento : art et science de l’expérience Salle XVII La chimie et l’utilité publique de la science Traduction : Salle IX Après Galilée : l’exploration Salle XVIII La science dans la maison Rita Taddeo du monde physique et biologique Salle I Salle II Salle III Le collectionnisme L’astronomie La représentation des Médicis et le temps du monde Les Médicis, protecteurs Depuis l’antiquité l’homme a un rapport particulier La Géographie de Ptolémée éclairés des arts et avec le temps qui lui apparait comme une entité (IIème siècle après J.C.) – un mécènes des sciences, fuyante, à la fois sur le plan philosophique et sur des textes fondateur de la ont rassemblé au le plan matériel. Même si elle n’est pas parvenue géographie moderne, cours des siècles, à éclaircir la nature du temps, l’astronomie a redécouvert à Florence, une extraordinaire contribué à en définir les unités (année, mois, jour à la fin du XIVème siècle collection d’instruments et heure) en se basant sur des phénomènes célestes est le témoignage scientifiques qui, et en élaborant des instruments chronométriques parfait de l’immense pendant près de deux précis. Cette nécessité d’un contrôle du valeur culturelle cent ans a été conservée temps rigoureux est reflétée par conférée à la dans la Galerie des Offices les deux principales cosmographie parmi les chefs d’œuvre de finalités poursuivies dans la Toscane l’art antique et moderne. par l’astronomie des Médicis. C’est C’est avec Cosme Ier de jusqu’au XVIIème Cosme Ier de Médicis Médicis (1519-1574), fondateur siècle : définir (1519-1574) qui est à du grand duché de Toscane, un calendrier l’origine de l’ambitieux que commencera la collection pour fixer avec projet de la Guardaroba des Médicis. Par la suite ses précision les fêtes Nuova du Palazzo Vecchio enfants et ses successeurs l’enrichiront : religieuses et les comme un grandiose François Ier (1541-1587) se consacrera aux collections devoirs de la vie theatrum mundi. Dans de sciences naturelles et aux recherches sur civile, prévoir la Guardaroba Nuova la l’alchimie, Ferdinand Ier (1549-1609), quant à les positions Géographie de Ptolémée est lui, acquerra un grand nombre d’instruments des étoiles et représentée mais aussi, en quelque sorte, « mise mathématiques, nautiques et cosmographiques. des planètes à jour » d’après les connaissances de l’époque. Cosme II (1590-1621) aura enfin le privilège pour formuler Ce même projet sera repris par la suite par d’accueillir dans sa collection les instruments des jugements Ferdinand Ier (1549-1609) dans la Galerie des révolutionnaires de Galilée (1564-1642), parmi astrologiques. Ce n’est pas un Offices où ce dernier fait aménager une Salle de la lesquels l’on peut citer, le compas géométrique hasard si, avant la découverte du télescope Cosmographie avec la représentations des domaines et militaire et le télescope. D’autres instruments, – qui permettra de découvrir l’aspect et la nature des Médicis et un grand modèle du système de comme les étonnants thermomètres soufflés dans des corps célestes – les instruments astronomiques, Ptolémée créé par le cosmographe Antonio Santucci les verreries du Palais Pitti. seront fabriqués pour et en particulier ceux dits « portatifs »– servent (mort en 1613). Vu dans sa continuité, le projet du les activités de l’Accademia del Cimento, fondée généralement à mesurer le temps. Un nombre élevé Palazzo Vecchio et celui des Offices présentent une par Ferdinand II (1610-1670) et Léopold de Médicis de ces instruments raffinés sont conservés dans la encyclopédie du savoir cosmographique du XVIème (1617-1675). Cosme III (1642-1723) aura à ses cotés le collection des Médicis. siècle conçue pour célébrer le pouvoir du prince. mathématicien Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703), disciple de Galilée dont le mathématicien fera un héros de la science – une image de Galilée qui durera jusqu’à la fin du XIXème siècle. Salle IV Salle V Salle VI Les globes La science La science de Vincenzo Coronelli de la mer de la guerre La collection des Médicis possède quatre globes Après avoir consolidé leur En 1599 Ferdinand Ier (1549-1609) transfert les du cosmographe vénitien Vincenzo Maria Coronelli pouvoir en Toscane, les instruments mathématiques du Palazzo Vecchio (1650-1718), connu pour les grandes dimensions de Médicis se tournent vers dans une salle de la Galerie des Offices consacrée à ses œuvres comme les globes de près de quatre le monde maritime, l’architecture militaire. Les nouveaux aménagements mètres de diamètre pour le roi de France Louis XIV. en essayant de célébreront la « science de la guerre » qui, avec Les globes du Museo Galileo appartiennent à la série conquérir une place la diffusion des armes à feux, ont transformé produite par Coronelli à l’Accademia Cosmografica dans la navigation les champs de bataille en un théâtre d’études degli Argonauti, qu’il fonde en 1684. Les globes de océanique pour géométriques. La puissance des bombardes cette série ont des diamètres de petite et moyenne favoriser les trafics contraint à modifier la géométrie des forteresses et dimension (un mètre environ et 50 centimètres commerciaux avec exigent entre autre, une connaissance approfondie environ) : les techniques employées pour les Indes Orientales du rapport entre poids et portée des projectiles, leur fabrication sont et Occidentales. Ces tout en imposant une précision maximale dans décrites par Coronelli ambitions favoriseront les opérations dans l’Epitome le développement Cosmografica toscan des sciences de en 1693. Une la mer et feront de Livourne série de feuilles un centre des plus importants manuscrites ou de la Méditerranée. La ville devient ainsi le imprimées – les siège d’arsenaux, de chantiers navals, d’écoles fuseaux – sont de navigation et d’ateliers pour la productions collés sur une d’instruments nautiques et de cartes géographiques sphère en bois destinés principalement aux capitaines de la recouverte de flotte des Médicis, les cavaliers de Saint Stéphane. papier mâché et L’entrée en 1606 de l’amiral anglais Robert Dudley de plâtre. Les 26 (1573-1649) au service de Ferdinand Ier (1549-1609), feuilles exposées marque la consolidation des sciences navales à dans cette salle (24 demi- la cour des Médicis. Dudley publiera à Florence de mesure et de calcul. L’homme d’armes fuseaux et deux calottes polaires) en 1646-1647 un traité imposant sur l’art de la est donc contraint à d’acquérir les rudiments imprimées au XXème siècle d’après les plaques navigation, Dell’arcano del mare, qu’il dédiera à mathématiques nécessaires à la parfaite gestion originales en cuivre conservées à la Bibliothèque Ferdinand II (1610-1670).
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