Island-Cabins

An exploration of the meaning of recreational houses for hosts and visitors in tourism dependent natural regions, a case study on the Dutch Wadden island Vlieland

S.P. Overheul

Msc Architecture thesis June 2014

Explore-Lab graduation studio 2013-2014 Department of Architecture, TU Delft

S.P. Overheul

[s1538152] [email protected]

Main mentor, architectural design R. Nottrot Technical building design mentor Y. Cuperus Thesis mentor G. Verschuure-Stuip Commissioner board of examiners D. Vitner

My dearest thanks to everyone who has contributed to this master thesis and graduation project as a whole: for their participation with the interviews and surveys, practical assistance, inspiration and moral support.

On Vlieland, carrying out the qualitative research, November 2013 (S. Oudenaarden 2013)

left: Vlieland in between the Wadden islands Texel and Terschelling Right: West Vlieland and the project location (Google earth 2014)

Abstract

A new large series of recreational dwellings in the forests on Dutch Wadden island Vlieland means that more visitors will be able to enjoy Vlieland and the local economy will benefit from the extra visitors, yet the experience of the island will also change. It is important to find out how Vlielanders as well as their visitors perceive recreational houses on Vlieland in order to make the changes that are caused by this project positive ones. This thesis project thus integrates two concepts from architecture/regional development and sociology: place-identity and sustainable tourism development. The meaning of recreational houses for people hosting tourism on Vlieland and visitors to the island was explored through a qualitative study consisting of interviews and questionnaires during the fall of 2013. Overall the objective of this study was to explore the participants' ideas around recreational houses on Vlieland in preparation for an architectural design. The results from the qualitative study confirm this dissertation's statement on the potent role of recreational houses both for the hosts' and the visitors' experience of Vlieland. The sustainable tourism development framework that is conventionally defined in terms of economic, social-cultural and ecological impacts could therefore be refocused for touristic destinations for whom place-identity is an essential asset. By focusing on the impact that developments have on the place- identity, firstly the feeling of belonging (community, social-cultural aspect), secondly a place's attractiveness (tourism, economy), and lastly the care for the attractive natural landscape (ecology) are at once taken into account.

View through the salt stained windows of the ferry approaching the pier on Vlieland (own picture 2007)

Content

Preface p. 1

Introduction p. 3

A. Preliminary exploration - Recreational houses: history on Vlieland, architectural discourse, sociological studies 1. Vlieland's historical development of recreational houses p. 6 2. Vlieland's current development of recreational houses p. 12 3. Western architecture discourse on basic recreational dwellings and architecture for tourism p. 17 4. Northern European sociological studies on recreational housing and sustainable tourism p. 21

B. Research project - Recreational houses' meaning for locals and tourists on Vlieland 5. Research project set-up p. 27 6. Results of interviews with hosts about recreational houses on Vlieland p. 33 7. Results of questionnaire with visitors about recreational houses on Vlieland p. 41 8. Discussion: the meaning of recreational houses for hosts and visitors on Vlieland p. 57

Conclusion p. 62

C. Graduation design project 9. Translation of the research project into starting points for the design project p. 67 10. Reflection on research & design p. 70 11. Resulting design in diagrams and drawings p. 86

Bibliography p. 92

Preface

My favorite holidays were always the ones spent on the Dutch Wadden island Vlieland. At first Vlieland was mostly a convenient holiday destination because friends invited us to stay at their summer house. Yet something about the island made us long to return and leaving always made me feel a little homesick. Of course, when something enjoyable like a holiday ends it always causes at least some feeling of regret. However there is something about living (temporarily) on Vlieland that is easy to get used to and easy to get attached to; for me living on Vlieland mingles the contradictory holiday- and homeliness-feelings into an addictive mixture.

Throughout the years we stayed in various hotels, tents and summer houses. These houses were mostly a means to be on Vlieland. Still, they always somewhat influenced my experience of the island - especially when in the summer of 2006 we discovered a very enjoyable yet sober summer house, the 'Hut', perched on top of a dune. The experience of the house fell into harmony with the island's character; intimate, basic, and in touch with the surroundings.

Amongst the books of the house stood the publication Over Bouwen Gesproken about the architect and owner of the house, Gerard Schouten (1924-2000). He also designed a large series of bungalows near the Hut and service buildings for camping 'Stortemelk' on Vlieland. I chose to investigate Schouten's work and his relationship with Vlieland for my architectural history thesis project.

One year later as I was looking for a graduation project, I learnt that the local organization Stichting Recreatiebelangen Vlieland that commissioned Schouten's work for the bungalow park and the camping in the 1960s and 1990s, was again planning to develop new recreational houses. My architectural history thesis project had strengthened my appreciation of the synergy between architectural design and the experience of a place. In addition I had greatly enjoyed doing empirical research and consequently the actuality of this case attracted me. Lastly, my great appreciation of the island enhanced in me the sense of the responsibility of an architect to design something that is in accordance with the place and people involved.

The title of my thesis Island-Cabins, reveals my personal inclination towards designing a rather basic form of recreational dwelling for Vlieland. Writing the thesis has helped to substantiate and give wider relevance to my

1 initial hunch about this project on Vlieland. So, while this thesis is a means to a particular end; namely to arrive at starting points for an architectural design for a series of island cabins that fit in with Vlieland's character, I hope it also contributes to the discussion about how architecture may enhance the sustainable development of touristic natural regions.

The ferry, photographed along the dike towards the village in the west (own picture 2013)

Introduction

The development of a large series of new recreational dwellings in the forests of the smallest and most remote Dutch Wadden island Vlieland means that more visitors will be able to enjoy Vlieland's reviving qualities and the local economy will benefit from the extra visitors, yet the character of the island will also be affected.

Due to the unprecedented scale of 30-50 houses and unprecedented location1 in the forests at a busy crossroads of the camping and the village area, the change will be quite noticeable for Vlielanders and their visitors. There will inevitably be evident impacts on the island's nature, the local economy, the atmosphere, etc. but more importantly, it will also change how people experience the island's landscape, touristic culture, its atmosphere: in short, Vlieland's identity will be affected.

Vlieland's community is heavily dependent on the tourism industry: this implies great economic interests, but the quality of their social-cultural life and their environment is also very important for Vlielanders to make a home on the island. In addition the tourism industry mainly exists because visitors greatly value Vlieland's characteristics that make it a positive place to be. Therefore, it is important to find out what recreational houses mean to the Vlielanders as well as their visitors in order to make the changes that are brought to the island by this housing project positive or 'sustainable' ones. This project therefore integrates two concepts from architecture/regional development and sociology: place-identity and sustainable tourism development.

The meaning of recreational houses for people hosting tourism on Vlieland and visitors to the island will be explored through a qualitative study of interviews and questionnaires in the fall of 2013. Overall the objective of this study is to explore the participants' ideas about recreational houses on Vlieland in preparation for an architectural design. Because the empirical research is limited to Vlieland during the fall of 2013, the results will only be able to serve as an hypothetical example of how place-identity may be applied to the purpose of sustainable tourism development.

The thesis is divided up in three sections (A, B, and C) which consequently deal with a preliminary literature investigation on the topic of recreational house development and the concepts of place-identity and sustainable

1 Vlieland's summer houses are by definition "Duinhuisjes", "Dune houses" distanced from other hubs of activity on the island

3 tourism development; part B discusses the empirical research method and the results; and finally in part C the results of the qualitative study are translated into an architectural design for a series of recreational houses on Vlieland.

Section A will chronologically discuss events on Vlieland in order to introduce central issues around the development of recreational houses and then explore these themes in relevant contemporary architectural literature and sociological studies. In section B a discussion of the empirical research project on Vlieland will lead to the conclusion of the research part of the graduation project. Section C then takes information obtained during the empirical research to create a set of starting-points for the ensuing design project, which is presented at the end of this dissertation. Throughout the thesis (at the end of each chapter) a collection of pictures of Vlieland are shown in order to give the reader an impression of the setting.

The village Oost-Vlieland seen from the light house's vintage point on Vuurboets-dune (own picture 2007)

Preliminary exploration

Recreational houses: history on Vlieland, architectural discourse, sociological studies

1. Vlieland's historical development of recreational houses

The three events that will be discussed in this chapter: the commencement of tourism on Vlieland at the turn of the century; the construction of the first summer houses in the dunes in the 1930s and the post-war increased popularity of recreational homes; and the development of a large series of identical houses between the 1960s and 1990s, illustrate issues that exist around the development of recreational houses on Vlieland that still hold relevance for today's project.

1.1 Commencement of tourism on Vlieland For Vlieland the commencement of tourism was a true watershed that literally helped secure its continued existence. Doedens en Houter, authors of an extensive recent work on Vlieland's history describe how with the ending of the Dutch Golden Century and the decline of sea enterprises on Vlieland in the mid 18th century the community became poverty stricken. The otherwise barren island was only saved from evacuation and abandonment to the wind and the sea -partially by the planting of sand reed and pine trees to secure the shifting dunes- because it was still considered of some value as a protection for the Frisian shoreline. With the arrival of the first visitors however, Vlieland regained economic value and locals could once again make a living on the island. Nowadays the majority of the islanders works directly in the tourism industry or in supporting services (2010).

Vlieland's remote position is often quoted as a key factor affecting the development of tourism on the island. Doedens en Houter for example dedicate an entire chapter to the crucial but problematic establishment of a passenger ferry connection between the main land port Harlingen and Vlieland (2010). In addition Vlieland's remote position also seems to have influenced the tourist culture and resulting architecture. As 'spa' holidays at the sea side caught on with the European elite, sea-side towns were transformed with the architecture of grand palace hotels and boulevards characteristic of the Belle-époque (Vancoppenolle 1995, p.315-316). However, LanceWad (the Wadden region's cultural heritage organization) explains that because of the Dutch Wadden- islands' remote position the Dutch islands never became 'mondaine' spa's. Instead the pensions were relatively

6 sober and small-scale (2001, p.115). In addition to the first pensions, only few individualistic minded visitors endeavored to build their summer house on Vlieland (Krusy-Harkema 2012, p.11).

The development of accommodations and the built environment was another factor affecting the development of tourism on the island. With some key quotes Doedens en Houter illustrate the importance that was attributed on Vlieland to the quality of their accommodations and built environment. For example according to one entrepreneur, tourism would never thrive on Vlieland unless islanders would apply themselves to the hosting of visitors by providing "fresh, spacious and comfortable dwellings" (2010, p.245). Similarly, the VVV2 warned against the poor state of Vlieland's sea side 'spa' hotel with the fear of discouraging visitors (2010, p.251). Also in 1933, the mayor stated that the wish to bring Vlieland on the level of a decent 'spa' would remain unattainable, unless the village could be embellished appropriately (2010, p.254).

The economic importance of tourism for Vlieland explains why accommodations were not just seen as corollaries of tourism or mere practicalities (sleeping places). On the contrary, although visitors were attracted by the beach and the sea, the quality of accommodations and the built environment was thought to either bind or drive visitors away and therefore elicited special attention on Vlieland.

1.2 Mid-century summer house development on Vlieland Whereas Vlieland's local community had great interest in obtaining income from tourism in order to maintain their livelihood on the island, the first batch of summer houses was developed by contractors from the shore. Kruys- Harkema describes in a recent work on the building history of Vlieland's summer houses how in 1929 the first three private vacation houses were built by a contractor from Groningen in the dunes leased from Staatsbosbeheer3, who then was followed by various contractors from Harlingen (2012, p.17). The fact that the very first summer houses were a prefabricated series of three wooden houses shows that external assistance was needed in order to develop accommodations on the island. Nevertheless, the Vlielanders still did obtain some income from the houses' inhabitants through the visitors use of various services on the island (2012, pp.34- 39).

2 VVV: national association with local offices that work to promote and advance tourism in the region 3 SBB: national forest management organization. Also in charge of the forestation of the Woeste Gronden (amongst which sandy/dune areas) at the end of the 19th century.

The idea that low-quality accommodations might drive tourists away is repeated in a critique of the appearance of summer houses in the natural landscape. Kruys-Harkema gives two examples that illustrate the concern for the sacrifice of the natural landscape for tourism development. Interestingly these were voiced by visitors rather than locals. For example, immediately after the first summer houses were built in the dunes in the 1930s, a journalist raised his voice against the violation of the Vlieland's pristine nature by 'mass-produced' houses placed 'immodestly' in the pristine dune landscape (2012, p.12). Another journalist wondered how the provincial Schoonheidscommissie4 could have approved of certain designs (2012, p.11). On the other hand, summer houses were also thought valuable because they allowed visitors to be in direct contact with the natural surroundings. A committee investigating recreation on the Dutch Wadden-islands for the provincial VVV namely explained the growing popularity of individual summer houses on the Wadden islands because they 'automatically reserve' a private spot in nature for its visitors (1959, p.28). Thus the pine forests and grassy dunes that were initially planted at the turn of the century with the mere function to keep the shifting sand dunes in check, obtained added value as an asset for the islands recreational industry (Provinciale Planologische Dienst Friesland, 1955, pp.32-33).

To achieve the right balance between protecting and economically developing the landscape, the designs for planned building developments on Vlieland were reviewed beforehand and advice was given on the spatial development of summer house parks on the Wadden. After WW II when free time came to be seen as a basic entitlement for the entire population, more people began to engage in it and also in a more individualistic manner (Hessels 1972, p.102, p.122). For the Dutch Wadden islands this meant an increase in the numbers of summer houses and tent-houses (LanceWad 2001, p.115). Kruys-Harkema describes how obtaining building permit became truly cumbersome; with Vlieland's municipality, the Welstandscommissie and SBB all guarding the quality and suitability of presented designs in relation to the overall image of the landscape (2012, p.29). Also, in order to deal with the increased spatial demand the provincial VVV ironically advised the application of planned 'urban' formations of recreational houses on the islands to minimize the appropriation of the limited and valuable recreational natural space (1959, p.28).

Overall, the development of the first recreational houses raised questions about how the appearance and the spatial planning might help to consolidate the opposite economic interests rooted in the visitors' experience of a pristine natural landscape versus the visitors' appreciation of staying in a summer house amidst Vlieland's natural landscape. The development of the first summer houses also illustrates the duality of the tourism industry on Vlieland; allowing its community to be self-sufficient economically, but needing external entrepreneurs and resources to realize the development of summer houses.

1.3 Development of a large series of identical recreational houses on Vlieland With the development of a large series of recreational houses the SRV aimed to target a specific tourist group and answer to a social ideal. In line with the democratization of vacation in the 1960s (Hessels 1979, p.101), the SRV namely built affordable recreational accommodations for 'social tourism' so that also Dutch families from the lowest income levels would be able to enjoy the benefits of a vacation on Vlieland (SRV 1963). They set out on this task by inviting the social-ideological architect Gerard Schouten (1922-2000) to design a bungalow park. Schouten believed that living comfortably and pleasurably should be attainable for everybody, yet that people also should strive to live in harmony with the social and natural surroundings (Pushpa 1982, p.12-18). For the SRV Schouten designed a sober bungalow with a (modern) flat horizontal shape to modestly incorporate it in the dune landscape. The bungalow was built in a series to save funds and they were oriented in the exactly same way in order to ensure privacy while the houses stood close together.

Besides catering to a specific tourist group from an ideological point of view the project was also about tourist- culture or attitude that was thought to be in accordance with Vlieland. The architect for example critiqued the luxurious recreational houses that to him expressed extravagant or ego-centric tourist behavior he saw being displayed on Vlieland (Scholten 1998). Two publications on second houses in natural settings from around 1970 respectively illustrate this discussion around summer house users' motivations. One also shows some skepticism towards people's acclaimed desire for a back-to-basic lifestyle and being in contact with nature by stating firstly that an important motivation of a recreational accommodation is to rival with others' possessions (Denig 1969, p.3), and that secondly that people in fact spend only 10% of their time being outside in nature (Denig 1969, p.8). Another publication however describes that the raison-d'être for a second house is for urbanized people to again

9 become 'rooted' in a friendly and personal rural setting, and that this is independent of a house's size or cost (Meij 1973, p.10).

And lastly, the SRV's project in the 1960 and 1990s illustrates that not just the character but also the appearance of recreational accommodations should fit-in with the image people have of a place. Serial-produced identical recreational houses for unknown users was a new phenomenon on Vlieland. All other recreational houses were commissioned privately or even designed by their owners and the largest series built on the island consisted of two to three identical houses. Although the users of Schouten's houses were satisfied and often returned year after year (Bijtelaar & Bijtelaar 2013), locals and some visitors gave the houses various nicknames such as "toilet houses" and "matchboxes" that conveys their dislike of the houses' appearance. Notably, since the bungalows were sold by the SRV to private owners all but three of Schouten's bungalows on Vlieland have been demolished or converted into a variety of more traditional cottage-style houses.

Thus the last issues raised in this chapter are the ideas that accommodations can be used to cater to specific tourist segments; that houses express the motivation of their inhabitants to others; whilst houses' appearance also may contribute to or be in conflict with the ideal image people have of a place.

1.4 conclusion Two major themes encompass the issues that were identified in the development of summer houses on Vlieland in the past. Firstly, how are they part of a balanced development of tourism on Vlieland: pristine natural landscape versus economically developed landscape? Secondly, how do they contribute to the experience of the island: for the users versus the observers?

The Wadden sea to the south of Vlieland as seen from the light house's vintage point on the Vuurboets-dune (own picture 2013)

2. The current development of recreational houses on Vlieland

This chapter shortly outlines the current plan for the development of recreational accommodations on Vlieland that gave rise to this graduation project. The key issues that were identified in chapter 1 in the historical development of recreational houses on Vlieland are complemented with the following discussion of the project description by the client SRV; Vlieland's municipality's vision on the development of their touristic identity; and the Wadden-islands' joint ambition for more sustainable practices.

2.1 The client SRV's project description 'Beds' (over-night stay visitors) are the basis for Vlieland's tourism industry, as the majority of its guests are long- stay visitors. Vlieland's major camping 'Stortemelk' holds near to 50% of the total number of ca. 7000 touristic beds on the island. 25% of the beds are situated in recreational houses, part of which are in the 200 houses in the dunes. With this project sleeping places in tents will be replaced with sleeping places in permanent types of accommodations.

The client's description of the project and the incentives for the project show that ideas about recreational accommodations are shifting. The SRV observes that camping visitors prefer more comfortable and memorable accommodations and that at the same time tourists are increasingly flexible in their choice of holiday destination. In light of these developments basic tent-camping, the risk of bad weather and rainy summers, in combination with the effort required of visitors to reach Vlieland altogether may discourage potential visitors.

Therefore the SRV wishes to replace 200 sleeping places in tents with a new and enticing type of permanent recreational accommodations that are in-between tent-houses and recreational houses. The goal is to remain appealing for current visitors, to attract new tourist groups, to diminish the camping's vulnerability to weather circumstances, and the island's dependency on the high-season in general (van der Veen 2013).

While in the past an accommodation had to be of good quality foremost, an accommodation that offers a special experience nowadays may be an active 'selling point' and appeal to a certain tourist group (culture) rather than segment or class. Also whereas in the historic description the recreational homes were denoted explicitly as

12 summer houses, recreational homes today are valuable for Vlieland because they allow a stabilization and lengthening of the touristic season.

2.2 Vlieland's identity ambition Whether people are staying in one of the houses or not, everyone on the island is bound to pass through the dune landscape speckled with a great variety of individual summer houses or experience it from the vantage point of the lighthouse. The summer houses in the dunes are a striking and tangible expression of tourism on Vlieland. In 2006 a study-group of representative islanders established that Vlieland's identity is the pillar for its steady stream of loyal visitors with high educational and income levels (de Bruin & van Hooff, p.19). In addition an exploration of Vlielanders' "Thuisgevoel" (feeling at home) during the summer of 2012 beautifully illustrates the importance of locals' experience of Vlieland for their feeling of belonging and well-being (Suyling & van der Ham 2012).

According to Hague and Jenkins, who investigated the phenomenon of place-identity from the viewpoint of regional development, 'place' is a geographic space defined by meaning and values. Although the experience of a place is in essence personal and subjective, certain places' identities are a shared social construct of meaning and value ascribed to characteristic geomorphologic-, landscape-, spatial/planning-, social-cultural dynamics, and historical aspects. A place's identity becomes shared when people's ideas about a place are created in their interaction with others and 'filtered' by a shared social background (2005, pp.2-3). Interestingly, these authors accredit the emergence of the idea of using regional identity to encourage regional economic development to the three northern provinces in the Netherlands; Drenthe, Groningen and Friesland (2005, p.i)

Vlieland's identity study-group emphasized the importance to retain and enhance their valued characteristics - natural, spacious, peaceful, hospitable, accessible- throughout any developments that are necessary to keep the tourism industry healthy. In addition it was pointed out that the tourism industry is influenced by many factors over which Vlieland has no control. Recreational accommodations however, are one aspect that Vlieland can implement deliberately in reaction to external influences, such as changes in the market (de Bruin & van Hooff 2006, pp.9-10).

Recreational houses therefore are very powerful resources, since they are an important part of the image that Vlieland conveys to the outside world and part of the shared experience of every visitor to the island, as well as a medium with which Vlieland can safeguard their local interests amidst changes that are imposed on the island.

2.3 The Dutch Wadden-islands' joint sustainability ambition In addition to Vlieland's identity ambition, the Dutch Wadden islands together established a sustainability ambition. The goal of the Wadden islands is to distinguish themselves from other holiday destinations through explicit sustainable practices. The key promotional "green" feature are the islands' self-supportiveness in energy and water by 2020. In addition they established the need to safeguard the quality of life of the local community as part of sustainable tourism development (Ambitiemanifest Waddeneilanden 2007).

In tourism studies concerned with the sustainability of tourism development, the consequences of tourism on a local community are divided in three categories: economic, social-cultural and environmental. Because economic prosperity is often directly associated with an increase in the quality of life, the risk is that environmental interests are neglected while, ironically, an area's natural qualities are often the driving force behind the tourism industry (Andereck et al. 2005, p.1057-1059).

Naturally, the new recreational accommodations on Vlieland are intended by the municipality to contribute to the sustainability ambition (Kuijt 2013, p.21). Whereas recreational houses are an outspoken aspect of Vlieland's identity, so far the sustainability ambition appears to manifests itself more quietly in recreational houses. For example through the development of better insulated and more comfortable houses allowing a longer touristic season, the use of eco-friendly building materials in redevelopments, and regulations restricting building activities in the surrounding natural areas. The forests for instance, have remained mostly unaltered throughout all building developments for tourism. Because the forest divides the village in the south from the recreational dune area in the north it ensures that the overall experience of Vlieland remains spacious and natural.

The idea of balanced touristic development around recreational accommodations in the previous chapter on historical developments revolved mostly around economic and social-cultural issues: preserving or developing Vlieland's landscape for recreation, ensuring the livability of the island for locals, and the expression of tourists cultures that are harmonious or cause feelings of conflict. Nowadays the idea of sustainable tourism is also more

14 concerned with ecological issues. Besides the increased awareness of responsibility for the damage caused by human activities on the natural environment, the fact that ecological friendly practices can become an economic asset will have contributed to this increased interest.

2.4 conclusion Similar to chapter 1 the current development of new recreational accommodations on Vlieland again has to do with two main themes or ambitions: contributing to the sustainable development of tourism on the island and enhancing people's experience of Vlieland's identity.

*** summary chapter 1 and 2 The various issues that were identified in the historic and contemporary development of recreational houses on Vlieland will help to clarify what balanced or 'sustainable' tourism development and the experience of the island's 'identity' mean. Issues that explain the idea of sustainable tourism development in relation to recreational houses are; preserving the landscape and the ecology whilst developing natural areas for recreation; making use of external input (entrepreneurs and visitors) to become self-supportive; reducing the economy's dependency on seasonal and weather changes; securing that current visitors are satisfied with the quality of accommodations and the appearance of the built environment whilst diversifying the market in terms of tourist segment (monetary) and tourist group (motivational). The issues around recreational houses in relation to the identity were; a constructed image of the island; an expression of tourists' cultures; a means to experience the natural surroundings; an expression of values like social- or ecological-tourism and an expression of physical factors such as distance and climate; and lastly the embodiment of all these elements as part of Vlieland's history.

A view on the central part of the summer house area Duinkersoord and the two beach hotels at the end of the Badweg as seen from the light house's vintage point de Vuurboets-dune (own picture 2013)

3. Western architecture discourse on basic recreational dwellings and architecture for tourism

Throughout the first two chapters about the historic and current development of recreational houses on Vlieland the following two themes prevailed: sustainable tourism development and the experience of the island's identity. This chapter shortly explores how contemporary architecture tries to create added value in these two fields. Through this discussion of the role of architecture it will become apparent that the two themes are present in the interests of the four key actors who are involved in the development of recreational houses on Vlieland: the client, the community, the user and lastly the architect.

3.1 Client: architecture for the tourist-industry At the end of the 20th century in addition to the established agricultural-, industrial- and service-economies, the experience-economy was identified as a new way for businesses to approach their customers. Especially in tourism the creation of a memorable consumption experience through which tourists are able to enjoy a different lifestyle started to replace the traditional focus on the delivery of high quality services (Oh et al. 2007, p.119). In short, architecture contributes by creating a physical context that engages all senses and creates a satisfying and compelling experience (Pullman and Gross 2004, p.556-557). Architecture is especially important in tourism because it creates an atmosphere that differentiates the location from any other holiday destination: it forms the image of the destination (Isenstadt 2001, p.117). On the side of the businesses the benefits are higher levels of consumption, consumer loyalty behavior and word-of-mouth promotion (Pullman and Gross 2004, p.559). On the level of society new architecture may create publicity that changes the image of a place, attracts tourism and thus creates new economic impulse. However in order for architecture to act as a catalyst this does not necessarily mean that spectacular architecture is always necessary or even suitable. A design that emerges from thoughts about the desirable interaction with the place may be either "sensational" or "modest" (Klingman 2007, p.253).

3.2 User: architecture of getaways Architecture for tourism also may create added value for the user. A quick cross-section of contemporary publications on recreational dwellings show that Western architects today use back-to-basic design in order to inspire feelings of well-being in their users. The author of a current review of modern 'hide-outs' in natural environments explains that in today's western society there is a group of people who feel oppressed by the densification of our everyday lives, the strain of ever needing to acquire and accomplish more, and the confusion between connectivity and actual contact. The author argues that a back-to-basic get-away -quite contradictorily- is a luxury. It offers the inhabitants the comfort of rediscovering simple and true things in life such as contact with nature, contentedness with less, and closeness to ourselves and our loved-ones (Borges 2013). More concretely, another author describes how in the accommodation itself an architect may for example adopt the human scale in the construction and materials and return the program to the basic needs of shelter and rest, intimacy and play. As a result a minimum temporary dwelling becomes a place of recuperation for its inhabitant (Broto 2010).

3.3 Community: architecture and regional identity Back-to-basic 'primitive' or vernacular buildings inspired architects because they embody and express a regional identity due to their rootedness in their physical and cultural context. For example, the architectural viewpoint of 'critical regionalism' describes an architectural approach that takes the middle ground between universalizing modern designs and traditionalistic 'kitsch' regional designs. The key thinker Lewis Mumford's (1895-1990) motives were to bring man in balance with nature and to make people feel at home in their environment with an architecture that adapted itself to specific regional needs but, very importantly utilized relevant and useful (external) technology (Lefaivre 2003). Frampton, another architectural theoretician on regional architecture cautioned that the application of building technologies must not be exceeded, as these may eliminate the need of the building to shape itself in relation to the nature of the setting - thus robbing the building of its expression of a specific place and culture and separating man from nature (1987, p.383-384). And as to the aspect of making people feel at home through an architecture that enables cultural practices and expresses a regional identity, Allan argues that architects should socially engage with people and understand their local collective use of and meaning ascribed to man-made spaces because that is what constitutes local culture or identity in the built environment (2005).

3.4 Architect: the ideals behind back-to-basic design Lastly, the architecture of small and basic dwellings in natural settings has interested architects and architectural theoreticians throughout time as instigators of thought about fundamental architectural design. In his authoritative essay On Adam's house in Paradise, Joseph Rykwert describes how 19th and 20th century architects used the idea of the 'first' man-made dwelling as a means to rethink conventions in architecture by reestablishing basic truths in architecture (1972, p.28). A recent discussion of the value of 'primitive' architecture today, shows that considering basic dwellings as an inspirational source still remains attractive for architects because romantic imaginations about the essential beginnings of architecture provide a basis for creativity, a validity for creating simple architecture and lends authenticity to the resulting design (Odgers, Samuel & Sharr 2006, pp.2-19). Primitive architecture is generally appreciated for how it originates: grounded in the local characteristics of the site, the inhabitants needs and the locally available knowledge and technologies (Salter 2006, p.260-261). Also, various architects are using the most basic forms of single family dwellings to experiment with eco-friendly practices through the application of modern technologies. One author argues that by relying on contemporary technology and modern materials the shelter can be created productively with an efficient (multi-functional) use of space and material (Bahamon 2005, p.6-7). Also, architects use their design to encourage thought about our daily habits as well as our building practices in terms of dealing with the responsible use of local (energy) sources and dealing with waste management in all stages of the building's life (Benitez & Vidiella 2010, p.6).

3.5 conclusion In itself, the idea of a simple dwelling in natural surroundings can provide architects with a creative impulse and a new way to approach their design; 'starting from scratch' and designing in unison with the natural surroundings. More importantly, simple dwellings encourage a contemplation of our contemporary dwelling practices and how they can be improved with our social and ecological well-being in mind - thus creating more sustainable practices. Also it is argued that architecture based on a regional identity can create added value for hospitality businesses and communities as a whole, by satisfying the customers' expectations while at the same time protecting the integrity of the hosting culture. Most importantly, this chapter shows that the success of these intentions greatly depends on how buildings are used and experienced by the people involved.

Vlieland's light house on the Vuurboets-dune as seen from the sea dunes behind the youngest summer house area Vliepark/Ankerplaats (own picture 2007)

4. Northern European sociological studies on recreational housing and sustainable tourism

As shown in chapter 3, an architect's approach that revolves around the interests of the people involved with or affected by the project will touch upon the two key themes in the development of recreational houses: sustainable development and the experience of a place's identity. In this chapter the discussion of five recent sociological studies5 again explores these themes but from the point of view of interactions between tourists and locals, and tourists and their surroundings. This chapter will underline the importance for architects to work with and understand the people involved. It is necessary to understand both the side of people facilitating tourism and of visitors, because it will become apparent that the social dynamics around recreational house tourism are essential for the positive outcome of the two key themes.

4.1 Locals and tourism: critical encounters around recreational houses on Terschelling en Ameland A recent study carried out on the Dutch Wadden-islands Terschelling en Ameland explored the different negative critical encounters that locals experience with tourism and how locals consequently are disposed towards tourism. Critical encounters were identified on three different levels: 1) tourism causing inequality, rivalry or other sorts of irritation between various stakeholders, 2) tourism directly manifesting itself within the community, 3) tourism indirectly affecting the quality of life. (Postma 2013, p.151). Postma's description of conversations with locals show that on the first level recreational houses cause a negative atmosphere between various stakeholders when building permits or promotion opportunities are administered unfairly or when individual changes in pricing affect the entire island's competitive position. On the second level locals are annoyed with inconsiderate attitudes of visitors towards the facilities and their caretakers, and excessive use of water, gas and electricity (often associated with certain tourist types). On the third level locals are unhappy with the sacrifice of the open landscape for recreational accommodations and on the other hand, the desolate atmosphere caused by the vacant recreational houses which are used by only one family for a few weeks each year. Postma argues

5 carried out in Dutch, Danish and Norwegian tourism dependent natural regions with similar recreational house tourism to Vlieland

21 that locals' disposition towards tourism in terms of their "support and involvement" is a crucial factor in achieving sustainable tourism development (Postma 2013, p.153). As shown by his examples, recreational accommodations do play a role in negative encounters, although it is never directly related to the appearance of the accommodations.

4.2 Locals and tourism: giving and receiving in Norwegian second home communities A Norwegian study investigated how second house owners become accepted or are disapproved of in host communities. The article neatly summarized that resistance towards second home tourism in general arises when second home owners seem to "take without giving" (Farstad 2011, p.171). Farstad mentions some illustrative characteristics of second home owners: they often wish to conserve their second home environments, they expect the same privileges as locals, they wish to share influence with the hosting community in order to realize their personal interests. However, second home owners' interferences are only accepted when locals perceive that the presence of second home owners significantly contributes to social or the economic needs of the community. From Farstad's account it appears for example that changes in the built environment -even if second houses are developed in previous natural areas- are more easily accepted in the light of economic benefits and even more so when the community depends on tourism (2011, p.169). However, economic contributions cannot make up for irritations caused by different habits or too evident class-distinctions, particularly when second house owners are considered to behave superiorly and self-centered towards the local community. For example, when second house owners use their wealth (and status) to push the boundaries of local building regulations (2011, p.171). Similar to Postma's argument, a better understanding of local communities' goodwill for second home owners will contribute to both parties' wellbeing and thus create the grounds for sustainable tourism development.

4.3 Tourists and their surroundings: seasonality in Danish summer house tourism A study of second home use in Denmark discusses seasonality - a phenomenon intrinsically connected with summer-house tourism. The author argues whether it seasonality is problematic or rather contributing to sustainable tourism. A definitely positive aspect is that seasonal tourism has created the characteristic culture and landscape of summer houses that are part of the Danish national identity (Tress, p.154). The enormous number of visitors during high season puts pressure especially on the local ecology, and the lull during low

22 season poses challenges for the local economy and community. The question is whether the design of recreational houses can and should contribute to the spreading out of the high-season peak across the other months. Two overarching factors are identified that influence tourists' choice to visit a recreational home: institutional (e.g. national holidays, summer-house tradition) or natural (e.g. Danish climate) (Tress, p.167). It appears that older and lesser equipped houses are used mostly during summer whereas newer and more comfortable houses are often rented for vacations and are more popular in the winter (Tress, p.167). It can be reasoned that the upgrading of sober homes would provide the basis for a higher number of visitors outside the summer months. Nevertheless, the author believes that institutional factors are too strong in order for tourist behavior to be truly changed with second home designs. Also the quiet of the low season has some advantages; namely a time for nature and the local community to recover, local builders to be employed in the repair and renovation of second houses, and an attraction to people who enjoy the peace and quiet of the low season (Tress 2007, p.177).

4.4 Tourists and their surroundings: place attachment in Norwegian cabin culture A study on Norwegian cabin culture, explained that on a national level they are part of the Norwegian's identity, whereas locally they are fixed points from which people experience and interact with the natural surroundings. They become the focal points because recreational homes allow people the freedom and opportunity to become personally involved with the setting through active use of the accommodation. The amount of active use in combination with the time spent (return visits) namely influences the degree to which people feel attached and ascribe meaning to the geographic space of the direct surroundings. When through the use of recreational houses individuals or groups embed valued histories and lifestyles in a space, recreational homes help to create places which people care for (Kaltenborn 1997, p.195-196). A follow-up investigation by Kaltenborn and Clout, shows a positive relationship between place attachment and the richness of people's nature experiences (1998). They identified the four main attractive and meaningful aspects of cabin life: 1) self expression through pleasant (creative) work, 2) reflecting on basic values of life, 3) being free from time constraints, free from expectations, 4) enjoying a sense of belonging through historical cultural meanings in case of a personal or national cabin- tradition (1998, p.132). Recreational house tourism -especially if it is repeated- therefore appears to potentially

23 have a two-fold positive effect: on the personal well-being of the inhabitants as well the inhabitants care for the surroundings.

4.5 conclusion Recreational houses may influence during which type of weather/season people are likely to visit the place with due effects on the impacts of tourism in a region. On the level of the user of the recreational accommodation studies have shown increased feelings of well being. Between hosts and visitors however, recreational houses can cause negative interactions. Eventually this may lead to a resistance towards (often necessary) developments in tourism. In few instances architectural design may be able to create a positive change by encouraging responsible use of resources or creating an appropriate expression of tourist attitudes. In terms of identity recreational houses can become the expression of a local tourist culture or even a nationally shared recreational value or tradition. On a smaller level, staying in recreational house influences the visitors' appreciation of the local identity in terms valued memories and lifestyles.

*** summary chapter 3 and 4 Again we will review the two major themes of sustainability and identity around the development of recreational houses as they were discussed in the previous two chapters from an architectural and sociological point of view: Sustainable tourism development related to recreational accommodations has to do with; the ecological impact of building and dwelling practices; social well-being of host communities and visitors in a built environment in accordance with the local culture and valued lifestyles; the interaction between hosts and visitors related to the use and appearance of recreational houses. Interestingly, it turns out that aspects which are part of the social-cultural dimension of an identity -such as interactions, appearance, lifestyles, use, practices- all contribute to the sustainable development of tourism in terms of social well-being, ecological friendly practices, and an acceptance of tourism in order to create room for sustainable development.

The summer house area along the Badweg, the road that creates a direct connection between the village and the beach (own picture 2013)

B Research project

Recreational houses' meaning for hosts and tourists on Vlieland

5. Research project set-up

This chapter forms the link between the preliminary investigation of the meaning of recreational houses and the qualitative study of the topic through interviews with hosts and questionnaires with visitors to the island. While in the design stage straightforward or factual topics such as easy maintenance and ecological building practices will be addressed, the research project focuses on the social-cultural aspect of recreational houses on Vlieland in terms of place-identity. In the following chapter the research questions will be presented and developed into a methodology for exploring the meaning and value of recreational houses on Vlieland for the two main interests groups: hosts and visitors. The following chapters 6 and 7 present the results of the interviews and questionnaires. Consequently chapter 8 forms a discussion of the key themes in the meaning of recreational house tourism on Vlieland and how architecture may contribute positively in these fields.

5.1 Research question and purpose In the previous chapters it became apparent that the project under hand will have a profound impact on the island; due to its scope and position in the landscape the entire Vlieland community and their visitors will be affected by it. In addition it was established that recreational houses are part of Vlieland's identity and a medium involved in the sustainable development of tourism. Throughout the literature review the interconnectedness of these two key themes or 'ambitions' around the development of recreational houses was established, in the sense that the social-cultural meaning and interactions around recreational houses influence the degree to which the needs in the economic, environmental and social-cultural fields are fulfilled in a responsible way by and for the people involved. Especially in a tight knit island community whose livelihood depends on the identity of the island because it is valued by a loyal group of visitors, it is worthwhile exploring the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland for hosts and visitors:

a) the meaning of recreational houses for visitors to Vlieland, as inhabitants or observers in order to maximize this positive asset of the Vlieland-experience

b) the meaning of recreational houses for locals and others who facilitate tourism on Vlieland (this group together is called 'hosts') in order to minimize negative impacts and experiences

5.2 Method: interviews with 'hosts' on Vlieland A total of 24 persons were interviewed. These people were a) representatives of coordinating organizations, b) private persons and entrepreneurs involved in the development of recreational housing on Vlieland, and c) private persons closely involved with Vlieland in general. As opposed to the sociological studies discussed earlier in this dissertation these people cannot all be called "locals". Instead these people all in some way or another facilitate tourism on Vlieland - they are the hosting group of people. The interviews with the first two groups were planned in advance because these interviewees were most likely to have representative or strong opinions on the topic of recreational housing on Vlieland. The last group of interviews occurred by chance, but gave a richer account of opinions on the meaning of recreational houses for Vlieland from the viewpoint of the hosting or facilitating group.

All but two interviews were held on Vlieland during the month of November 2013. This time of year typically is the low-season, although cultural or sport events attracted larger groups of visitors to the island during the weekends. The interviews were conducted on the island in order to make the topic more 'real' and relevant in the interviewees' minds. The time of year contributed in two ways: 1) the late season is a moment for reflection and making new plans, 2) the late season brings to mind the objective for the new recreational accommodations to help extend the touristic season.

The interviews were semi-structured and organized around four themes in order to approach the topic (meaning of recreational accommodations on Vlieland) from different angles, yet to leave room for the interviewee's own interests. All participants were aware of my role as an architecture-student exploring the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland in preparation of developing a hypothetical design proposal for the current forest-lodge project on the island. Nevertheless, this opportunity of contributing to a design may have influenced their responses somewhat, for instance being more outspoken and/or more speculative.

These were the four guiding themes in the interviews: 1) The interviewee's or the represented organization's involvement in recreational housing on Vlieland 2) The interviewee's view on the ecological, economical and social-cultural impact of recreational housing on

Vlieland 3) The interviewee's view on recreational houses in relation to Vlieland's identity and image 4) The interviewee's ideas about the planned project for new recreational houses on Vlieland

The conversations were recorded and transcribed. From the transcripts quotes and passages that dealt with similar themes around the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland were collected: 1) Vlieland, Vlielanders and Vlieland's tourists 2) Positive and typical aspects about recreational houses on Vlieland 3) Negative aspects and dislikes about recreational houses on Vlieland 4) Typical aspects about recreational accommodations and their visitors on Vlieland 5) Considerations around the development of new recreational houses on Vlieland

Because the goal of this investigation was to merely explore the variety of ideas and interests about the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland instead of explaining them, the interviewee's background and involvement are not part of the discussion. Also the interviewees will remain anonymous. A last note: the scope of the investigation is not exhaustive and it is important to mention that the results show the interviewee's perceptions and not the actual effect of recreational houses on Vlieland.

5.3 method: questionnaire with visitors to Vlieland In addition to the interviews that investigated the meaning of recreational houses on the island from the point of view of organizations and people facilitating tourism, a survey research was conducted with visitors to Vlieland in two rounds. In total 245 tourists participated in the survey. The questionnaires were handed out to a random sample of visitors, i.e. to all who wished to participate, regardless if they had visited Vlieland before or if they had any experience with staying in a recreational house on Vlieland. Both the experiences and expectations of staying at a recreational house and observing it in the Vlieland landscape were valuable for this investigation.

The survey was conducted in two rounds on two Friday afternoon ferries from the mainland port Harlingen to Vlieland during the month of November 2013. During the hour and a half crossing to Vlieland almost all passengers were willing to participate - with plenty of time on their hands and looking forward to their stay on the

29 island. Although the questionnaires were handed out indiscriminately, the total sample may be considered to represent the 'low-season-weekend-visitor' to Vlieland.

The first round of questionnaires dealt mostly with people's Vlieland associations or experiences. The second round was designed to obtain additional insight in people's ideas about recreational houses on the island: from the three viewpoints of an observer, experienced user and visitors' hypothetical ideals. Both questionnaires also shortly investigated the low-season-weekend-visitor group's profile in terms of their acquaintance with Vlieland. Both questionnaires consisted of closed and open ended questions. The closed questions were used to obtain factual background information about the participants or to poll A/B preferences. The open ended questions were most valuable for the exploration of the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland because participants were invited to share their personal ideas and associations. The students who conducted the survey were recognizable as architecture students and took care to explain the purpose of the survey to the participants: to create a hypothetical architectural design for recreational houses that 'fit' on Vlieland.

The following questions in five themes were used in the surveys: 1) Visitors profile: - since which year they have been visiting, at what age they first visited Vlieland, who were their travel companions - how many times they have visited Vlieland since (1st time, 1-5, 5-10, more than 10 times) and which other Wadden-islands (national and international) they have visited - which seasons they have visited Vlieland (summer, fall, winter, spring) and for which reasons 2) Vlieland experience: - is Vlieland different from other Wadden-island and reasons why Vlieland is different from the other Wadden- islands - what people look for, do, see, experience and feel with greater fulfillment on Vlieland than elsewhere 3) Observing recreational houses on Vlieland: - whether recreational houses are an integral part of the overall Vlieland landscape (agree or disagree) and whether they are beautiful, fitting, inconspicuous or annoying elements in the Vlieland landscape - whether new recreational houses on Vlieland would be a positive or negative development and why

4) Experience with staying in recreational accommodations on Vlieland: - positive and negative aspects about living in a recreational accommodation on Vlieland - how much time people at their recreational home or away (scale 1-4) in the morning, afternoon, evening and in the summer or pre-/late- season. - reason why to return to the same accommodation or to change accommodations with every visit 5) Hypothetical questions on people's ideal recreational house on Vlieland: - if and why people would or would not want to stay in a forest on Vlieland - what should and/or should not be part of the ideal recreational accommodation on Vlieland - which contrary characteristics (A or B) people prefer in a recreational house on Vlieland: for example modern or traditional style

Because the two participating groups showed great similarity - and as the goal of this investigation was not to explain but merely explore people's opinions - it sufficed to combine the results of both survey rounds for the discussion. The answers to the closed end questions were tallied and the answers to the open ended questions were searched for major common themes. The first set of questions on the visitors' background helped to better understand the viewpoint of the participants but was not used to determine trends between the participant's background and their responses. Rather the responses on Vlieland experiences were compared to the answers related to recreational houses on Vlieland to see where similarities or contrasts arose. Lastly, it is important to realize that this survey explored people's ideas and not their actual behavior. Also most questions relied on memory or hypothetical standpoints. Therefore, whereas the ferry was an opportune time and place to conduct the survey, people might answer differently when for example standing amidst the dune houses.

A view on Vlieland's beach with its only beach pavilion seen from the sea dunes, on the horizon Terschelling can be seen (own picture 2007)

6. Results: interviews with locals about recreational houses on Vlieland

In this chapter conversations with 'hosts' about recreational houses on Vlieland were summarized in five thematic sections. To start with: what interviewees mentioned about the character of the island, its inhabitants and visitors in general to give a short overview of the local culture around (recreational house) tourism. Next positive versus negative comments about recreational houses are discussed. The positive comments mostly show what people find suitable or typical for recreational houses on Vlieland whereas the negative comments mostly dealt with concerns people have with recreational houses in themselves or related social-economic developments. The fourth theme is about the tourists that visit recreational houses on Vlieland. The last theme deals with the interviewees' considerations around the development of recreational houses (and related tourism) on Vlieland.

6.1 Vlieland, Vlielanders and Vlieland's tourists Interviewees appreciate that Vlieland is truly dark at night, is about being outside, is perfect for wandering about and discovering new places without ever getting lost, is small yet spacious and (thanks to its distance from the main land) a real 'get-away' place. In a few words interviewees characterize Vlieland as calm, natural, a place for contemplation, pure, rugged, hospitable, authentic. The 'hard-core' Vlieland visitors are characterized as nature- lovers who want Vlieland to remain forever as they know it. Various interviewees point out that some Vlielanders also feel a reluctance to change and often prefer the old to the new - also in recreational accommodations.

Interviewees' experience is that all Vlielanders whose livelihood depends on tourism are happy to see large numbers of visitors appreciating the island. However, there is a noticeable division between the part of the community that works in the tourism industry and those who don't. Whereas a small percentage of local people who are not involved with tourism would prefer more peace and quiet, one interviewee states that there is an overall awareness of Vlieland's dependency on tourism.

One interviewee emphasizes that Vlieland offers quality instead of quantity (also in recreational accommodations) and can depend on relatively high expenditures of their tourist group, compared to visitors on the other islands.

Another recalls a bold statement made by one Vlielander that Vlieland is a unique destination in domestic tourism and therefore may as well rely on a visit by virtually all Dutch citizens.

In addition to this self-confidence, there is the desire for the community to be independent and self-supporting. One interviewee mentioned for example that there is no need to involve external parties in local projects for which Vlielanders have enough know-how themselves. Vlieland's strong community sense strengthens this drive for independency and creates a preference for family run businesses, yet another motive is purely economical: to make sure that income from tourism remains on the island.

On the other hand, because of this tight-knitted community, overarching and independent external organizations like the Welstandscommissie or SBB help to balance common interests with private interests. A couple interviewees mention that especially in the case of the (re)development of recreational housing Vlielanders readily share their opinion - because everybody is in fact a self-made expert when it comes to houses and dwelling and also for the simple reason that any novelty will be discussed and criticized by the community, at least for some time.

6.2 Positive typical aspects of recreational houses on Vlieland The diversity of the individual summer houses and their setting in the dunes is considered a typical and valuable characteristic of Vlieland. The individuality is appreciated especially because it is contrary in appearance to mass-tourism bungalow-parks that can be found on some of the other Wadden islands. The setting in the dunes with the wide open space and views is also typical for Vlieland recreational houses. Two interviewees shortly state that anything "en mass" does not fit on Vlieland and that houses in the dunes are a piece of Vlieland-culture. The interviewees are divided over the question whether this variety is also beautiful.

Vlielanders appreciate tourists who they believe value Vlieland for the same reason as Vlielanders do: the friendly atmosphere, the memories, being outdoors in nature, spending time in a relaxed and unassuming way. Interviewees associate these tourists with the campsite but also with the smaller houses for four persons. A couple interviewees explicitly prefer these smaller types of accommodations to the larger recreational houses that are being built on the island - houses that are in fact proper dwellings that would be considered large on the main land as well.

Interviewees were certain about characteristics of recreational houses that are in accordance with Vlieland: archetypical, personal, dynamic, simple, with moderate variety, modest, in natural tones. Nevertheless, one interviewee put the idea of a typical Vlieland house in perspective by stating that houses that fit on Vlieland could easily be placed somewhere else. What makes a house typically Vlielands is time: when people start to feel the house has become part of the island. In line with this awareness of the value of 'age', one interviewee explained that Vlieland's directive regulations for the appearance of recreational homes are rather conserving compared those of other municipalities. The idea is to protect qualities of the built environment for the future.

Another way in which time affects recreational houses on Vlieland is in the form of the high- and low-touristic season. During the high-season in summertime the recreational houses are a sellers-market but apart from a couple national holidays throughout the rest of the year, recreational house owners are having difficulty letting their houses. Everybody lowers their prices outside the high-season to attract tourists, but competition between recreational house owners is not desirable. The entire island namely benefits when the summer houses are occupied - they provide for 25% of the sleeping places on the island. Illustrative for this common interest is that nearly all summer houses on Vlieland can be rented through one central website - giving all house owners equal chances (it is not possible to organize search results by pricing!) and maximizing Vlieland's accessibility for visitors.

6.3 Negative aspects and dislikes about recreational houses on Vlieland Various interviewees expressed their concern that the new site in the forest (and close to the busy Kampweg road) does not offer a typical Vlieland-experience of spaciousness like the dunes. Also some interviewees warned against establishing a direct connection between the village with the new summer houses, or a connection with the swimming pool. This is in line with another interviewee's concern that the island will turn into a holiday park - with the local swimming pool and the village becoming staged touristic-attractions instead of elements of people's real and daily life on the island.

There is a shared discontentedness with redevelopments of recreational houses that are extreme in modern style, size, and indoor 'luxuries': because they disrupt the existing (and valued) landscape and go contrary to the back- to-basic outdoor oriented tourist-culture. In addition there is a sense of alienation towards new "posh" or "hip"

35 house owners who build "showy" houses. Interviewees explain that it is the size, height, choice of material, and "sleek" detailing cause the new houses to dominate the landscape.

Also one interviewee observes a social segmentation between the "normal" people who used to own summer houses in the past and the new "well-off" or "elitist" house owners. Similarly another interviewee characterizes these two groups by saying that the first group gladly makes shift with a traditional recreational house whereas the second group pushes the boundaries of the building regulations in the redevelopment of their recreational house.

Another interviewee also mentions a feeling of segmentation between the "Gold Coast" summer house area and the village. This feeling of estrangement is amplified by various interviewees' apprehensive impression that less recreational houses are being let on Vlieland. The suggested reasons were that new owners are wealthier and more individualistic. When as a result these people don't need or want to let their houses for tourism they take away an important source of revenue and a characteristic means of staying on Vlieland. Moreover some interviewees worry about a downgrading of the overall atmosphere due to increased vacancy of summer houses on the island.

Various interviewees stress that skillful promotion and flexibility in arrival and departure dates of recreational houses could improve the occupation of the houses throughout the year and Vlieland's competitive position as a whole. However, some interviewees comment that on Vlieland not all recreational house owners feel the need to make their houses commercially attractive - mentioned reasons are because house owners themselves don't require anything more than a basic accommodation, simply are stuck in the old way of doing things, or are satisfied with the near 100% occupancy rate in the high-season.

A couple interviewees share a feeling of reluctance towards changes in the built environment -they prefer the older recreational homes, regret the things that are lost in redevelopments, and feel apprehensive about the future follow-up of today's building developments- but at the same time resignedly admit that Vlieland needs to keep up with the times. Nevertheless, when the interviewees have had an experience that the developments of the built environment has been mismanaged this causes regret, indignation, incredulity and questions about who is to blame.

6.4 Recreational accommodations and their visitors on Vlieland There is a clear sense that different types of accommodations are used by different types of people with their own values and lifestyles: house owners being more individualistic and luxury minded (comfort and style), whereas campers mingle and define luxury as good basic facilities. According to some of the interviewees campers on Vlieland will never consider a recreational house, whereas people who always stay in proper houses would not understand tent-homes - even physical distance between the two accommodation types is appreciated because the atmospheres are so very different.

According to various interviewees the contemporary recreational-house visitor on Vlieland wants more personal space and more luxury (modern facilities on the same level with his house back home) in his recreational home, yet wishes to retain the authentic (traditional) appearance of the house. However, as most interviewees agree that the ultimate attraction for tourists is Vlieland itself - with its nature as the "unique selling point", the location (near the beach, very peaceful and quiet) of the accommodation is more important than its appearance. Nevertheless some interviewees point out that small special elements or characteristics (a romantic name, an attic bedroom, a hearth, a stunning view, an 'island' style interior) can help visitors to remember their visit to Vlieland as something truly special and entice them to return. Also a well-cared for appearance stimulates visitors to treat their rented accommodation respectfully.

Interviewees observed that with the changing of the seasons (and related national vacations and holidays) the popularity of certain accommodations changes as well. Two-person accommodations are popular in the low season with pensioners, couples and nature-lovers, but with a focus on the weekends because people appear to stay fixed in their habits of going away for the weekend, even when there is no practical necessity to do so. Larger houses for friends- and family groups are popular during weekends and holidays in the low-season. One interviewee points out that in another 20 years this visitors trend may have changed completely and the demand for certain types of accommodations as well.

Nevertheless, generally people dislike the bleak weather during the low season so there's only significant numbers of visitors during holidays or when it is snowing. Although (open) hearths are generally popular in the cooler months, several interviewees believe that whether people desire more or less luxury has little to do with the

37 seasons and more with individual preferences. One interviewee stressed that it is impossible to predict however, how these trends will change over longer periods of time. Another complicating factor is that tourists' demands do not always align with their actions. Some examples mentioned by the interviewees are that people desire more luxury, but are only willing to pay a certain price; people want to stay in a forest but only when there is enough space and light; people say they visit Vlieland to be outdoors but the first thing they check are the tv and wifi.

The need for a diverse tourist group was stressed by several interviewees in case certain tourist groups stops visiting the island. For this reason it is important that Vlieland remains attractive to a wide range of visitors; a couple interviewees gave as example that excessive gentrification or being extremely ecological would create too narrow a tourist base for Vlieland. Nevertheless 'minimalism', 'sustainable lifestyles', 'sustainability statement' were mentioned by various interviewees as a preferred direction for the new recreational accommodations because it would attract a whole new tourist group instead of stealing away customers from the existing recreational houses. In addition, the attraction of new tourists will give a boost to all recreational services on the island that the regular visitors have experienced already - although according to one interviewee this boost will be temporarily as it is expected that the newly attracted tourists will eventually turn into regular tourists for Vlieland.

Not all interviewees agree on whether a simple type of accommodation will be able to attract visitors in the low season, since caravans and cabins on the other islands aren't used during the colder months. Rather, the expectation is that Vlieland's strive for a longer touristic season will automatically lead to an 'upgrading' of all accommodation types, depending on visitors' reference type during the warm season: from tents to tent-houses, tent-houses to bungalows, bungalows to summer houses, summer house to mansions, etc. Moreover, not all interviewees are sure if new recreational types will be able to attract -let alone establish- a new tourist group for Vlieland on themselves without related events, activities or persuasive promotion campaigns , and fear that the project will be unprofitable and lead to unwanted internal competition (outside the high season).

6.5 Considerations around the development of new recreational houses on Vlieland One interviewee notes that Vlieland has no recent experience with the development of new recreational houses and believes it best to use the expertise of external parties - particularly on the topic of developing sustainable homes in natural reserves. Another interviewee explains that the designation of an area in a natural reserve for the

38 development of recreational houses is only possible when there's a significant social need or purpose driving the project. Also, finding the right balance between preserving nature and developing tourism is difficult because everybody perceives this balance differently. Various interviewees made illustrative comments: One for example believes there is plenty of nature on Vlieland and after all Vlieland needs tourism to survive. A couple others think it is a shame that the patch of forest will be sacrificed.

Besides recreational houses impact on the local ecology, their impact on the landscape is an important factor in the consideration of the area suited or recreational house development. Interviewees explain that for the new recreational houses the forest patch was chosen because the new houses would be less apparent in the landscape and the forest has a lower 'ecological-value' than the dunes. One interviewee mentions that there are forest patches that are more suited for creating a pleasant recreational house area but these had too high ecological values. Nevertheless one interviewee pointed out the risk that building new houses in a pristine natural area (as opposed to the dunes) may create strong reactions with locals and tourists. In the case of visitors, people may feel that too much is changing on Vlieland and stop visiting. In the case of locals, another interviewee notes that the best chance of succeeding with a project is too create something that 'fits' or that improves something people dislike so there will be least resistance.

In the current situation most interviewees do not think that the recreational houses area and their visitors significantly damage Vlieland's ecology: the houses area is small compared to the size of the island and their users are generally thought to be nature-lovers. In addition the municipalities regulations protect the landscape and ecology against economic drives behind building developments. The discussion on whether the new recreational houses should comply with the demand for luxurious accommodations or whether the new houses should be sober and targeted at a sustainability-minded tourist group therefore appears to have less to do with ecological concerns but rather with concerns about the direction Vlieland's touristic culture should take: which is the most marketable, which direction feels right for Vlieland. The feeling that this is probably one of the last chances to develop new recreational accommodations puts extra pressure on the project.

Ultimately according to all interviewees the purpose of developing new recreational houses on Vlieland is to improve the livability of the island. One interviewee explains that in a pure economic sense the new project will

39 only have a small positive impact due to its small scale. Rather, an increase of 'fixed beds' as opposed to camping-beds will help to sustain local retailers and allow them to stay open for islanders year-round as well. This will prevent the island from becoming deserted outside the touristic seasons (effectively turning into a mere holiday park) and allowing entire generations to make a living on the island and form a true community. In addition the SRV will have a stronger economic base and will be able to keep investing their profits in the local tourism industry and overall community in general.

The Vlieland summer house area Duinkersoord: individually oriented, red gable roofs with white gable fronts, grassy dunes and shrubs concealing the private pathways leading from the white shell-path to the houses (own picture 2013)

7. Results: questionnaire with tourists about recreational houses on Vlieland

Similar to the discussion of the interviews in chapter 6, the results of the questionnaires will be discussed in five thematic sections. In the first thematic section a profile of the participants was created in terms of their acquaintance with Vlieland as a backdrop for their ideas about Vlieland and the recreational houses. Section two and three deal with (mostly) positive experiences and associations people have with Vlieland when they rationally name its characteristic aspects versus share their personal fulfilling experiences of the island. A similar division was made in section three and four; that deal with recreational houses as they can be observed on Vlieland versus how people personally experience staying in a recreational house on Vlieland. Lastly, section 5 shows what people would prefer or dislike in a recreational house on Vlieland.

7.1 Visitors profile The participants in the survey were generally couples between 40 and 60 years old (fig. 7.1a). There were hardly any families with young children or teenagers. Little more than half of all participants first visited Vlieland before their 30th birthday (fig. 7.1b). Little less than half visited Vlieland with just one type of travel companion (fig. 7.1c). Overall family, partner and friends are most often mentioned as co-travelers (fig. 7.1d).

80 years 0-19 60-67 and older years years 1-9 50-59 years years 20-39 years 10-19 40-49 years years

40-59 years 30-39 60 tot 79 years years 20-29 years

7.1a. Participants'age at the time of the survey 7.1b Participants' age when they first visited Vlieland

(182 respondents) (177 respondents)

four, groups: alone several five or school, families six colleague s

one three family friends

two

partner

7.1c.Number of different travel companions that participants have 7.1d Types of travel companions that participants have visited visited Vlieland with Vlieland with (228 respondents) (228 respondents)

Only 5% of all participants had never visited Vlieland before at the time of the survey, whereas rather a large group has visited Vlieland over 10 times already (fig. 7.1e). Only a small group of participants have never visited any other Wadden island than Vlieland. All others have Dutch and/or foreign Wadden islands to compare Vlieland to (fig. 7.1f).

Danish 1st time just Vlieland and/or German islands 6-10 times 10 times or Terschelling more Ameland

1-5 Texel Schier- times monnikoog

7.1e Approximately how many times the participants have visited 7.1f Other Wadden islands that participants visited Vlieland before (107 respondents)

(182 respondents)

One third of the participants has never visited Vlieland during summer. One quarter of the participants has visited Vlieland in all seasons (fig. 7.1g). The most mentioned reasons for visiting Vlieland during particular seasons were practical ones (A) like national holidays and vacations, lower-season prices, less tourists to share the island with outside the summer months, and events organized during the low season. Just over one quarter of respondents especially mentioned that the experience of seasons (B) motivates their time of visit to Vlieland: 'stormy weather', 'more feeling with nature', 'every season is extra beautiful on Vlieland'. The remaining group has personal ties (C) to the island (family, friends, a summer house etc.) and are not influenced by the seasons in their choice to visit Vlieland (fig. 7.1h).

only summer

C: personal 1-3 ties with cooler Vlieland seasons all seasons A: social, B: nature economical summer and 1-2 other seasons

7.1g Seasons in which participants have visited Vlieland 7.1h Reasons why participants choose to visit Vlieland during (226 respondents) particular seasons (65 respondents)

7.2 Vlieland experience Of all respondents only a couple think that Vlieland is not distinctly different compared to other Wadden islands. The majority however thinks that Vlieland distinguishes itself (positively) by (A) the low level of development ('small scale', 'authentic little village', 'no traffic', 'enough but not too much services and distractions'), by (B) its small geographic scale which allows easy accessibility and the enjoyment of a variety of landscapes within

43 reach, by (C) the qualities of its peaceful, spacious, beautiful, natural environment and being in direct contact with it, by (D) the pleasant atmosphere amongst the people ('solidary', 'friendly', 'amiable', 'informal', 'relaxed', 'intimate'), and lastly by (E) its 'real' island character. Only one negative aspect was mentioned by a couple respondents: annoyance with an emerging "snobby" tourist group (fig. 7.2a).

E: a 'real' island

D: good atmosphere A: low level of development C: natural environment

B: small scale

7.2a Reasons why Vlieland is different from the other Wadden islands (100 respondents)

Next people were asked to consider their personal Vlieland experience by breaking it up in the following aspects: what they look for, do, see, experience and feel with greater fulfillment on the island than elsewhere. The Vlieland- feeling differs per person in details, yet there are four major returning themes in peoples' experience of Vlieland - although some respondents note that these experiences are not restricted to Vlieland alone (fig. 7.2b).

(A) One third of the responses again mentioned some of Vlieland's distinguishing characteristics as discussed in the sections above, but with an emphasis on its peacefulness.

(B) One quarter of the responses were appreciative of Vlieland's nature: about the sea, the wide and empty beaches, Vlieland's distinct landscapes (the dunes, the forests, the Vliehors, the Kroonpolders, the Waddensea),

44 beautiful atmospheric elements (the light, the sunset, the stars, the colors, the wind, the rain, the skies), and how Vlieland's nature is abundant and awe inspiring.

(C) Another quarter of the responses described how Vlieland contributes to feelings of well-being. On Vlieland people feel they are able to 'let-go' (of time, haste, daily worries, distractions like the news and television), to relax, to revive yourself. Vlieland inspires feelings of belonging and rootedness (memories, nostalgia, being together, coming home). And lastly being on Vlieland means living the good life (enjoyable, happy, secure, cozy, intimate, free and easy, simple, basic, in touch with nature).

(D) The remaining one-fifth of the responses were about 'free' outdoor recreational activities like going for walks along the beach. Also indoor activities like visiting cultural events or a favorite restaurant were mentioned. And lastly people mentioned they simply like to do nothing in particular: just relaxing, simply enjoying Vlieland's peace and pleasant atmosphere.

D: Free/individual (outdoor) A: Vlieland's activities distinguishing characteristics C: Vlieland's effect on personal well- being

B: Vlieland's nature

7.2b Personal associations with Vlieland (86 respondents)

7.3 Observing recreational houses on Vlieland Despite the fact that almost three-quarters of the respondents think summer houses 'belong' in the overall Vlieland landscape (fig. 7.3a) only 10% of respondents think summer house are beautiful elements in the landscape. The majority simply says that the summer houses 'fit' or do not attract special attention (fig. 7.3b). Some respondents additionally explained that they find summer houses a nuisance in the landscape: they are a necessary evil that thankfully is restricted to a small area on the island, some houses are too large and as a result too prominent in the landscape, and summer houses are not always in 'island-style'.

50 40 30 beautiful 20 10 annoying 0 fitting

inconspicuous

7.3a Whether recreational houses belong in the Vlieland landscape 7.3b Whether recreational houses are 'beautiful', 'fitting', 'low- (103 respondents) profile' or 'annoying' element in the Vlieland landscape (99 respondents)

The suggestion of new vacation houses to be built on Vlieland was received negatively by half of the respondents, positively by just under one-third of the respondents, and one-fifth of the respondents see both up and the down sides of new building developments (fig. 7.3c).

both bad good

7.3c If the development of new recreational houses on Vlieland is desirable or not (115 respondents)

New vacation houses on Vlieland were considered a positive development by one group of respondents because (B) they would be provide the local building industry, restaurants and cafés, retailers and other services related to tourism with extra work and income and help the island to advance and prosper in general. Twice as many respondents thought (A) new vacation houses on Vlieland would be a positive development for tourists especially, because the availability, affordability and alternative choices would improve and more tourists would be given the opportunity to enjoy the island (fig. 7.3d).

Other responses set conditions that had to be met by newly built vacation houses in order for them to be a positive addition to the island. Little more than one quarter stated that new vacation houses would be a positive development if they (A) are 'modern, innovative, up-to-date, contemporary, or well-equipped', and if old summer houses will be replaced by new ones. One-fifth required the new houses to be (B) modestly designed and built: it must be 'in small numbers, integrated in the landscape, small-scale, made sure Vlieland is not filled-up with houses'. Another fifth of the responses said (C) it must be made sure that these houses are eco-friendly, Co2 neutral and the development should not be at the expense of Vlieland's nature. The remaining responses said that (D) the new houses should have a style that fits on Vlieland, in 'island' style and 'homey' (fig. 7.3e).

D: if in Vlieland-style

B: good for Vlieland's community C: if eco- friendly A: A: if innovative improvement B: if modest for Vlieland's visitors

7.3d Why new recreational homes would be a positive 7.3e When new recreational houses will be a positive development for development for Vlieland Vlieland (49 respondents) (49 respondents)

There are four main reasons why people consider newly built houses a negative development. Half of the responses deals with feelings of (A) aversion against 'mass-tourism', 'touristic-parks', 'overcrowding'. One-fifth of the responses mentioned (B) positive and characteristic qualities of the island that would be lost if new houses were to be built: 'nostalgic feeling', 'charm', 'small-scale-ness', 'original atmosphere', 'quiet and authenticity', 'the island's character', 'Vlieland has to stay Vlieland'. Another fifth of the respondents says (C) that Vlieland is full, that already there have been a lot of building activities going on lately and that the new recreational houses do not fit in the landscape because they are too large and too dominant. Lastly, just little more than one-tenth of the responses shows (D) concern of damages done to the natural environment (fig. 7.3f).

D: Vlieland's natural environment will be C: Vlieland is damaged A: Vlieland will already full become mass-tourism B: Vlieland destination will loose its charm

7.3f Why new recreational homes would be a negative development for Vlieland (75 respondents)

7.4 Experience with staying in recreational accommodations on Vlieland People were asked to consider what they like or dislike about living in a recreational accommodation on Vlieland. The main reasons why people are positive or negative about a stay in a recreational accommodation on Vlieland can be subdivided in four major themes: (A) because of aspects of the accommodation itself, because of (B) the contact an accommodation offers with the surroundings, because of (C) the lifestyle, and (D) simply as means to experience Vlieland (fig. 7.4a).

(A) What people like about accommodations on Vlieland are 'small, comprehensible, human size', 'less television and internet', 'quiet', 'no housekeeping, no chores', 'cozy and intimate atmosphere'. The most mentioned disadvantages are the beds ('not your own', 'two separate beds', 'sharing with strangers') and a limited equipped kitchen. Also less luxury, smaller spaces, dirty or broken household objects, and the relative high costs of renting a house were mentioned as drawbacks.

(B) People enjoy it when the beach, the forest, the dunes are just one step away from the accommodation. Also people appreciate beautiful views, light spaces, being surrounded by nature, having your own spot in nature,

49 being able to live in a rural and inspiring setting different from home. What people dislike in the direct surrounding of their accommodation is too many other tourists, noisy children, too much traffic, and obstructed views.

(C) What people enjoy about living on Vlieland is the opportunity to be by yourself with your family, to lead an easier life, to take some distance from daily worries, to take your time (for breakfast for example), to be free to do anything you like or nothing at all. Negative responses about living on Vlieland simply had to do with being distanced from home.

(D) Lastly, people again mentioned characteristics of Vlieland. In this case a recreational accommodation is a mere means to be able to experience the islands' peace and quiet. Some people mentioned that sometimes it is a bit too quiet and restricted to their taste (not enough cultural activities, not enough variety in the offered foods, too small, only one village) whereas others state that it is getting busier every time.

A: the accommodation

D: D: experiencing experiencing A: the Vlieland B: the Vlieland accommo- surroundings dation C: to be on Vlieland

C: to be on Vlieland

B: the surroundings

7.4a 5 positive themes about staying in a recreational 7.4b 5 negative themes about staying in a recreational accommodation accommodation on Vlieland on Vlieland (105 respondents) (43 respondents)

Interestingly the accommodation is most mentioned for its negative aspects, whereas when people focus on positive aspects of staying in an accommodation on Vlieland their focus is on the surroundings. This focus on the outdoors is mirrored in the answer people give to the question about how much time they spend at 'home' or

50 away in the morning, afternoon and evening, during the summer (fig. 7.4c) versus the cooler seasons (fig. 7.4d). In the morning and the evening people are near equally divided between being home or being away a lot. In the afternoon nearly everyone (90%) says they spend time away from the accommodation. There is no significant difference in how much time people say they spend away or at home between the summer or the cooler seasons.

60 60 50 50 40 40 30 morning 30 morning 20 afternoon 20 afternoon 10 10 evening evening 0 0 at < > away a at < > away a home a lot home a lot lot lot

7.4cb Where people spend their time during the summer-season 7.4d Where people spend their time during the cooler seasons (60 respondents) (60 respondents)

Little more than half of the respondents say they often return to the same accommodation. People who say they often return to an earlier accommodation give reasons (the local people, the view, own house or friends' house, suitable for the seasons, the location) that imply that the accommodation is an intrinsic part of people's Vlieland experience. Similarly for people who say they do not return to previous accommodations because they enjoy new experiences, the experience of the accommodation in itself appears to be a conscious element in their enjoyment of Vlieland. Other reasons for both returning or changing the accommodation are very practical: because of availability, package-deals, the needs of co-travelers, the suitability for the season. Also there were a couple respondents who said returning or not returning to an accommodation is not a conscious choice (fig. 7.4e).

does not matter

yes no

7.4e Whether people do or do not often return to previous accommodations on Vlieland (105 respondents)

7.5 People's ideals in recreational house on Vlieland People were asked to describe which things should or should not be part of their ideal recreational accommodation on Vlieland. Both positive and negative replies were divided over 5 themes. The positive wants and needs were about (A) basic facilities like warmth (open hearth) and good quality beds, bathrooms and kitchens versus (B) luxurious facilities like sauna's, wifi or extra rooms and household appliances. To sum it up, two people took characteristic opposite stances saying the accommodation should be very complete and comfortable versus very basic and challenging in order for it to be an ideal recreational home on Vlieland. Next participants mentioned two main aspects about the surroundings of the accommodation: (C) a beautiful view as well as beautiful embedment in the landscape, and a personal sitting area outside, and (D) plenty of privacy, peacefulness and space (related to other visitors) (fig. 7.5a). And lastly (E) the qualities the accommodation should have are 'friendly', 'hospitable', 'light, 'sunny', 'spacious', 'clean', 'tidy', 'original', 'cozy', 'natural'. Interestingly as opposed to the responses about positive aspects of an accommodation, the negative responses focused more on nuisances in the surroundings and the fact that the accommodation could be or have too much of something.

Peoples' dislikes in their recreational accommodation on Vlieland were divided in five different themes. The greatest nuisance, mentioned in over one-third of all replies, was (B) noise pollution. In order of importance this included noise from neighbors and neighbors' children, cars and other motorized vehicles, loud music and youths and lastly AC's. After noise three themes equally took up one-fifth of all responses. Firstly, (A) unnecessary facilities like television, wifi, sauna, luxury in general, children playgrounds (the entire island is a playground),

52 mobile networks and social media. Secondly (D) a lack of private space because the neighbor's house is too nearby. And lastly (C) overcrowded surroundings and mass tourism visible in the surroundings in the form of bungalow parks, large building developments and golf courses - which at the moment are not present on the island so this is mostly a fear some visitors have. Surprisingly only few participants mentioned nuisances (E) in the accommodation themselves: unclean was mentioned as often as an unpleasant interior design (too old, too bare, too modern, too impersonal, too many things, too many colors) (fig. 7.5b).

E: shortcomings in the accommo- E: qualities dation of the A: too many accommo- facilities D: lack of A: basic dation facilities personal D: personal space space

C: C: enjoyable overcrowded surroundings B: noise surroundings nuissance B: extra or luxurious facilities

7.5a 5 themes of wants and needs for the participant's ideal 7.5b 5 themes of dislikes and annoyances in the participants' less recreational accommodation on Vlieland than ideal recreational accommodation on Vlieland (112 respondents) (98 respondents)

As of yet there is no recreational accommodation on Vlieland situated in the forest, in between the trees - as is the plan for the new housing development. Many people who know this plan doubt whether tourists will appreciate this location. Interestingly the respondents were near equally divided over people who explained why they would or would not enjoy a stay in the forest on Vlieland (fig. 7.5c).

both

no yes

7.5c Whether people would or wouldn't like to stay in a forest on Vlieland (127 respondents)

Three-quarters of the positive responses were about (A) liking a forest in general, enjoying being amidst the natural environment of the forest (shadow, quiet, sheltered, animals, birdsong, fresh air and being surrounded by nature), enjoying the peacefulness and privacy a forest offers, and the fun change of scenery (for the dog, a tree- house). One quarter of the responses set conditions such as (B) that the house should have open space surrounding it (light, view, space, not too crowded with other houses) and only few mentioned that the ecology should be spared (fig. 7.5d). Of the people who would not want to stay in a forest on Vlieland little less than two- thirds said (C) they prefer a setting that is more in line with what they look for on Vlieland (space, wide views, light, more typical Vlieland landscapes like the dunes). Two-fifths don't wish to stay in the forest mostly because (D) they find it an unpleasant environment or dislike it general (damp, dark, depressing), because it would harm the forest, it would change the appearance of the island, or they already live in a forest back home (fig. 7.5e).

B: conditions for it to be a positive experience D: Dislikes C preferred A: positive alternatives expectations

7.5d Why people would enjoy staying in a forest on Vlieland 7.5e Why people would dislike staying in a forest on Vlieland (47 respondents) (47 respondents)

Lastly, visitors were asked to choose between several opposite characteristics with which to describe their ideal accommodation on Vlieland. If they were a group of ten friends, then... (fig. 7.5f)

want their view to be free of other buildings or other prefer an outside sitting 9 people 8 area attached to the house 8 prefer neutral colors does not mind want a separate place to sit prefer distinct colors 1 2 somewhere else on the 2 terrain

like their house to have a 8 want a unique house 8 name 8 prefer to live secluded okay with a house in a are fine with just a number don't mind being in contact 2 series of similar other 2 2 with their neighbors houses

prefer to live more sustainably through the don't mind doing their own want their house to be application of modern 7 housekeeping 7 surrounded by 'free' nature 7 techniques prefer full service like having their own terrain choose to live more 3 3 or garden 3 sustainably by consciously consuming less

6 choose simplicity 6 like the familiar 5 prefer traditional choose luxury enjoy new experiences prefer modern 4 4 5 7.5f (130 respondents)

The relatively busy Kampweg road running south of the project site (own picture 2013)

8. The meaning of recreational houses for locals and tourists on Vlieland

In this chapter the results of the interviews with hosts and questionnaires with visitors on Vlieland will each be condensed into key themes (in total 12 themes) concerning the different meanings and values ascribed to recreational houses on Vlieland. The combination of all themes together, both from the hosts' as the visitors' point of view, will form the basis for a series of statements on how an architectural design for recreational accommodation would fit in or may form a positive contribution to Vlieland's identity.

8.1 Discussion of the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland for hosts From the interviews with various people who are hosting tourism on Vlieland the following six themes were interpreted as the predominant ideas about recreational houses on Vlieland. Recreational accommodations are part of Vlieland's identity because hosts ascribe meaning or value to their distinct spatial characteristics, role in social-cultural dynamics, and as part of the local history.

1) Recreational houses are associated with change. Firstly, changes inherent to the tourist market: visitors' different seasonal preferences of certain accommodation types or slower trends such as preferences for certain styles, need for space and facilities, the type of travel groups (family, couples, friends), or tourist types that visit the island. Secondly, new recreational houses impose sudden and permanent change on the island's appearance that causes feelings of apprehension in both locals as visitors.

2) Recreational houses are considered a constant quality of Vlieland's identity. The time required for recreational houses to become part of Vlieland, the care with which the local municipality governs the appearance of recreational houses as part of the built environment, the preference of the old to the new recreational houses and the preferred subdued characteristics of recreational houses shows the desire to conserve qualities of the built environment for future generations.

3) Recreational houses create two way images. The landscape of individual summer houses in the dunes is considered to express to (potential) visitors the unique character and high quality of tourism on Vlieland. Conversely, the various recreational houses with their different appearance, atmosphere and facilities are

57 associated with different tourist groups who have different attitudes, lifestyles, values, ideas of luxury that are modest and in mutual understanding or imposing and in conflict with hosts' ideas of a tourist culture that fits Vlieland's identity.

4) Recreational houses are a limited economic resource. As they are counter elements to the natural landscape - one of Vlieland's biggest assets- there are limited possibilities for development. Facets of recreational houses such as pricing, availability, appearance, or the name can improve the marketableness but the most important attraction for visitors ever remains the island itself.

5) Recreational houses sustain the livability of the island. Recreational homes help Vlieland to retain the authenticity of people's daily life on the island in two ways. First by providing the basis for a wide range of services and allowing whole generations to make a livelihood on the island. Secondly through their varied and subdued appearance preventing Vlieland from becoming a 'staged' holiday park.

6) Recreational houses contain a conflict between private and common interests on different levels. Between the communities need for year-round occupancy of the houses and private owners' willingness and ability to create those high levels of occupancy; in the value of the overall appearance of Vlieland's landscape and private owners personal preferences.

8.2 Discussion of the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland for visitors From an interpretation of the questionnaire results also six predominant themes emerged in visitors' ideas about the meaning and value that recreational houses on Vlieland hold for them. As opposed to the results from conversations with the 'hosts', recreational houses are not always part of visitors' experience of Vlieland's identity.

7) For some visitors recreational accommodations are simply a means to be on Vlieland. In the form of availability, suitability for certain seasons or travel companions, pricing, package-deals with events etc. they are part of practical reasoning on the side of visitors. Also in the visitors' description of an ideal accommodation it appears that should not be below certain quality standards, but in itself it does not significantly contribute to people's appreciation of Vlieland's identity.

8) Recreational accommodations also are a medium through which visitors experience Vlieland. This idea is best illustrated by the visitors' greatest dislike in their 'ideal' recreational accommodation on Vlieland: a fear that in the direct surroundings of their accommodation they would experience crowding, obstructed views, noise pollution, less personal space and privacy due to increased tourism. Also the fact that people are concerned with the fact if a forest-setting of their accommodation is typically Vlielands again emphasizes that people are looking to obtain the real Vlieland-experience through the accommodation but with a focus on the contact with their immediate surroundings.

9) Recreational houses may be in accordance with what visitors find characteristic about Vlieland (low level of development, natural and authentic, small scale, personal and friendly atmosphere) and what they personally experience (letting-go and uncomplicatedness, feeling of belonging, free activities, inspiring natural surroundings). These aspects are enhanced by tourism in recreational houses which allow a more personal, individual or 'free', small-scale, 'homey' form of tourism with a strong connection with the natural surroundings.

10) Recreational houses may enhance the feelings of well-being that people look for on Vlieland. Although visitors are divided between preferring modern or traditional, familiar or new, basic or luxurious accommodations there seems to be a consensus that the basic quality of the accommodation should be good but not 'too much': too sober and bleak as well as too luxurious and stylized. Logically 'too much' would threaten people experience of letting-go and uncomplicatedness, naturalness and authenticity on Vlieland.

11) Recreational houses are a necessary element but also a threat to visitors experience of Vlieland. Visitors state that new recreational accommodations are a positive addition to the island because they improve the accessibility of Vlieland for visitors and are of value for Vlieland's economy. Nevertheless recreational houses generally are and should be an inconspicuous part of the Vlieland landscape in order not to change Vlieland and take away its charm.

12) Recreational houses hold a conflict between the interests of their inhabitants and the lookers-on. While on the one hand recreational houses allow their inhabitants to form a personal connection with the surroundings, as elements in the landscape they diminish people's appreciation of the natural surroundings. Similarly, although

59 recreational houses create private spots in nature, between each other they reduce the inhabitants privacy and personal outdoor space.

+ additional observation by author) Vlieland's natural surroundings are an important theme related to summer houses on the island. The focus lies on the effect of recreational houses on the qualities of the landscape, and there was surprisingly little mention of the environmental impacts of recreational houses.

8.3 How an architectural design may enhance positive and consolidate negative meanings and values Lastly, these following 12 statements are about how an architectural design may answer to the 12 ideas identified above about the meaning and value of recreational houses on Vlieland. Together with more detailed starting- points (chapter 9) that were inspired by more concrete information obtained during the qualitative study, the following statements or 'design ambitions' will form the basis for the architectural design.

1) The change in the island's landscape brought on by this project should be acceptable and allow room for seasonal changes and trends 2) The design should be durable and eventually become a valued part of Vlieland's cultural heritage 3) An appearance that is appealing to visitors and friendly towards locals 4) Maximizing the marketability to make the most use of this limited resource 5) Encouraging the use of local services and steering free of a 'theme-park' image 6) Allowing for high levels of occupancy year round, creating a positive addition to the overall Vlieland landscape 7) The quality of the building and the basic facilities should be good (clean, comfortable, sturdy), it should be affordable, useable in all seasons, suitable for different types of travel groups 8) The experience of the surroundings is central to the houses' program 9/10) Vlieland's characteristics of the built environment and visitors' Vlieland-experience are key to the design 11) The change in the island's landscape brought on this project should be modest and preferably increase Vlieland's charm 12) The experience of crowding and urbanization by the houses' inhabitants and lookers-on has to be avoided +) In addition to a good embedment in nature in aesthetic terms (landscape), the houses should also be friendly to their ecological environment

One of SBB "work-paths" running through the coniferous part of the project's forest (own picture 2013)

Conclusion

This study was set out to explore the meaning that recreational houses hold for hosts and visitors of the Dutch Wadden island Vlieland. The results contribute to an Architecture Msc graduation project about the design of a large series of recreational dwellings on Vlieland. This dissertation's key objectives therefore are to first obtain insight into the culture of recreational houses on Vlieland in order to accordingly establish design ambitions and starting-points (a program of requirements) for a design that aims to 'fit-in' with what hosts and visitors value about Vlieland. In addition to this research project's rather specific and localized objective, its greater relevance is the exploration of the concept place-identity and how it may contribute to the sustainable development of tourism. The following paragraphs will discuss how this connection between place-identity and sustainable tourism development came about, after which the results of the research project will be related to this idea.

On Vlieland -and on the Wadden in general- there is much attention for how the place is experienced and why this experience is appreciated by the inhabitants and the many returning visitors. To protect this experience, from the beginning onwards there has been great awareness, care and regulation of the quality of the built environment and its balance with the natural landscape. Also, as can be seen for example in the popularity of the publication Vlieland Duinhuisjes, there is interest amongst locals and visitors in the building history of recreational houses on Vlieland. As of yet however, there had not been an investigation into the meaning of recreational houses as part of people's Vlieland-experience.

Vlieland's identity is of great importance to the local community. The first and most apparent reason is because Vlieland's identity is an economic asset; attracting a steady number of visitors annually (de Bruin & van Hooff 2006, p.19). The fact that place-identity is considered to be a collective phenomenon, despite the numerous personal and subjective experiences of a place (its history, geographic or landscape qualities, cultural practices etc.) it is built up of (Hague & Jenkins 2005, pp.2-3), supports the idea of a marketable 'Vlieland-experience' for visitors. Following-up on this idea, it is worthwhile investigating how recreational houses are part of the local identity as it experienced and appreciated by tourists. However, after the preliminary literature study a second dimension emerged: sustainable tourism development as a result of hosts' experience of recreational accommodations.

On the one hand, sustainable tourism development can be understood in terms of the impact of tourism developments on the well-being of the local community and ecology. On a rather factual level, building developments bring economic, social-cultural and environmental change (Andereck et al. 2005, p.1057-1059), whose impacts can be taken into account rationally in a design. From an architect's point of view this involves economic use of resources, enabling valued social-cultural practices and dynamics, and using environmentally friendly building methods as well as inspiring responsible user behavior. More subtly, as various architectural theories well as social studies on tourism have professed, recreational accommodations may influence how people read a place's identity and whether they feel at 'home' or at ease in that environment.

On the other hand building developments influence the sustainability of tourism developments because hosts' perception of the impacts of tourism on their region determines their support of tourism (Postma 2012, p.153). As became apparent in studies investigating locals' perception of tourism, recreational accommodations in themselves or the interactions around them are sometimes the cause of locals' negative disposition towards their visitors or tourism in general. So far studies have dealt with the phenomena of Wadden tourism and recreational house tourism but not directly with locals' ideas about recreational houses as objects specifically. Thus it became relevant to investigate both following questions:

a) the meaning of recreational houses for visitors to Vlieland, as inhabitants or observers of in order to maximize this positive asset

b) the meaning of recreational houses for locals and others who facilitate tourism on Vlieland (this group together is called 'hosts') in order to minimize any negative impacts and experiences

The two key ideas that 1) recreational houses are part of the Vlieland experience and 2) recreational houses influence people's disposition towards tourism were confirmed by the interviews with people hosting tourism and visitors to Vlieland. Notably, while initially a clear division was made between Vlieland-experience for visitors and the disposition towards tourism for hosts, both ideas occurred in the discussion of the meaning of recreational houses for each group. For example. hosts were able to clearly identify characteristics of recreational houses

(archetypical, personal, dynamic, simple, with moderate variety, modest, in natural tones, p.26) that they believe enhance the Vlieland-experience. On the other hand hosts were generally displeased with recreational houses who's appearance (extreme in modern style, size, excessive indoor luxuries, showy, sleek, dominating the landscape, p.27) expressed a certain tourist attitude that was not appreciated. Also visitors had a clear idea of Vlieland's identity and ideas about recreational houses that complement each other. But interestingly, certain recent recreational house redevelopments and ideas of future developments also evoked negative feelings towards the development of tourism on Vlieland.

Theories on recreational house tourism such as the importance of recreational houses to express an attitude of receiving and giving by visitors to the local community (Farstad 2011), and how a recreational accommodation becomes the central point from which the visitor develops his or her appreciation of the natural surroundings (Kaltenborn 2008) were observed in this exploration of the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland and thus confirms this thesis' statement on the potent role of recreational houses both for the host and the visitor. The sustainable tourism development framework that is defined in terms economic, social-cultural and ecological impacts with a special warning for touristic regions who derive their touristic attractiveness from natural qualities to focus on the ecological impact (Andereck et al. 2005, p.1057-1059) could be revised for regions such as Vlieland for whom place-identity is the key to its attractiveness; by focusing on place-identity both the feeling of belonging (social-cultural aspect) and the care for the attractive natural landscape (ecology) are taken into account in addition to the economic value of an attractive place-identity. Interestingly, in this study a surprisingly minor concern for the ecological impact of recreational house tourism was observed as opposed to a larger concern for the impact on nature's aesthetic qualities (landscape). The multiple statuses (Unesco, Natura2000) Vlieland has as a natural reserve implies a gap between top-down initiatives and local attitudes.

Due to the key purpose of this research project -to generate design ambitions and starting points for an architectural design- the results mounted up to an initial exploration of the meaning of recreational houses on Vlieland in twelve themes (chapter 8). Whereas this exploration of the meaning of recreational houses for hosts and visitors generated verifiable and extensive information that is useful for the ensuing design project, the ideas of 'fitting in' and 'sustainable tourism development' remained hypothetical in this study. Therefore a follow-up case-study of existing recreational houses on Vlieland is proposed. An investigation of which specific

64 architectural aspects or factors actually influence the degree to which recreational houses are part of Vlieland's identity or how recreational houses cause people to be positively or negatively disposed towards tourism development would add to our practical understanding of how architecture may contribute to sustainable tourism development.

The deciduous part of the project site's forest (own picture 2013)

C Graduation design project Resulting architectural design for Vlieland's island-cabins

9. Translation of the research project into starting points for the design project

In this chapter the design ambitions that were identified in chapter 8 will be complemented with more detailed information that was obtained during the research project. This information is gathered thematically in order form a program of requirements for the design.

9.1 Project plan - 200 beds - for 2-6 persons - affordable (construction price: 30.000-45.000) - site: ca. 7ha woodland on low dunes (mostly coniferous and some deciduous trees) - in between the camp-site, entrance roads to the camp-site and the relatively busy Kampweg road

9.2 Project development - like change or growth in nature: gradual, evolving, ever changing - allow self-sufficiency: building and maintenance to be done locally - participatory design: involving the community and loyal visitors group - durable and beautiful aging: allowing the project to become part of its surroundings and Vlieland - not causing internal competition: a truly different product

9.3 Expression - a recreational dwelling that speaks to the imagination - unassuming, modest, archetypical, personal, natural, rugged, authentic, rooted, 'homey', quiet, peaceful, cozy, intimate, simplicity, secluded, recognizable - appealing to a new, future loyal tourist group; young couples, young groups of friends - small scale, rural: not 'architectural', urban or too progressive, not a park

- your own spot in nature - a unique destination, individuality, not en-masse

9.4 Landscape - the forest: a new differentiating Vlieland-experience, an asset - remaining 'free' nature, connected to the rest of Vlieland - a pleasant landscape, also when vacant - taking into account the future follow-up of today's building activities - privacy: distance between the units and different recreational dwelling types - no 'sprawl' - not counter to the landscape but not counter to the ecology either

9.5 Indoor program - like Vlieland: small yet spacious - calm, a place for contemplation, hospitable, light, clean, tidy, spacious, togetherness - about being connected to the outdoors, being amidst a beautiful natural environment - attractive in all seasons, with special attention to the experience of Vlieland in the cooler seasons - comfortable and luxurious in its peacefulness and uncomplicatedness (good quality basic facilities but expressly not materialistic luxury) - attention to the experience or simple witnessing of the seasons (foliage, skies, temperature, light, etc.)

9.6 Use - allowing flexibility in arrival/departure dates through easy cleaning, preparing for next visitor - inspiring loyalty and care: allowing people to temporarily make the home their own - flexible: practical for couples, families or friends - plenty of shared and personal space - able to take up trends in tourists demands - attracting a new tourist group interested in more sustainable living (conscious use of resources) - encourage visitors to make use of services on island

- create links to events (beach cleaning/combing, bird watching, outdoor sports) - daily life (cooking, sleeping, heating, eating, washing) is pleasantly/refreshingly different from home

The empty dunes of the camp-site during the winter season (own picture 2013)

10. the resulting design in diagrams and drawings

11.Reflection on research and design

This first chapter shortly explains the chosen subject in relation to the graduation studio and the relationship between research and design, then separately evaluates the degree to which the process, planning, approach and product were satisfactory and in line with the initial plan. And lastly, an enumeration of 'things learned' and things to do differently (with hindsight) serves as a concise summary and conclusion to the reflection of this graduation project.

11.1 The graduation studio theme and method In the Explore Lab graduation studio students are free to literally 'explore' architecture from the point of view of a thematic topic that interests them most and to work on a related design project with a program and location that best allows them to further develop and investigate their thematic topic. Consequently the studio does not prescribe specific research or design methods yet encourages students to choose their own approach that is best suited to their thematic topic and their personal way of working or interests. What is typical about the studio method however, is its strong emphasis on the role of research in the graduation project. These ingredients lay at the base of the approach I took in my graduation project.

11.2 The chosen subject and its social context My primary interest was to design holiday accommodations for the Dutch Wadden island Vlieland that are in accordance with the location in a social-cultural sense. As an architect you are schooled in creating positive programmatic and aesthetic additions to specific locations but often without discussing with the actual users of the building or the site how this affects their appreciation of the place. In distinct regions with a small and tourism dependent community like Vlieland the characteristic atmosphere is quintessential for its attractiveness to visitors as well as the well-being and feeling of belonging for locals; thus affecting the local community social-culturally and economically. Therefore I decided to obtain insight into how locals as well as visitors experience and ascribe meaning to Vlieland and to explore how recreational accommodations may affect this positively or negatively. Thus the thematic topic became the concept of place-identity merged with the ambition of sustainable tourism development.

11.3 Methodology and the relationship between research and design The easy accessibility of Vlieland, its hosts, and its visitors allowed me to conduct extensive empirical research in the form of a qualitative study as well as personally re-experiencing and analyzing the island and the project's location on-site. Thus the research project and the design project are intrinsically linked because they have the same context and purpose: Vlieland and its identity. However, due to the nature of the research project (questionnaires and interviews) and the purpose of the research project (create starting points for an architectural design) there was a clear methodological distinction between the research and the design part of the graduation project in terms of planning, process and product: each aspect taking up approximately half of the designated time for the graduation project; the design part linearly following the completion of the empirical research; the research project resulting almost solely in a written report and the design project in mostly visually based note- and scrap-books and architectural drawings. However, for several months (between the P1 and the P3) the activities of the research and design phase overlapped with the emphasis gradually shifting from the first to the latter. During that period, whilst putting the results of the questionnaires and interviews into writing my thought about the design deepened; for example, the metaphor between Vlieland (small and spacious) and the concept for the floor plans arose. Conversely whilst observing, sketching and collecting inspiring materials, thematic words that were used by the interviewees like ruggedness, authenticity or diversity were concretized.

11.4 Evaluation of research process and planning The proposed process for the research project at the P1 was to simultaneously work on the literature study and the empirical research and to put the discussion of the literature and the empirical research in writing immediately. The empirical research and the literature study would be conducted in two sets so that the first round of results could be improved or added on. Thus insights gained from the literature study would substantiate the empirical research and vice versa; and starting to write immediately would create a basis for the final report and lessen to work load at the end. This process worked well in terms of the reciprocal relationship between literature study and empirical research. Also starting to write early in the process helped to develop better insight in the topic, although the re-writing of all the drafts into a final report still was a substantiate task.

Nevertheless, although writing and then re-writing felt like doing work twice, it was part of the investigation process (leading to better insights) and hopefully improved the coherence of the report.

The execution of the proposed planning for the research project was less successful. The goal was to put more emphasis on the design aspect of the graduation project (2/3rds for design versus 1/3rd for research), however for various reasons the research project took up half of the graduation project's time. The main reason is because the graduation year starts with the research phase: with a fresh mind and heaps of time before you it is tempting to engage in a research project that is too large. Also because qualitative research was a new method I underestimated the amount of time needed to process the information into a useful and meaningful report.

approach and product The exploration of the meaning of recreational accommodations for hosts (locals and others facilitating tourism on Vlieland) was conducted through semi-structured interviews along the lines of a few common guiding themes with a varied sample of representative hosts to obtain a broad overview of the existing ideas and sentiments. The semi-structured interviews allowed room for the interviewees to address topics that were important to them. The meaning of recreational accommodations for visitors to Vlieland was explored through the use of surveys and a large sample of ca. 200 visitors in order to find common themes. Both approaches worked well for each separate purpose (broad overview versus common themes), however in order to compare and contrast the results for the hosts versus the visitor group the approaches should have been more alike. To compare and contrast the ideas of locals versus tourists was not directly necessary for the goal of this research project and how it contributes to the design project. Nevertheless it may have added an interesting dimension to the results and substantiated the decisions made in the design project with respect to the various interest groups. As a last note; my personal experience of and ideas about the island have most likely interfered with the objectivity of the collecting and interpretation of the results. As a complete 'outsider' is much less subject to 'selective hearing and observing' . On the other hand a personal (multi-layered, from different viewpoints, at different times, etc.) understanding of a place may contribute to creating a design that fits in its context.

The product of the research project took the form of a written report that tied together the design assignment that gave rise to the research project, the literature research and the empirical research. In the form of a scientific

88 report the research project has value of its own. The downside is that this requires a lot of time and effort that is then deducted from the design phase while the actual goal of this graduation project is to create an architectural design. Because the goal is to inspire and substantiate an architectural design and also because the lack of prior training and experience in qualitative research diminished the research project's scientific value, possibly a more creative presentation of the results would have sufficed or even been more appropriate.

11.5 Evaluation of design planning and process In short the design process as proposed at the P2 would be linear in terms of distinctly working out each aspect of the design (landscape, program, climate, buildings construction, facades, atmosphere/expression), but cyclical by returning to these aspects in the three planned phases that move from conceptual to detailed design. The goal was to ensure that all aspects of the design were touched upon in the limited amount of time. In truth however, the various aspects of the design were dealt with in a more interwoven process and were spread out over the three phases with the emphasis shifting from roughly outlined form-givers (program, expression and construction considered on various scales) to variables that filled in the details of the design (climate design, materialization) although this division was less strong than presented here. This process was more useful than the initial set-up: because it made a distinction between the leading and the following aspects the decision process was more fluent while at the same time leaving enough room for necessary changes at the end in order to harmonize all aspects. Interestingly the planning to move in three phases from conceptual to detailed design between P2 and P4 did work out well, most likely due to the existence of the P2, P3 and P4 and their specific requirements. The design process on the other hand was very much less controlled and static than first envisioned. Hence there was a balanced and productive mixture of structure offered by the official deadlines and design freedom in between.

approach and product The design was developed through a combination of explorative sketches and collected information or reference material in notebooks, alternated with a concretizing of these ideas in more exact CAD drawings or computer drafted documents with information about climate, construction, inventory etc. Although the emphasis shifted to work on the computer towards the P4 the notebooks remained valuable for quick sketches to explore new ideas

89 and their consequences or to make a decision between various options. Also the notebooks allowed all material to be easily collected and kept in chronological order so they could be referred to for inspiration, earlier ideas or design decisions, or to check on information jotted down earlier. Especially towards the end however when more and more detailed information became available and also became more important for the final drawings I noticed that in the notebook as well as on the computer a more careful and logical organization of information would have been valuable and helped to save some time. Only few maquettes were used as a design tool at the beginning of the design stage in order to obtain a feeling for the scale of the project and to explore the character of various forms. These maquettes were valuable because the goal to make very small plans (in order to create a product distinctly different from existing recreational houses and in order to minimize the impact on the setting visually and ecologically) could easily lead me to underestimate the amount of space that is needed functionally but also in order for the space to be pleasant. After this first stage cross sections and quick three dimensional sketches sufficed to check the appropriateness of the resulting space.

More generally the design approach was to use starting points or ambitions resulting from the research project in order to give direction to the design. Interestingly, on the other hand the design project sometimes lead to the reaffirming of certain undervalued outcomes of the research project. For example the ambition to be ecologically friendly at first resulted in a design concept for an autarkical dwelling even though this was contrary to the demands of moderateness and ease of use which were also the outcome of the research project. Through the design process however, due to various characteristics of the site it appeared that an autarkical building could not be realized and that rather the less exciting or extreme but more realistic ideas were a better choice.

11.6 Conclusion and recommendations To sum up, with hindsight I learned (amongst many other things) for the next time round to: - start writing early - start designing early in order to balance the focus between research and design - rather overestimate than underestimate the amount of time needed for a qualitative study, or for anything for that matter - create more unity in your research methods for different groups/cases to allow for interesting comparison/contrasting

- use the right presentation format for the right research project: either be truly exact and scientific or explore and inspire - create the right balance between freedom and purposiveness in a creative design process - organize your ideas or practical information so you can easily find them and use them in your design - know that extreme ideas or concepts can be inspiring but are not always appropriate or even necessary for a successful design - know that designing with the ambition of creating pleasing aesthetics can be part of a rational design approach

The main street in the village Oost-Vlieland (own picture 2007)

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The dunes of the camp-site seen through the edge of the forest on the project site (own picture 2013)