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Djvu Document BULL. BOT. SURV. INDIA Vol. @, Nos. 14 :. pp. 163-185, 1967 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF DEVICOLAM, KOTTAYAM DISTRICT, KERALA K. M. SEBASTINEAND K. VIVEKANANTHAN Botanical Survcy of India, Coimbators ABSTRACT This paper deals with the floristic account of Devicolam in Kottayam District, Kmala. The area covered lies between 9" 57'-10' 21' N and 76'39'-77" 17' E and the altitude varies from 457-2675 m. Five seasonal botanical tours were conducted during 1963-65 and altogether 478 taxa were collected. In addition, 60 species collected by the earlier botanists and which were not collected during the above mentioned tours are also included in this list. Thus the total number of tans enumerated in this paper is 538 and they are spread over 125 families. Different types of vegetation are met with in Devicolam and they can broadly be classified as follows: Tropical dry deciduous, Tropical moist deciduous, Tropical wet evergreen, Montane wet temperate and Montane wet grassland. The occurrence of Argostchma rostratum Wall. in this area constitutes a new record for Peninsular India. INTRODUCTION towards Neriamangalam, colonisation over 14165 The D,evicolam region of the Kerala State has Hectares of virgin forest took place during the last been well known as the land of luxuriant forests ten years and vast areas of forests have been clear- yielding a rich supply of valuable timber. The ed to raise plantation of Rubber, Tuber crops, etc. area is situated in the Western Ghats at the north- In spite of all these activities of man's vandalism eastern corner of the State of Kerala and lies with- over nature the landscape still holds promising in g"57'-10~21'N and 76"3g0-77's7'E. It- is sur- areas for floristic studies in the various pockets of rounded by Anaimalai on the north, Udumpae forests found all over the place in between the shola on the south, Ernakulam District on the west- cleared areas. boundary being limited to Periar river, Trichur Bourdillon (1892) has made a report on the forests District on the north-west and boundaries of of Travancnre in general and later (1908) he has Madura District on the east. The Plantation areas worked on the indigenous and timber yielding in Devicolam are usually known as the "Kannan trees of Tiavancore. Rama Rao (~gq)published Devan FIills" or as the "High Range" which occu- an hccount of 'The flowering plants of Travancore' pies an area of 588 sq. km. This area with steep which includes the Devicolam forests. In the mountains and valleys has an altitude Garying Flora: of the Presidency of Madr'as by Gamble and from 457 to 2695 m. Anaimudi, the highest peak Fischer (Ig 15-36) the occasional references to Devi- (2695 m) in South India forms the northern part of colam are based on the collection made by Barnes, Devicolam Taluk. The mountainous configura- Bourdillon, Meebdld and Venkoba Rao. Barnes $ion, high altitude, and kavy rainfall make this (1939) has made a general collection from the High tract one of the botanically richest areas of India. Range but he has published only an account The vast stretches of the rich forest of Devicolam of members of Geraniaceae collected from this attracted the attention of J. D. Munro who had region. Iyppu (1960) refers to the High Range schemes of raising plantations there. It is said forest in the symposium on Tropical moist ever* that in the year 1877 he approached the Raja of green forests. Chandrasekaran (1962) deals abut Poonjar, Valiya Raja Kerala Varma and pur- the forest types in this region in his account on the chased about 55850 Hectares of land on the Kan- 'Forest types of Kerala State'. Besides, botaniets nan Devan Anjanad Hills for cultivation. This like K. Cherian Jacob, M. A. Lawson, N. C. was the beginning of the destruction of one of Rathakrishnan. Rudlpph D. Anstead and K, nature's great bounties of vegetation. However, Subramanyam also visited this region and their this tract his now turned out to produce tea collections are deposited in the Regional Herb* which has been earning a good amount of foreign ium, Botanical Survey of India, Southern Cilxle, exchange in recent years. Besides Tea and Coffee, Coimbotore. 'brdamomum is also cuItivated at lower elevati~n. As a detailed study on the flora of this rcgioa Furthtz at lower elevation on the Western side has not been made so far, the authors undeeurok 164 BUUETW OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA p'Ol* 9 five seasonal botanical tours in this region during the extensive region which consists of steep moun- June and October 1963, January and April 1964 tain ranges, fertile valleys and perennial rivers and and August 1965. The total number of species streams. Furthei, there iis rernarlrabile xariation collected is 478 spread over 125 families. All the between the eastern and western slopes of the specimens have been deposited in the Regional Western Ghats falling in the Devicolam region. Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Southern The difference in altitude, climate, rainfall, the Circle, Coimbatore. In addition to this 60 taxa prevalence of wind of varying nature, the geologi- collected by the earlier botanists and deposited in cal and edaphic factors are mainly responsible for the Regional Herbarium, Coimbatore, are also in- bringing about such unusuaI variety and diversity cluded in this paper. An account of the flora of in the vegetation pattern of this region. Tropical Anaimudi. Range which forms part of Devicolam dry deciduous, Tropical moist deciduous, Tropic4 will be published separately. wet evergreen, Montane wet temperate and Mon- tane wet grassland are the main types of forest SOIL GEOLOGY AND division in this area (Champion 1936). In general this mountainous uact has the same The vegetation on the eastern slopes of these features of geology as that of Western Ghats. It high mountains is rich and the following didnct is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks types could be noted at various altitudes and of Archaeon age mainly quartzon gneiss with rock valleys. At the foot hills near Chinnar on the types such as Qark granite and gneissic variation. eastern side bordering the dry plains of Madras The changing of gneiss into laterite is brought out State the vegetation is of typical dry deciduous by a metamorphism which has been ascribed to type. The characteristic tree species occurring in monsoon condition repeated through the ages. In this area are Albizia odoratissima, Bridelia cren* places where there is a dense forest canopy the soil lata, cassia fistula, Chloroxylon swietenia, Cordia is the result of disintegration of gneiss the depth dichotoma, Emblica officinalis, Givotia rottlerifor- varying from shallow layers on the steep sloges mis, Sterculia foetida, Wrightia tinctorin etc. and bouldery in the sheltered valleys. The Some of the common undergrowths are Boerhavk humus content of the soil is very high in the ever- diflusa, Breynia retusa, B. rhamnoides, Leucas green regions when compared with the deciduous hirta, Sida acuta and Toddalia asiaticu var. graci- -area. Uohn 1955-56). lis. Vanda testacea is the common orchid growing CLIMATE AND RAINFALL in this region. At Mariyur extensive patches of sandal wood forest are met with. In these mixed In these hills the climate is that of temperate ldry ;montane region and the temperature varies accord- deciduous forest along with sandal wood Dendro- calamus strictus also occurs in plenty. The sandal ing to elevation and it is in between 7'2' to 32OC. The warmest months are from February to May. wood forest is followed by moist deciduous region The area is situated on the edge of the escarpment upto an altitude of 1067 m. Due to :epeated felling operations, grass in large patches has been which faces the Arabian Sea. So during the growth formed in this area. Moreover, the Coffee and 'Tea months of June to September the area receives the full force of sputh-west monsoon. The north- .plantations with recent introduction of Acacia melanoxyln, Grevillea robusla, Erythrina spp., east retreating monsoon also brings showers duS .Eucalyptus spp. Spathodea nilotica have chang- ing October .and November. Rainfall varies bet- aria ed the face of the slopes to a great extent. Some ween 699 cm a year in the western end, to undet of the common species in this region are Alstonia 132 cm at the eastern end, all within a distance of erenenata, Antidesma bunius, Celtis cinnamomea, 32 km. The rainfall. recorded ia the slopes of Grewia tiliaefolia, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Mdlotiis Anaimudi and Petimudi is 975 cm and the rain- albus var, occidentalis, M. philippensis, etc. Eupa- fall recorded in the dry tracts on the leeward side twium glundulosum and Lantqna camara var. acu- in places lie Mariyur and Chinnar is between lgata are found in large patches in the cleared areas. roz-140 cm and sometimes even upto 152 cm. Above 1067 m Tea is grown extensively. VEGETATION The evergreen forests are perhaps the richest as SCvegetation of &vicolaxn ranp vdouy qards the wcurrence of the number of species. ia cbrxtm from plwe tb pfanc thm@wW I3ll.t thq have been subjecled to interference by 19671 SEBASTlNE AND VlVEKANAhTHAN: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF DEvICQLAM 165 man, so that after centuries of burning of forests, He has collected more than thirty species of the atad shifting cultivation, the undisturbed primeval same within a radius of 16 Iuri in Munnar. forest does not exist now. However, some of the fine dpecimens of this forest have survived and do In the High Range above 1524 m elevation, occur.in the sheltered valleys, protected slopes, cer- Southern Montane wet Temperate forests are tain pockets and in the remote and less accessible found interspersed with vast stretches of grass- ravines.
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