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Home , Anurognathus, Archaeopterodactyloidea, Azhdarchoidea, Batrachognathus, Dorygnathus, Eudimorphodon

Index

Page numbers in italic, e.g. 153, refer to figures. Page numbers in bold, e.g. 321, signify entries in tables.

Aetosaurus ferratus 26 brachiopatagium Agadirichnus elegans 321,322-323 Azhdarchidae (indet.) 249-250 air diverticulae see pneumatization 250 Angustinaripterus 144, 177 muensteri 238,240-246 123-124 Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone 234, 235-346 pectoral girdle 191-215 thermoregulation 256-259 inferred myology 201-208 osteological correlates 193-197 Crato Formation 56, 65-72, 234-235,247-250 Anhanguera blittersdorffi, 153 Nova Olinda Member 56-63 Anhanguera piscator 122-123 Santana Formation 234-235 Anhanguera santanae, skull 251 bone histovariability 335-342 123 Breviquartossa, definition, content, synapomorphies scapulocoracoid 73-77 155-156 ankle and pes, genera 37-39 Anurognathidae 107-111,176 Caelidracones, definition, content, synapomorphies ammoni 152-153, 176 152-153 phalanges 176 Campylognathoides 115-116 Ap6n Formation, Venezuela, Early 73-77 caudal vertebrae 18 "Araripesaurus" 178 jugal 9 Araripesaurus castilhoi 145 pectoral girdle 191-215 , definition, content, inferred myology 198-201,203-208 synapomorphies 117-119 osteologicai correlates 197 Araripe Basin, Brazil, Santana Formation 234-235 Campylognathoides liasicus Arizona, 45-46 skull 152 Asiaticognathidae 107, 111-112 ratios 19 astragalus 37 Campylognathoididae 176 Austria, Tyrol, cf. ranzii 5-22 carpus, comparative morphology 165 Austriadactylus caudals, rhamphorhynchids 12-14 general description 25, 32 Cearadac~lus 180 37, 176 Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Mexico 275-282 Azhdarchidae cladistic analysis 106--134, 141-150 bone histovariability 335-342 classification defined 125-126, 181 Bennett (1989, 1994 cladistic analyses) 141-142 character list 130-133 Brazil (indet.) 249-250 data matrix 133-134 Morocco 79-90 ichnotaxonomy 316--317 Transylvania 91-104 Kellner (1996 cladistic analysis) 143 scapulocoracoid 267-274 Kuhn (1967 tree) 140 Azhdarcho lancicollis 18 I Pterosauria 112 Unwin (1992, t995 MPT analyses) 142 definition, content, synapomorphies 125, 169-170 Unwin (PAUP analysis) 149-150 156 Viscardi (1999 cladistic analysis) 143 Wellnhofer (1978 tree) 140 'basal ' Young (1964 tree) 140 defined 24 see also phylogeny skulls 151 , scapulocoracoid 268-269 volans 176 Coloborhynchus robustus, skull 153 phalanges 176 Comodactylus ostromi 45, 52 bats, physiology 226--227 conodont Epigondolella 26-27 , edentulous 154, 250-251 Cosesaurus 147 Bennett, pterosaurs, cladogram relative to extant cranial crest 52, 253-256 192 69 Bennett (1989, 1994 cladistic analyses; Paup analysis) function 69-71 141-142, 173 "" 45, 52 , of axial pneumatization 227-228 scaphognathine 45, 52 body hair 228, 234 Tapejara navigans 65-72, 247-248 bone histological analysis Crato Formation, Brazil 56-63, 65-72, 234-235, John Quekett sections 325-334 247-250 variability 335-342 Crayssac, SW France, tracksites 283-296 bootstrap analysis 149, 171 Criorhynchus mesembrinus 251

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crocodilian trackways, vs pterosaurian 288 flight apparatus 260-262 gracile 180 top-, middle- and bottom-deck 267-274 (juvenile) 179 wing phalanges, Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii Ctenochasmatidae 117, 118, 119-120, 180 15-16 Ctenochasmatoidea wing ratios definition, content, synapomorphies 165-166 and Cretaceous genera 35 skulls 155 Triassic genera 34, 40 Cycnorhamphus suevicus 165-166, 179 foot 259-260 see also manus and pes decay analysis 171 France, Jurassic Crayssac tracksites 283-296 dentition edentulous beaks 154, 250-251 Gallodactylidae 117, 118, 119-120 Eudimorphodon 9-12, 39-40 117-119, 180 Harpactognathus 49-50 Germanodactylus cristatus 168-169, 180 Peteinosurus zambellii 39 skull 251 Triassic pterosaurs 39-40 Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 180 Dermodactylus 45 skull 251 Dermodactylus montanus 52 Germany, Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone 233-234, 112-114 235-246 Dimorphodon macronyx 149, 176 subulatus 180, 251 wing ratios 19 Dimorphodontidae 176 hair, body 228-229, 234 Doratorhynchus 84-85 hand 259-260 112-114, 144 see also manus and pes Dorygnathus banthensis 177 Haopterus gracilis 178 jugal 9 Harpactognathus gentryii 45-54 wing ratios 19 Hateg Basin, Romania 91-104 Dsungaripteridae 124-125, 180 Hatzegopteryx thambema 92-104 100-101 definition, content, synapomorphies 117-118, size 98-99 120-121,168-169 hind see limbs skull 156 histological analysis weii 168-169, 180 John Quekett sections 325-334 skull 251 variability 335-342 Howse (1986 cladistic analysis) 141 E1 Pelillal Tracksite, Mexico 275-282 84-85, 251 Eosipterus 180 Euctenochasmatia, definition, content, synapomorphies Anhanguera 195-196 166-168 Campylognathoides 197, 198 Eudimorphodon comparative morphology 162 dentition 9-12, 39-40 Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 15 general description 24-25, 27-28 Hatzegopteryx thambema 96-97 taxonomy 17-20, 32-33 histological analysis Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 5-22 John Quekett sections 325-334 systematics and description 7-17 variability 335-342 taxonomic assignment 17-20, 115-116, 176 morphometric data 146 Eudimorphodon cromptonellus 13, 24-25, 151 Hunterian bone, histological analysis wing ratios 19 325-334 Eudimorphodon ranzii 17-20, 24-25, 27-28, 153-155, 176-177 ichnotaxonomy 315-324 skull 152 classification 316-317 wing ratios 19 ichnospecies 317-318 Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi 5, 17-20, 24-25, 112-114, Principle of Priority 315 115-116 type fixation 315-316 wing ratios 19 see also Pteraichnus trackways Euornithocheira, definition, content, synapomorphies integumentary structures 228-229 162-163 123, 144 lstiodactylus latidens 159-162 feathers 228 skull 153 protofeathers (body hair) 228, 234 Italy femur Triassic pterosaurs 2343 Hatzegopteryx thambema 100-101 dating 26-27 Hunterian, histological analysis 325-334 locations 6 , Triassic pterosaurs 40 revised characters 27-32

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jaws, edentulous 154, 250-251 178 jugals, comparative morphology 9 Ornithocheiroidea Brazil 56-63 Karatau Formation, Kazakhstan 234 definition, content, synapomorphies 122, Kellner (1995 PAUP analysis) 141 159-162 Kellner (1996 cladistic analysis) 143, 173 scapulocoracoid 267-274 Kepodactylus grandis 45 skulls 154 Kepodactylus insperatus 52 compressirostris 122-123 Kuhn (1967 tree) 140 Ornithocheirus mesembrinus 162-163 skull 153 LaoptetTxpriscus 45, 52 Ornithocheirus simus 178 limbs Ornithodemus see Istiodactylus morphometric data 146 ornithodirans 217, 228-229 ratios of long bone lengths Ornithostoma sedgwicki 178 Jurassic and Cretaceous genera 35 Oulad Abdoun Phosphatic Basin, Morocco 79-90 Triassic genera 34, 40 Triassic, comparative morphology 29, 37-39 Parapsicephalus 47 see also tracks (Dorygnathus banthensis) 177 Lonchodectidae, definition 179-180 partitioning 171 Lonchognatha, definition, content, synapomorphies patagia 234 153-155 see also brachiopatagium Lophocratia, definition, content, synapomorphies pectoral girdle morphology 191-215 164-165 Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 14-15 sibbicki flight design 267-274 description 57-60 inferred myology 198-208 skull 251 osteological correlates 193-197 summary/discussion 208-213 Macronychoptera, definition, content, synapomorphies functional consequences 210-212 149-152 phylogenetic implications 212-213 manus and pes pelvic girdle morphology, Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 16 anatomy 259-260 pes see manus and pes (tracks) Azhdarchidae (indet.) 249-250 Peteinosaurus 112-114 comparative morphology 37-40, 167 Peteinosaurus zambellii 176 manus 259-260 dentition 39 webbed pes 233, 305-306 general description 25, 28-31 manus and pes tracks taxonomy 33 swimming 301-303 wing ratios 19 see also trackways Phobetopterparvus, skull 251 Mesadactylus ornithosphyos 52, 145 Phosphatodraco mauritanicus 79-90 metacarpus, comparative morphology 165 phylogeny 105-190 metatarsals, comparative morphology 38-39 abbreviations/conventions 143-144 Mexico, Campanian Cen-o del Pueblo Formation, analysis using parsimony (PAUP) 105-106, 141, trackways 275-282 149-150 Mockina slovakensis, Seefeld Beds 7 characteristics used (appendix II) 181-182 Morocco, Oulad Abdoun Phosphatic Basin 79-90 classification 144-145 morphometric data, limbs 146 data matrix 133-134 Morrison Formation, Wyoming 45-46 materials/methods 105-106, 144-147 musculature, osteological correlates see pectoral girdle most parsimonious trees (MPTs) 141 morphology new taxa 144 results 106-127, 147-170 Neoazhdarchia, definition, content, synapomorphies summary/discussion 170-174 170 bootstrap and decay analyses 171 stage 23-24 comparison with previous studies 172-174 quality of character data set 170-171 Morrison Formation 45-46, 299-301 tree robusticity 170 Summerville-Sundance Formation 299-300, taxon-character matrix 148 305 terminal taxa (incl. appendix I) 144-146, 175-181 trackways morphometric data 146 Jurassic locations 299-301 see also cladistic analyses western Jurassic swimtracks 297-313 physiology, axial pneumatization 225-227 Novialoidea 112-114 Plataleorhynchus 180 definition 114 pneumatization 217-232 Nyctosauridae 121-122 homology with birds 227-228 gracilis 163-164, 179 physiology 225-227

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Preondactylus 112-113, 175-176 general description 25, 31-32 definition, content, synapomorphies 117, taxonomy 36-37, 149-152 156-158 buffarinii 25, 149 unnamed taxon 116-117 general description 31-32 see also Campylognathoides wing ratios 19 "Rhamphorhynchoidea" 143, 149, 174 Principle of Priority 315 vs 'basal pterosaurs', defined 24 prolacertiforms 142, 147 cranial crest 45, 52 'Psittacosaurus' 228 skulls 152 Pteraichnus trackways Rhamphorhynchus muensteri 155-156, 217-232 case study 315-324 axial pneumatizations 217-232 Crayssac, SW France 283-296 general description 219-221 E1 Pelillal Tracksite, Mexico 275-282 homology with birds 227-228 P. palacei-saenzi 320, 321 physiology 225-227 P. saltwashensis 320, 321 pneumatic features 221-225 P. stokesi 320, 321 skull 152 revision and emended diagnosis 319-323 soft-part preservation 238-247 ingens 251 rhamphothecae, throat pouches 61, 62, 233-234 Pteranodon longiceps 158-159, 174, 178 Romania, Transylvania, Late Cretaceous 91-104 Pteranodon sternbergi 251 rostrum 252-253 Pteranodontia, definition, content, synapomorphies Harpactognathus 47-50 163-164 "Pterodactylidae" 167-168 Santana Formation, Brazil 234-235 117-118 bone histovariability 335-342 definition, content, synapomorphies 158-159 "Santanadactylus" 178 unnamed taxon 116-117 Santanadactylus see also Anhanguera S. araripensis 145 Pterodactylus 118-119, 179 S. brasilensis 145 soft-part preservation 236-238, 239 S. pricei 145 Pterodactylus antiquus 179 S. spixi 145 skeleton 211 scaphognathines, Harpactognathus 45-54 Pterodactylus elegans see Ctenochasma gracile 112-113 Pterodac~lus kochi 166-168,234, 236 Scaphognathus crassirostris 'Pterodactylus' longicollum 180 size 51 Pterodactylus 'micronyx' 179 skull description 50, 152 Pterodactylus sp. 236-238 scapulocoracoid 160, 267-274 guinazui 164-165, 180 anhanguerids 73-77, 194-195 Pterosauria azhdarchids, ornithocheirids and tapejaroids character list 181-182 267-274 classification 112 Campylognathoides 197, 198 definition, content 107, 149 and flight design 267-274 pterosaurs 106 'basal', defined 24 Seefeld Beds, 'Stein61' and 'Ichthyol' (oils) 7 biochronology 107 Sharovipteryx 142, 147 bone histological analysis, John Quekett sections skeletal pneumaticity 217-232 325-334 skulls cladogram relative to extant reptiles 192 azhdarchoids 156 feeding traces 307-308 basal pterosaurs 151 flight design 267-274 ctenochasmatoids 155 locomotion see trackways dsungaripteroids 156 see also Triassic pterosaurs edentulous ornithocheroids 154 Puntanipterus globosus 145 evolution of cranial crests 253-254 Purbeckopus pentadactylus 320-322 evolution of edentulous jaws 250-251 evolution of rostra 252 quadrupedal locomotion, trackways 283-296 Hatzegopteryx thambema 92-96 Queckett, John, bone histological analysis "Rhamphorhynchoidea" 152 325-334 rostrum 252-253 84-85 Scaphognathus 50 scapulocoracoid 268-269 toothed ornithocheroids 153 Quetzalcoatlus northropi 149 see also cranial crest soft-part preservation 233-266 / Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone, Germany, soft-part Anhanguera 197 preservation 233-234, 235-246 Campylognathoides 197 Sordespilosus 112-113, 156, 234

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Transylvania, Late Cretaceous 91-104 Anhanguera 194 Triassic Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 14 Austria, stratigraphy 7 stratigraphic congruence 171-172 chronostratigraphy 24 Summerville-Sundance Formation, trackway specimens Triassic pterosaurs 299-300, 305 Austria, Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 5-22 swimtracks dating 26-27 Jurassic western North America 297-313 Italy 23-43 swimming vs walking 298-299 limbs 29 locations 6 tail vane 234 revised characters 27-32 Tapejara 180-181 unique characters 39-40 Tapejara imperator, skull 251 cristata 251 Tapejara navigans 65-72, 247-248 Tupuxuara longicristatus 170, 181 soft parts 247-248 169-170 ulna, morphometric data 146 skull 251 ultra-violet light photography 236 Tapejaridae Unwin (1992, 1995 MPT analyses) 141-142, 173 cranial crests 68-71 Unwin (PAUP analysis) 149-150 defined 125 uropatagium 234 scapulocoracoid 267-274 Tapejaroidea 124 Venezuela, 73-77 teeth see dentition terminal taxa (incl. appendix I) 144-146, 175-181 axial pneumatization 217-232 thermoregulation, brachiopatagium 256-259 cervical vertebrae 81-84, 158 throat pouches 61, 62, 233-234 Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 12-14 tibia, morphometric data 146 and fibs, Anhanguera 193-194 trackways Triassic pterosaurs 40 Campanian Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Mexico Viscardi (1999 cladistic analysis) 143 275-282 crocodilian vs pterosaurian 288 webbed foot 233,305-306 Jurassic, Crayssac, SW France 283-296 Wellnhofer (1978 tree) 140 Jurassic locations 299-301 wing see flight apparatus Pteraichnus case study 315-324 quadrupedal locomotion 283-296 Young (1964 tree) 140 swimming vs walking 298-299 swimtracks, Jurassic western North America 86-87 297-313 Zittel wing 234, 245

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3872583/9781862394650_backmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs

Edited by E. Buffetaut and J.-M. Mazin

Pterosaurs were a peculiar group of Mesozoic vertebrates, which acquired the ability to fly in an original way, using a membrane attached to a single finger of the hand. Ever since the first description of a pterosaur skeleton in 1784, these remarkable have elicited much discussion and controversy among palaeontologists, and many basic questions about their origin, evolution and biology remain disputed. In the last few , interest in pterosaurs has been revived by numerous discoveries of new and sometimes remarkably preserved specimens, which have enlarged and changed our picture of this group. The volume begins with descriptions of several new pterosaurs from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Europe, North and , and . Following this, alternative hypotheses of pterosaur phylogeny and evolution are put forward. Several papers discuss the functional anatomy of pterosaurs and its implications for aerial locomotion. The study of pterosaur footprints provides important new evidence concerning their , and this approach is used in several contributions. A developing aspect of pterosaur research is bone histology, as shown by the final papers in this collection.

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Cover illustration: ISBN 1-86239-143-2 The first pterosaur skeleton to have been described, by Cosimo Alessandro Collini, who misinterpreted it as a marine creature, in 1784. The specimen comes from the lithographic limestones of the Eichstatt area of northern Bavaria. This skeleton, now known as Pterodacylus antiquus, was correctly interpreted by Georges Cuvier in 1801 as that of a flying , an identification !!I!!!!II!!!I!!!which was a landmark in the study of pterosaurs. Engraving from the third edition (1836) of Cuvier's Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles.

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