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Attitudes Toward Globalization Cross-Country, Cross-Time Study in the Visegrad Group Countries and Benelux Union Countries

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Attitudes Toward Globalization Cross-Country, Cross-Time Study in the Visegrad Group Countries and Benelux Union Countries Attitudes toward globalization cross-country, cross-time study in the Visegrad group countries and Benelux Union countries Rosa María Calvo S4747453 Radboud University Nijmegen School of Management A thesis submitted for the degree of MSc Economics-International Economics and Business track Supervised by: dr. Albert de Vaal July 2017 Nijmegen, the Netherlands I Abstract Attitudes toward globalization are of great importance. Not only do they represent what people of a country think about globalization, but they can play an active role in the political scene, especially in the case of democratic countries. In this thesis, the focus will be set on attitudes toward economic globalization. These attitudes were studied using surveys made in both the Benelux Union countries, as well as in the Visegrad group. These attitudes were compared with the survey’s benchmark, within each group and between groups, in order to find out the differences. Finally, ordered probit models were used, in order to determine which variables influence the likelihood in different countries and for the different years, to facilitate different time periods comparison. The results have shown that mostly, attitudes toward globalization are influenced by the circumstances that people encounter in their lives, together with their capacity to take advantage of opportunities, which means that attitudes are not innate. Attitudes toward globalization became more negative within the Benelux Union and the Visegrad group countries during the first decade of the 2000’s. Keywords: globalization, attitudes, Benelux, Visegrad, ordered probit Cover picture: Rosa Calvo, 2017 II Attitudes toward globalization Acknowledgment This thesis is the result of months of hard work, much writing, rewriting and many calculations. Nevertheless, this final result would have not been possible without the expert guidance of my supervisor, dr. Albert de Vaal, who was always helpful and encouraging at every meeting, and who made possible that this thesis would meet the standards of Radboud university. That is why my first “thank you” goes to him. My next “thank you” goes to dr. André van Hoorn, for his help with databases. I am also thankful for the help with the statistical program “STATA” to dr. Jeroen Smits and Michael Huch. Furthermore, I would like to say “thank you” to my parents, Kamila Krupová and Eduardo Calvo, and my grandfather Sigfredo Calvo (¡Gracias, abuelo!), for being always there for me, although now in an electronic way, showing me their support. And not only then, but also throughout my whole life, and especially for encouraging me to pursue this Master’s degree, even when I did not believe myself I could make it. I would like to say “thank you” to my boyfriend, Lennart Jongen, who was the first to encourage me to pursue this degree in the Netherlands, without the support of him and his family my “dutch life” would not be as good. Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends from the Master studies, especially Alba Serna, Ayla Ketelaars, Gloria Rantetonding, Milena Rodrigues and Ursallah Shah, for all their support during the writing process and their helpful advice. III Attitudes toward globalization Table of contents Chapter 1-Introduction................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2-The effects of globalization ....................................................................................... 7 2.1. The three steps to understand globalization .................................................................... 7 2.2. What are the effects of globalization? ........................................................................... 11 Chapter 3 -Potential determinants of attitude change regarding globalization ........................ 15 3.1. On attitude formation .................................................................................................... 15 3.2. How are socio-economic attitudes shaped? .................................................................. 16 3.3. How are political attitudes shaped? ............................................................................... 19 3.4. Important determinants for changes in attitudes toward globalization ......................... 21 3.5. What can influence attitudes toward globalization? ..................................................... 26 Chapter 4-Methodological approach ........................................................................................ 29 4.1. Country choice .............................................................................................................. 29 4.2. Statistical methods ......................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1. Theoretical model ....................................................................................................... 30 4.2.2. Data ............................................................................................................................ 31 4.2.3. Methods of analysis .................................................................................................... 32 4.3. Hypotheses .................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 5-Results ..................................................................................................................... 36 5.1. Changes in agreement with globalization ..................................................................... 36 5.2. Ordered probit models interpretation: ........................................................................... 41 Chapter 6- Discussion and concluding remarks ....................................................................... 50 6.1. Summary of results ........................................................................................................ 50 6.2. Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 50 6.3. Recommendations for further research ......................................................................... 52 6.4. Concluding remarks ...................................................................................................... 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 54 APPENDIX I-Questions used from each survey: .................................................................... 65 APPENDIX II-Percentage distribution of attitudes toward globalization: .............................. 72 APPENDIX III-Ordered probit models by survey and year: ................................................... 81 APPENDIX IV-Multicollinearity-using VIF: ........................................................................ 101 IV Attitudes toward globalization Table of figures Table 1-Hypotheses and sources .............................................................................................. 27 Table 2-ESS 2002 and 2014 for the V4 and the Benelux Union ............................................. 36 Table 3-Percentage of agreement with globalization ............................................................... 40 Table 4-Changes in agreement with globalization ................................................................... 41 Table 5-ESS 2002 Ordered probit for the V4 and the Benelux Union .................................... 41 Table 6- Results of hypotheses testing-based on the amount of statistically significant results of the ordered probit models related to each hypothesis .......................................................... 44 Table 7-Hypotheses 3-5. .......................................................................................................... 45 Table 8-Hypotheses 6-8. .......................................................................................................... 46 Table 9-Hypotheses 9-11 ......................................................................................................... 47 Table 10-ESS 2002 questions .................................................................................................. 65 Table 11-ESS 2014 questions .................................................................................................. 65 Table 12-EVS 1990 questions .................................................................................................. 66 Table 13-EVS 1999 questions .................................................................................................. 66 Table 14-EVS 2008 questions .................................................................................................. 67 Table 15-WVS questions ......................................................................................................... 68 Table 16-ISSP 1995 questions ................................................................................................. 69 Table 17-ISSP 2003 questions ................................................................................................. 70 Table 18-ISSP 2013 questions ................................................................................................. 71 Table 19-EVS 1990 and 1999 for the V4, question 1 .............................................................. 72 Table 20-EVS 1990 and 1999 for the Benelux Union, question 1 ..........................................
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