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The Catholic University of America THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Sabbath / Sunday: Their spiritual Dimensions in the Light of Selected Jewish and Christian Discussions A DISSERTATION Submitted to the faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Jeanne Brennan Kamat Washington, D.C. 2013 Sabbath / Sunday: Their Spiritual Dimensions in the Light of Selected Jewish and Christian Discussions Jeanne Brennan Kamat, Ph.D. Christopher Begg, S.T.D., Ph.D. The Sabbath as the central commandment of the Law relates all of Judaism to God, to creation, to redemption, and to the final fulfillment of the promises in the eternal Sabbath of the end-time. However, early in the inception of Christianity, Sunday replaced the Sabbath as the day of worship for Christians. This dissertation is a study of the various aspects of the Sabbath in order to gain a deeper insight into Jesus’ relationship to the day and to understand the implications of his appropriation of the Sabbath to himself. Scholars have not looked significantly into Jesus and the Sabbath from the point of view of its meaning in Judaism. Rabbi Abraham Heschel gives insight into the Sabbath in his description of the day as a window into eternity bringing the presence of God to earth; Rabbi André Chouraqui contends that the Sabbath is the essence of life for Jews. According to S. Bacchiocchi when Christianity separated from Judaism by the second century, Sunday worship was established as an ecclesiastical institution. In contrast, H. Sturcke advocates a Christological view of Jesus’ relationship to the Sabbath and considers observance of Sunday as initiated by the resurrection appearances. W. Rordorf presents Sunday Eucharist as the tradition practiced in the early Church and confirmed in the writings of the Church Fathers. The Catholic theologian Jean Daniélou S.J. explains that, for the Christian, the Hebrew Scriptures are a type of the fullness of revelation in Jesus Christ and contends that the Paschal Mystery is the Passover from the power of sin and death to new hope and life. I have concluded that in appropriating the Sabbath to himself, Jesus as a Jew in a Jewish milieu, is definitively indicating that the Sabbath is no longer the recurrence of a twenty-four hour time-frame, that all of the aspects of the Sabbath are now in his person, and that the presence of God is found in mercy and love. Jesus’ death, resurrection, and first of the week resurrection appearances confirm that the promised glory has become a reality in him and his teachings are the new Law of grace. This initiated Sunday as the new time of Eucharistic worship. This dissertation by Jeanne Brennan Kamat fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in philosophy approved by Christopher Begg, S.T.D., Ph.D. as Director, and by Joseph Atkinson, S.T.D., S.T.L., and Rev. Raymond Studzinski, O. S. B., Ph.D., as Readers. ___________________________________________ Christopher Begg, S.T.D., Ph.D., Director ___________________________________________ Joseph Atkinson, S.T.D., S. T. L., Reader ___________________________________________ Raymond Studzinski, O.S.B., Ph. D., Reader ii Dedicated to Mary The joy of Israel; the glory of Jerusalem The highest honor of our people Θεοτόκος iii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter I The Sabbath and Sunday in a Historical/Scriptural Perspective Introduction 5 I. The Sabbath in the Old Testament 6 A. Selected Old Testament Passages Indicative of the 6 Spiritual Dimensions of the Sabbath B. Hallmarks of the Sabbath in the Old Testament 13 1. Cessation and Rest 13 2. Remembrance 19 3. Holiness and Joy 23 II. The Sabbath in Post Biblical Judaism 28 A. The Sabbath in Second Temple Judaism: Philo 28 B. Rabbinic Judaism and the Sabbath 35 C. The Sabbath in Later Jewish Culture: The Middle Ages 40 III. The Sabbath in the New Testament 46 A. Jesus and the Sabbath in Selected Gospel Accounts 47 1. Matthew’s Account of the Disciples in the Grain Field on the Sabbath (Matt 12:1-8) 48 a) The Sabbath Incident: Priestly Authority 51 b)The Sabbath Incident: Temple and Sacrifice 52 2. Jesus, the Sabbath, and the Law (Matt 5:17-18) 56 3. The Plucking of the Grain in Mark and Luke 62 4. Jesus and the Sabbath: A Christology and Eschatology 63 5. The Apostles and the Sunday Resurrection Appearances 71 B. The Sabbath in Pauline Perspective 75 IV. The Sabbath and Sunday in Post-New Testament Christianity 78 iv V. Conclusion 82 Chapter 2 The Theology and Sabbath Understanding of Abraham Joshua Heschel Introduction 85 I Abraham Heschel: Hasidic Formation Grounded in Sabbath Observance and Academic Secularism 87 A. Formation in Sabbath-Centered Hasidic Family Life 87 B. Secular Rabbinical School and the University of Berlin 95 C. Last Years in Europe: the Shoah 100 D. Heschel in America 101 II. Heschel: Depth Theology and the Sabbath 104 A. Mitzvah and the Sabbath 104 B. The Sabbath and Creation: the Contrasting Influences of Menehem Mendl and the Baal Shem Tov 108 C. Tradition and Modernity: Heschel and the God of the Sabbath 110 1. Heschel and Kantian philosophy 111 2. Heschel and Symbolism 113 3. Buber, Relationship, and the Significance of the Prophets 119 D. Revelation, Holiness, and the Sabbath 121 1. Modernity and the God of Revelation 123 2. Worship, Tradition, and Culture 123 3. The Nature of Community 124 4. Prayer 124 III. The Sabbath: Heschel and Time 126 A. Time as Gift 126 B. The Significance of the Sabbath 133 IV. The Sabbath as an Instrument of Peace 135 v A. Heschel and the Common Human Condition 135 B. Religious Commitment and the Pursuit of Peace 138 C. Heschel and Vatican II 141 Summary and Conclusion 145 Chapter 3 The Sabbath as Jewish Identity and Messianic Vision with Reference to the Work of Francine Klagsbrun Introduction 149 I. Francine Klagsbrun: A contemporary Jewish scholar 151 A. Diversified educational background 151 B. Religious philosophy and contribution to Jewish life 152 II. Aspects of the Sabbath: Meaning and celebration 155 A. Meaning of the Sabbath in Jewish life 155 B. The Sabbath as the messianic hope of the end time 164 C. The Sabbath as rest and human dignity 174 D. Home: the center of celebration and place of holiness 178 E. Light as presence: music as spiritual nourishment 186 F. Modern issues 192 III. Sabbath understanding and Jewish-Christian Dialogue 197 as intermediary 197 ש( כ י נ ה) A. The Sabbath as divine presence: the Shekinah B. Sabbath and mitzvah: Eucharist and works of mercy 200 C. Mutual vision: the eternal Sabbath 207 Summary and conclusion 209 vi Chapter 4 The Biblical Theology of Jean Daniélou and the Sabbath of Judaism according to André Chouraqui: A Jewish-Christian Dialogue Introduction 211 I. Jean Daniélou: A Voice of Dialogue in the Discussion of the Sabbath and Christianity 214 A. Family Background and Multifaceted Education 214 B. Theological Perspectives as Foundation for Dialogue 216 1. Theological Investigation: Fundamental Certainties 220 2. Revelation and the Sabbath 236 3. Scripture and Worship: Daniélou, the Sabbath, and Early Christianity 236 C. The Unique Position of Judaism 239 1. Event 239 2. History as Prophecy 241 3. Typology as Promise and Fulfillment: Sunday as Sabbath Fullness 244 D. A Summary of Jean Daniélou on Scripture, the Sabbath, and Sunday 258 II. André Chouraqui: A Mixed Heritage 261 A. Childhood in Algerian Judaism: Family Background-Ancient Roots 261 B. French Influence and University Studies 264 1. Secular Society: Attraction and Disillusion 264 2. Personal Philosophy and Understanding of God 265 C. Israel and a Jewish Perspective of History 267 1. Resettlement: The God of Creation as the God of Beginnings 267 2. The Sabbath as Hope in a Messianic Re-ordering 270 3. The Sabbath, Time, and Prayer 274 III. Daniélou and Chouraqui in Dialogue 279 A. Dialogue: A Form of Validity in Discussion 279 vii B. Prophecy, the Presence of God, and the Sabbath 282 1. Jewish and Christian Views 282 2. Understanding the Sabbath and Sunday 291 Summary and Conclusion 293 Chapter 5 Pope John Paul II. Dies Domini: On Keeping the Lord’s Day Holy: Summary and Commentary Introduction 297 I. Pope John Paul’s Preliminary Presentation of the Lord’s Day 298 A. Resurrection and Joy 298 B. Easter: the Core Feast of Christendom 301 1. Meaning of the Mystery 301 2. New Light and New Time 303 3. Easter and Sunday 304 II. Dimensions of Sunday: A Study of the Five Chapters of Dies Domini A. Chapter 1: Dies Domini 305 1. The Sabbath and Rest 305 2. Creation and Redemption 307 3. Remembrance and Holiness 309 4. Sabbath to Sunday 311 B. Chapter 2: Dies Christi 313 1. Sunday: the Weekly Feast of Easter 313 2. New Creation and New Light 317 3. Sunday: the Day of Faith 319 C. Chapter3: Dies Ecclesiae 320 1. Eucharist and the Communal Nature of Church 320 2. Table of the Word and Table of the Body of Christ for Mission 325 viii 3. Mass as Privileged Sacred Time 328 D. Chapter 5: Dies Hominis 328 1. Joy and Rest 328 2. Solidarity 332 E. Chapter 5: Dies Dierum 333 1. Christ and Time 333 2. The Liturgical Year 335 III. Commentary and Conclusion 337 Conclusion 344 Bibliography 357 ix Acknowledgements My gratitude goes to Fr. Christopher Begg for his patience and kindness in the process of writing this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Atkinson and Fr.
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