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Grenzüberschreitende Verflechtungen in Europa

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Grenzüberschreitende Verflechtungen in Europa Grenzüberschreitende Verflechtungen in Europa Jörg Stadelbauer Der europäische Integrationsprozess ver- tungsraum des Schengener Abkommens. ändert die Bedeutung von Grenzen und Die Lockerungen an den Binnengrenzen ³ EUROREGION POMERANIA Grenzräumen. Während der National- hatten verschärfte Kontrollen an den EU- Organisationsstruktur staat des 19. Jhs. die exakte Abgrenzung Außengrenzen zur Folge. Dies gilt vor al- Mitglieder förderte und gleichzeitig der Staat an der lem nach Osteuropa, wo die EU-Erweite- Kommunal- Kommunaler Zweck- Grenzlinie die eigenen Rechte gegenüber rung von 2004 auch die EU-Außengrenze Stadt verband der Gemeinden Gemeindeverband gemeinschaft Szczecin POMERANIA e.V. Westpommerns Skåne denen des Nachbarlands durchsetzte, wird verschob. Dagegen wird die Außengrenze, POMERANIA heute zwar die staatliche Souveränität die zwischen der Schweiz und ihren nicht in Frage gestellt, doch gewinnen Nachbarstaaten besteht, durchlässiger. Löcknitz Szczecin Lund Kompetenzverlagerungen und grenzüber- schreitende Verflechtungen an Bedeu- Grenzregionen Deutschland Polen Schweden tung. Im Einzelnen wird die Grenze kaum Die Entwicklung eines „Europas der Re- noch wahrgenommen: Grenzmarkierun- gionen“ umfasst heute zwei Komponen- Rat der EUROREGION gen bleiben zwar erhalten, doch entfallen ten: Auf der einen Seite gewinnen die 36 Ratsmitglieder Routinekontrollen, wie etwa im Gel- Raumeinheiten unterhalb der staatli- 12 Ratsmitglieder 12 Ratsmitglieder 12 Ratsmitglieder Präsident Präsident Präsident Großräumige grenzübergreifende Zusammenarbeit Präsidium 1 Nordisk Ministerraad 5 Oberrheinkonferenz EuroRegion 9 CAFI (FR/IT) 12 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Alpen- (DK/FI/IS/NO/SE) Oberrhein (CH/DE/FR) 10 Internationale Bodenseekonferenz Adria (AT/CH/DE/HR/HU/IT/SI) 2 Cooperation Ireland (GB/IE) 6 Communauté de Travail des (IBK) Euregio Bodensee 13 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sekretariat (Szczecin) Pyrénées (AD/ES/FR) (AT/CH/DE/LI) Donauländer (AT/BG/DE/HR/HU/ 3 Neue Hanse Interregio (DE/NL) MD/RO/SK/UA/YU) 7 IMEDOC Corse Sardegna 11 Arbeitsgemeinschaft 4 GrandeRégion Saar-Lor-Lux Sicilia Baleares (ES/FR/IT) Alpenländer Arge Alp 14 Carpathian Euroregion (HU/PL/ (BE/DE/FR/LU) (AT/CH/DE/IT) RO/SK/UA) Arbeitsgruppen 8 Arc Latin (ES/FR/IT) Grenz- und grenzübergreifende Regionen 1. Nordeuropa und 39 Euroregion ELBE/LABE (CZ/DE) 92 Cooperation Province Turin 127 Middle Prut Euroregion (MD/RO) Départment des Hautes Alpes Ostseeraum 40 Euroregion Erzgebirge (FR/IT) 128 Upper Prut Euroregion Wirtschaftliche Krunohoøí (CZ/DE) (MD/RO/UA) Zusammenarbeit, Zusammenarbeit Tourismus, 1 Øresund-Region (DK/SE) 93 ESPACE MONT-BLANC der Verwaltungen ländlicher Raum Öffentliche Ausbildung, 41 Euregio Egrensis (CZ/DE) (CH/FR/IT) 5. Südwesteuropa - Verkehr und Soziales, 2 Gränskommittén Östfold und Institutionen und Ordnung Infrastruktur, Kultur und Sport Bohuslän/Dalsland (NO/SE) 42 EUREGIO Bayerischer Wald 94 Regio Insubrica (CH/IT) Westliches Mittelmeer der Kommunen Umweltschutz umava Mühlviertel Kooperationen 3 ARKO (NO/SE) (AT/CZ/DE) 95 Raetia Nova Rätisches Dreieck 141 Corse Sardegna (Sassari) (AT/CH/IT) (FR/IT) 4 Skärgården (FI/SE) 43 Euroregion Waldviertel Budowice Ji ní Èechy (AT/CZ) 96 Regionalverband 142 Corse Toscana (Livorno) 5 Mittnorden (NO/SE) Hochrhein-Bodensee (DE) (FR/IT) 44 Euroregion Weinviertel Ji ní- 6 MittSkandia (NO/SE) Morava Záhorie (AT/CZ/SK) 97 EUREGIO via salina (AT/DE) 143 Catalunya (ES) © Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde 2005 7 Kvarken (FI/SE) 45 Euroregion Bílé Biele 98 EUREGIO Zugspitze/Wetterstein 144 Andorra (AD) Karpaty (CZ/SK) Karwendel (AT/DE) 8 Nordkalotten (FI/NO/SE) 145 Languedoc-Roussillon (FR) 46 Euroregion Beskidy (PL/SK) 99 Euregio Inntal (AT/DE) 9 Tornedalsrådet (FI/NO/SE) 146 Midi-Pyrénées (FR) 47 Euroregion TATRY (PL/SK) 10 Finnmark Lappland 100 EuRegio Salzburg 147 Aragón (ES) Murmansk (FI/NO/RU) Berchtesgadener Land chen Ebene an Bedeutung, z.B. in initiieren, Netzwerke zu schaffen, Infor- 3. Nordwesteuropa Traunstein (AT/DE) 148 Comunidad Foral de Navarra 11 Euregio Karjala Karelia (ES) Deutschland die Bundesländer als mationen auszutauschen, nachbar- (FI/RU) 61 North West Region Cross 101 Inn Salzach-Euregio (AT/DE) Border Group (GB/IE) 149 Aquitaine (FR) ĪĪ 12 Etelä Karjala Kymenlaasko 102 Euregio Tirol Südtirol/Alto NUTS-2 Ebene ( Beitrag Strittmat- schaftliche Probleme zu lösen und die Etelä Savo/Leningrad oblast 62 Irish Central Border Area Adige Trentino (AT/IT) 150 Pais-Vasco/Euskadi (ES) St. Petersburg (FI/RU) Network ICBAN (GB/IE) ter, S. 140), zum anderen entstand ökonomischen Chancen von Grenzregi- 103 Provinz Bozen - Südtirol (IT) 151 Galicia Regiáo Norte (ES/PT) 13 Estonia Finnish 3 + 3 Regional 63 East Border Region Ltd. (GB/IE) entlang den innereuropäischen Staats- onen zu erhöhen. Heute sind 90 der Cooperation (EE/FI/RU) 104 Provincia Trento (IT) 152 Castilla y León Regiáo Norte 64 Wales South-East Ireland (ES/PT) ᕣ 14 Euregio Helsinki Tallinn (GB/IE) 105 Regione Trentino - Südtirol (IT) grenzen ein Netz von Euroregionen , insgesamt rd. 115 arbeitsfähigen Eurore- (EE/FI) 153 Castilla y León Regiáo Centro 65 East Sussex Haute Normandie 106 Euregio Steiermark (ES/PT) in denen grenzüberschreitende Zusam- gionen Mitglieder in dieser Dachorgani- 15 Narva Ivangorod Cudskoje Picardie (FR/GB) Nordost-Slowenia (AT/SI) Ozero (EE/RU) 154 Extremadura Regiáo Centro menarbeit gefördert wird (ĪĪ Beitrag sation, deren Präsidium von einem wis- 66 Kent Nord-Pas de Calais 107 Kärnten (AT) Regiáo Alentejo (ES/PT) 16 Council for Cooperation of (FR/GB) 108 Friuli-Venezia-Giulia West- 155 Andalucia Regiáo Alentejo Kremb, Bd. 1, S. 132). Nachdem sich senschaftlichen Beirat unterstützt wird. Border Regions Vöru Alûksne Slovenia (IT/SI) Pskov (EE/LV/RU) 67 Nord-Pas de Calais Regiáo Algarve (ES/PT) Westflandern (BE/FR) bei den älteren dieser Euroregionen wie 109 Venezia (IT/SI) 156 Andalucia Gibraltar Marocco 17 Cross-border cooperation 68 Scheldemond (BE/NL) (ES/GB/MA) Förderung durch INTERREG between Latvia Estonia (EE/LV) 110 Istria (HR/SI) dem Saar-Lor-Lux-Raum oder der Regio 69 Euroregio Watteninseln 111 South Slovenia Croatia West 157 Sicilia (IT) 18 Euroregion Country of Lakes (DE/DK/NL) TriRhena im südlichen Oberrheingebiet Mit den INTERREG-Programmen ver- Ezeru Zeme (BY/LT/LV) (HR/SI) 6. Südosteuropa - 70 Ems Dollart Region (DE/NL) Erfolge in der Zusammenarbeit zeigten, fügt die EU seit 1990 über ein wirkungs- 19 Euroregion SAULE (LT/LV/RU) 112 South Slovenia Croatia East Östliches Mittelmeer 71 EUREGIO (DE/NL) (HR/SI) 20 Euroregion Baltica Baltyk 171 Puglia IONIAN ILANDS wurde das Modell nach und nach an volles finanzielles Instrument zur Förde- Baltija (DK/LT/LV/PL/RU/SE) 72 Euregio Rhein Waal (DE/NL) 113 Eurégíó West/Nyugat Pannónía (AT/HU) (Epyros) Albania (AL/GR/IT) nahezu allen Grenzen in Europa aufge- rung der Zusammenarbeit. Bislang gab 21 Euroregion NEMUNAS 73 euregio rhein-maas-nord (DE/NL) 172 Epyros South-Albania (AL/GR) NIEMEN HEMAH (BY/LT/PL/RU) 114 Raum Bratislava Wien Gyõr griffen. es drei Programmphasen: 1990-93, 74 Euregio Maas Rhein Sopron (AT/HU/SK) 173 West Macedonia Albania 22 EUROREGION POMERANIA (BE/DE/NL) FYROM (AL/GR/MK) (DE/PL/SE) 115 Euroregion Vagus Danubius Die Zusammenarbeit in grenzüber- 1994-99 und 2000-06. Im Vordergrund 75 BENELUX Middengebied Ipolia (HU/SK) 174 Central Macedonia FYROM 23 Storstrøms Amt Kreis (BENEGO) (BE/NL) (GR/MK) greifenden Regionen beruht wesentlich standen die Verbesserung der grenzüber- Ostholstein Lübeck (DE/DK) 116 Euroregion Ipe¾sky Ipoly 76 Hainaut Nord-Pas de Calais (HU/SK) 175 Central Macedonia Blagoevgrad auf dem Engagement der kommunalen schreitenden Infrastruktur von Verkehr 24 Kooperation Fyns Amt K.E.R.N. Picardie (BE/FR) (BG/GR) (DE/DK) 117 Euroregio Neogradiensis 77 Région Champagne Ardenne (HU/SK) 176 Euroregion Nestos Mesta Ebene. Das Beispiel der Euroregion Po- und Kommunikation, die gemeinsame 25 Region Sønderjylland/Schleswig (FR) (BG/GR) (DE/DK) 118 Euroregion Sajo Rima merania ³ zeigt eine Organisations- Lösung von Umweltproblemen, unter- 78 Région Lorraine (FR) Slaná Rimava (HU/SK) 177 Euroregion Delta Rhodopi 2. Mittel- und Osteuropa 79 Zukunft SaarMoselle Avenir 119 Euroregion Koice Miskolc (BG/GR) struktur, die auf gleichberechtigter Re- nehmerische Praxis, Tourismus und (DE/FR) (HU/SK) 31 Euroregion Bug (BY/PL/UA) 178 Region East Macedonia präsentanz in den Gremien beruht und Freizeitaktivitäten, ländliche Entwick- 80 EuRegio SaarLorLuxRhin 120 Euroregion Hajdu-Bihar/Bihor Thrace (GR) 32 Euroregion PRO EUROPA (DE/FR/LU) (HU/RO) VIADRINA (DE/PL) 179 Euroregion Network Polis Kent auch die zielorientierten Arbeitsgrup- lung, Ausbildungsfragen sowie Schutz- 81 Région Alsace (FR) 121 Euroregion Danube Körös (GR/TR) 33 Euroregion Spree-Neisse-Bober Maros Tisza (HU/RO/YU) pen möglichst paritätisch besetzt. Da- maßnahmen für die Natur- und Kultur- (DE/PL) 82 Regio PAMINA (DE/FR) 180 Euroregion Evros Meric 122 Euroregion Danube Drava Maritsa (BG/GR/TR) mit soll der Eindruck vermieden wer- 34 Euroregion Neisse-Nisa-Nysa 83 CENTRE (DE/FR) Sawa (BA/HR/HU) (CZ/DE/PL) 181 Vorio Egeo Turkey (GR/TR) 84 Regio TriRhena (CH/DE/FR) 123 Euroregion Danube 21. Century den, ein Staat versuche, den oder die 35 Euroregion Glacensis (CZ/PL) 182 Notio Egeo Turkey (GR/TR) 85 Communauté de Travail du Jura (BG/RO/YU) anderen Beteiligten zu dominieren. 36 Euroregion Praded Pradziad (CH/FR) 183 Crete Kypros (CY/GR) (CZ/PL) 124 Euroregion Danube - South 86 CONSEIL
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