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Najdemokratskiji Ustav – Staljinska Konstitucija Iz 1936

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Najdemokratskiji Ustav – Staljinska Konstitucija Iz 1936 SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREB FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Odsjek za povijest Ivana Lučića 3 Petar Grubišić Najdemokratskiji ustav – Staljinska konstitucija iz 1936. Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Martin Previšić Datum: 30.6. 2017. Uvod ..................................................................................................................... 3 1. Korijeni sovjetske vlasti .................................................................................... 6 1.1 Razvoj Lenjinove političke misli ................................................................. 6 1.2 Temelji sovjetske države ........................................................................... 10 1.3 Ustav iz 1924. godine ................................................................................ 15 2. Lenjinova smrt i uspon nomenklature ............................................................ 19 2.1 Razvoj Staljinove misli .............................................................................. 19 2.2 Narodni komesarijat za nacionalnosti ........................................................ 24 2.3 Staljin i suvremenici u dvadesetima .......................................................... 28 2.4 Frakcionaške borbe .................................................................................... 32 3. Promjene u tridesetima ................................................................................... 36 3.1 Druga socijalistička revolucija odozgo ...................................................... 36 3.2 Sistem vlasti i partija .................................................................................. 43 3.3 Opozicija i razvoj frakcija pred jačanjem terora........................................ 49 4. Društvo i ekonomija ....................................................................................... 55 4.1 Temeljita transformacija društva ............................................................... 55 4.2 Pad NEP-a i Prva petoljetka ....................................................................... 61 4.3 Industrija .................................................................................................... 65 5. Preludij za donošenje ustava .......................................................................... 68 5.1 Problem ideologije i legitimnosti ............................................................... 68 5.2 „Ustav koji odgovara stvarnoj situaciji u državi“ ...................................... 72 6. Najdemokratskiji ustav .................................................................................... 84 6.1 Radnici i seljaci .......................................................................................... 84 6.2 Savez i republike ........................................................................................ 87 6.3 Vrhovni Sovjet i Prezidij ........................................................................... 90 6.4 Narodni komesari ....................................................................................... 94 6.5 Sudska vlast ............................................................................................... 97 6.6 Prava i dužnosti građana ............................................................................ 99 6.7 Izborni sustav i izbori 1937.godine ......................................................... 104 6.8 Veliki Teror .............................................................................................. 111 Zaključak ........................................................................................................... 116 Popis literature ................................................................................................... 119 Popis slika .......................................................................................................... 122 Sažetak ............................................................................................................... 123 2 Uvod Sovjetski Ustav iz 1936. godine označio je prekretnicu unutar Sovjetskog Saveza, ali je imao utjecaj i diljem svijeta. Ovaj rad bavi se proučavanjem srži Staljinovog ustava koji često nosi prefiks najdemokratskiji. No, bitno je proučiti temelje i okolnosti pod kojima se razvijao Ustav iz 1936. godine. Pri tome se fokus treba staviti na same korijene sovjetske vlasti koji počinju s Lenjinom. Njegova politika promoviranja samoodređenja te uspostave balansa između marksizma u teoriji i praksi ostavit će trajan znak na razvoj ne samo sovjetskih ustave već cjelokupne sovjetske misli. Kako bi lakše definirali Ustav iz 1936. godine moramo se vratiti i na njegovog prethodnika izdanog 1924. godine. Lenjinovi programi i odluke postavili su temelje koje buduća vlast nije mogla tek tako ignorirati. Orwellova satirična alegorija Životinjska farma poslužila kao kritika staljinističkog društva iz 1945. godine te je ostavila snažan utisak na pogled prema staljinističkom društvu. U knjizi se navodi iskrivljivanje osnovnih učenja Marxa i Lenjina kao i demoniziranje Staljina i njegovog kulta ličnosti. Postavlja se pitanje jeli se može gledati na Staljinov Ustav iz 1936. godine kao na vjernu kroniku života u Sovjetskom Savezu. Naime, za razliku od ustava zapadnih demokracija, sovjetski ustav i njegove kasnije inačice, prema vladajućima, predstavljaju presliku postojeće situacije u državi. Dakako tu nailazimo na klasičan problem vjerodostojnosti vladajućih, te u obzir moramo uzeti propagandu te iluziju savršene države koja se htjela prikazati društvu i inozemstvu. Uz pomoć toga otkriti će se koliki je zapravo razmjer distorzija koje su Staljin i njegovi suradnici izazvali kod Lenjinove baštine. Naime, od njegove smrti došlo je do brojnih sukoba među najistaknutijim predstavnicima boljševika. Važno je istaknuti razlike između Trotskya i njegove trajne revolucije te Staljinovog socijalizma u jednoj državi. Nakon Staljinove pobjede i pada Nove ekonomske politike analizirat će se opseg moći i kontrole koju je Staljin imao nad događajima koje je inicirao. Pozabavit ćemo se boljševičkom inicijativom da se sovjetske zemlje izvuku iz zaostalosti, kao i nagloj industrijalizaciji koja je bila izuzetno kontroverzna te njezin uspjeh varira od autora do autora. Također, analizirat će se razvoj i sudjelovanje društva i partije nakon širenja obrazovanja. Uz to proučit će se djelovanje Staljinovog uskog kruga, kao i njegovi sukobi s regionalnim vlastodršcima te mogućom opozicijom. Budući da je Ustav iz 1936. godine popraćen atributom 3 najdemokratskiji nemoguće je ignorirati montirane procese i teror koji je izbio netom nakon njegovog proglašenja. Upravo iz tih razloga često se navodi kako je motiv za stvaranje ustava bio u svrsi propagande za javnosti i kao kritika zapadnim državama zbog njihove pasivnosti na širenje fašizma. Već je navedeno da je ustav kronika cjelokupne transformacije društva koja se dogodila od početka tridesetih. Široki spektar društvenih, političkih i kulturnih promjena koje su se odvijale u tom razdoblju bile su mnogostruke kao i modeli i projekti koje je sovjetska vlast koristila kako bi ubrzala transformaciju u socijalizam koji stremi prema komunizmu. Historiografija je nažalost uvelike zaobišla Ustav iz 1936. te je on u knjigama najčešće zasjenjen sovjetskom ekonomijom, Staljinovom vanjskom politikom te naročito Velikim terorom koji je uslijedio netom nakon proglašenja ustava. Najvažnije informacije za ustav, izuzev njega samoga, došle su iz izvora poput govora Staljina i Vyacheslava Molotova tijekom Osmog Kongresa Sovjeta SSSR-a, ali i propagandne knjige izdane netom nakon toga Historija svesavezne komunističke partije (boljševika): kratki kurs. Kritički pogled i usporedbu između Ustava iz 1936. te njegovog prethodnika iz 1924. godine dobio sam iz članka Constitution and narrative: peculiarities of rhetoric and genre in the foundational laws of the USSR and the Russian federation Urlicha Schmida, The Theory and Practice of Soviet Federalism Vernona V. Aspaturiana te The Federal Organization of USSR Johna N, Hazarda. Uvid u kretanje društva i razvoj Ustava iz 1936. godine nalazi se u State and Society Under Stalin: Constitutions and Elections in the 1930s Johna A. Gettya te Socialism, Democratism and Criticism: The Soviet Press and the National Discussion of the 1936. Draft Constitution Ellen Wimberg. Nadopune sam našao u Monasteries without Walls: Secret Monasticism in the Soviet Union, 1928-39. Jennifer Wynot te A Brief Research on 1936 Soviet Constitution under Joseph Stalin Jingyuan Qiana. Jedina knjiga koja detaljnije navodi izgled Staljinovog ustava je Russian Constitutional Law, ali on se više bavi modernim ruskim ustavom te spominje Ustav iz 1936. samo na početku. Među knjigama koje su najviše pomogle objasniti stanje sovjetske vlasti i društva istaknuo bi The road to terror : Stalin and the self-destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939, Johna A. Gettya i Olega Naumova, Stalin: A new history, Sarah Davis i Jamesa Harrisa, Diktatori: Hitlerova Njemačka i Staljinova Rusija Richarda J. Overya., te Povijest suvremene Rusije: od carizma do 21.stoljeća Roberta Servica. Konačan cilj rada je objasniti i obrazložiti ostvarenja i zablude vezane uz Ustav iz 1936. godine te što detaljnije analizirati pojedine točke najdemokratskijeg ustava. Također, 4 rad može poslužiti kao temelj daljnjem istraživanju ustava koji su proglašeni unutar Istočnog bloka nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, te se može proučavati i njegov širi utjecaj na cjelokupno čovječanstvo. Slika 1. Propagandni plakat iz 1937. godine za Staljinov ustav (Schmid 2010., str.
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