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Page 1 334 UNE 69 955 FL 6 E 10 a Thunberg, Linnaeus and the Linnaean Tradition Bengt JONSELL Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 50017, S-104 334 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号 平成 6 年 10 月 Thunberg ， Linnaeus and the Linnaean Tradition Bengt JONSELL Bergius Bergius Foundation ，Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences P.O. P.O. Box 50017 ，S-104 05 Stockholm ，SWEDEN The concept Linnaean tradition is often used ， but competence he demonstrated. what is its real meaning? 1t may stand for a variety of 百lere is a biographical essay over Thunberg read subjects. subjects. It may express the strict scientific method to his memory in the Swedish Academy of Sciences which Linnaeus used. It may reflect the inspiration the year after his death by Carl Adolph Agardh ， the and zeal to explore N ature ， as f; 訂 as that is considered founder of algology ，and subsequently a bishop in the as as emanating from Linnaeus. 1t may characterize a Church of Sweden ，and 1 quote ap 訂 tofhis comp 訂 i- literary literary and stilistic tradition based in Linnaeus' n訂ー son between Linnaeus and Thunberg (Agardh 1829). ratives ratives or personal documents. One of the most self- Linnaeus everywhere looked for laws and unity; evident evident ways to use the concept is in connection with Th unberg saw specialization and diversity. Linnaeus Linnaeus' Linnaeus' disciples ， in p訂 ticul 訂 the travelling apos- went far ahead into times to come; Th unberg re- tles tles who may be said to incamate Linnaean tradition. mained within the needs and spirits of his own. Th ese travellers were ，however ，personalities in their Linnaeus hardly discovered one plant; Thunberg dis- own rights ， mostly original ， in a few cases ，front- covered a thousand. One - Linnaeus - arranged the breaking breaking scientists. Chaos he saw at his feet according to permanent laws; Nobodyappe 紅 smore of a Linnaean than Th unberg Th e other - Th unberg - gave those laws a wider strictly - strictly working along his master's methods ，travel- application and so got them legislated. ler ler and narrator ， founder of a botanic garden ，and Th unberg of course ， then as well as in our days ， active active on Linnaeus' chair at Uppsala University for appears as the Linnaean epigone ， but at the same time ， 44ye 訂 s. and that is of significant importance ， as one of the first Thunberg's Thunberg's diligence is unsurpassed with about and foremost to apply in practice Li nnaeus' method 2000 species described from his hand ，descriptions and system upon a large new material ， thus demon- which he to the very greatest extent ， founded upon his strating its usability within a rapidly expanding field own collections. His method of description is strictly of knowledge. Linnaean. Linnaean. His capacity for leaming and memorizing It seems not possible to leamhow Th unberg adopted was apparently very high ， not only as to the methods his erudition - how his relations to Linnaeus were but but about the plants and animals themselves. His during his study years in Uppsala (cf. Svedelius success success in Holland among Linnaeus' old friends as the 1944). As concems some other pupils we 訂 e fairly Burmanns ，father and son ，which led to the offer of the well informed ，among those L 凸fling and Solander great great voyage to South Africa and finally Japan ，would since they both had a certain affiliation to Linneaus' firstly firstly be due to his solid knowledge ofhis science ， the home and family. 1n the 1760-ies when Thunberg October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 335 studied studied for Li nnaeus in Uppsala the latter seems not to also happened to me". have have discovered his capacity ， as isρbvious from some B ut his relation to the great teacher was not without lines lines in a letter from Linnaeus to the Cape of Good its complications. Thunberg sent material to and dis- Hope: Hope: cussed problems with other Swedish scientists ，among “Never had 1 more pleasure and reward from any Peter those Jonas Bergius in Stockholm and Lars botanis t. 1 can frankly confess that 1 never thought Montin in Halmstad ，probably without imagining that you ，my de 紅 Doctor ， about so much of obligeance ， it would hurt Li nnaeus. Thunberg is constantly re- but but rather considered you to be rather reserved ， but ported about as an open ， candid nature free from now 1 have got another experience". intrigues ， so no deliberate side-stepping of Linnaeus Allletters Allletters between Linnaeus and Thunberg were may be suspected. All the same the issue seemed to exchanged exchanged within the first half of the 1770s - the last arise jealousy with Linnaeus ，who probably felt his one one was sent on 20th N ovember 1774- when 官mnberg isolation accentuated. A letter from Linnaeus filius to was abroad first in Holland and France ， and then in the Thunberg in 1776 tries to repair what is said to have Cape Province. During these years Linnaeus' health been a misunderstanding. Thunberg of course got was seriously declining and he found himself more information from various Swedish sources down to and more isolated from the leamed world ， both factu- the Cape and was comparatively well informed about ally ally and mentally ， and he suffered from it. what was on in Sweden. We just heard that Linnaeus came to appreciate In the same letter Linnaeus filius tells that his Thunberg fully only after he in the Cape had shown father now has got another stroke -“ he can hardly himself himself capable of making important discoveries in walk ，talks only a little ，writes nothing". Less than two nature nature and setting up impeccable descriptions accord- years later Li nnaeus was dead. ing ing to the Linnaean method - much of the new is It interesting to observe that the teacher Linnaeus material material was indeed described in the Cape ，descrip- continued to give his pupillessons in the letters he sent tions tions sent home and published in his absence. So he to the Cape. One is about the principle of naming even even won the degree ofDoctorofMedicine at Uppsala genera after scientists: “Do not name after others than University University in absentia. those who have distinction in science. Otherwise will Thunberg' Thunberg' s ambition to fulfill the expectations science suffer ， as well as your own authority and Linnaeus Linnaeus might have had upon him are expressed in a esteem ，my dear Doctor". Sparrmanni α，Retzia ， letter letter from Amsterdam on the eve of his departure to Montini αand othernames were in due course given by South South Africa ， 14th December 1771: Thunberg to South African plants. “No time during the whole of my joumey could be It is that true the faithful Linnaean Thunberg more pleasant than when 1 find something meriting to without any equal of his time ，increased the knowl- appear appear before your eyes ，which have so accurately edge ofthe plants of the world ， but it is generally said beheld beheld so infinitely much ofthe works ofthe Creator ， that he never questioned the systematic principles ，all and and by which were arisen everyone' s respect and those problems wrestling Linnaeus as long as he was admiration. admiration. The sun does not keep its rays to herself at good health. This is not absolutely true. Indeed ， he but but thereof lends to the other pl 佃 ets. Y ou have not proposed a well founded reduction of the number of only only been shining over the whole world ， but your classes in the sexual system but gained no response. It pupils pupils have because of their great teacher obtained was not either possible to move any step towards a reputation reputation before others. This happened to others; it ‘natural system' by revisions of the sexual one - what 336 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号 平成 6 年 10 月 Linnaeus Linnaeus had realized already in the 1730s as evident or pro gradu in his discripline theses of that kind were from the ‘Classes Plantarum' (Linnaeus 1737). defended. The concept ‘Linnaeru f'， previously used But in one of his letters to Th unberg in the Cape of someone observant and curious in Nature herself ， Linnaeus Linnaeus does suggest that those two together with was beginning to stand for an adherer of the sexual Abraham Back ，Anders Spa 町 man ， Lars Montin and a system (Eriksson 1962). The image ofLinnaeus in the few more should work further on such a system. Wh at herbarium cupboards was overriding the memory of Linnaeus Linnaeus here has in his thoughts is probably the the sharp-sighted observer in living nature. There system system of ‘ordines naturales' which we know he were ，however ， those botanists even more faithful to taught taught on Hammarby in the 1760s. Thunberg must Linnaeus' every word and letter than Th unberg. The have have been present ， but seems never to have taken an period of Li nnaean epigony can roughly be said to last interest interest in this field. from the 1780-ies to about 1810-nearly two decades Seen from a general point of view Thunberg's before Thunberg' s death ， at a time when new great greatest greatest achievement was that this great Flora works ， names appeared ，influenced not only by Linnaeus but those those over the Cape and J apan in first hand (Thunberg by the stream of romanticism in science ，first Carl 1784 ，1807-1820) ， demonstrated that the Linnaean Adolph Agardh (1 785-1859) ， the algologist ，and system system was up to standard as a tool for handling ， Goran Wahlenberg (178 0-- 1851) as a plant geogra- ordering ， and determination of a large material ，in- pher ， though as a systematist he was the most con- cluding cluding lots of vegetative and floral forms completely servative of all (Krook 1971) ，somewhat later Elias beyond what Linnaeus had had before him when Fries (1794-1878) ， the mycologis t.
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