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The Significance of Macronutrients in Alternate Bearing 'Nadorcott'

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The Significance of Macronutrients in Alternate Bearing 'Nadorcott' HORTSCIENCE 53(11):1600–1609. 2018. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13230-18 Koo et al., 1984). For those purposes, fertil- izer recommendations in South African citrus production make use of a routine leaf analysis The Significance of Macronutrients in that is based on a combination of leaf mineral nutrient norms that were developed for sweet Alternate Bearing ‘Nadorcott’ orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars in the United States (Chapman, 1949; Embleton Mandarin Trees et al., 1973; Koo et al., 1984) and for sweet orange, grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), and Ockert P.J. Stander1 lemon (Citrus limon) cultivars in South Citrus Research International (Pty) Ltd., Department of Horticultural Africa (Du Plessis, 1977; Du Plessis and Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa Koen, 1992; Du Plessis et al., 1992). These leaf mineral nutrient norms are used to assess Graham H. Barry the tree nutritional status, to replace the XLnT Citrus, Cape Town, South Africa nutrients that were removed by fruit or lost to the environment in the current season, and Paul J.R. Cronje to achieve a target fruit load in the following Citrus Research International (Pty) Ltd., Department of Horticultural season (Jones and Embleton, 1969). Cur- rently, there are no definitive leaf mineral Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa nutrient norms for mandarin (C. reticulata)to Additional index words. Citrus reticulata, flowering, fruit load, nutrition, vegetative shoot guide production of cultivars such as ‘Nador- development cott’ in South Africa. As part of a wider study on alternate bearing in ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin, Abstract. The significance of macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium it was shown that fruit load in ‘‘on’’ ‘Nador- (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in leaves was studied in relation with their cott’ mandarin trees inhibits summer vegeta- possible roles in alternate bearing of ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) trees over tive shoot development, which manifests in a period of three seasons. Fruit load (‘‘on,’’ a heavy fruit load, vs. ‘‘off,’’ a light fruit load) poor flowering and an ‘‘off’’ crop (Stander affected the leaf macronutrient concentrations, and the amount of macronutrients et al., 2018). However, it is not clear if removed through the harvest of fruit, i.e., the crop removal factor (g·kgL1), was current fertilizer practices and the concentra- consistent in both seasons. The crop removal factors were higher for each macronutrient tion of macronutrients in leaves affect this in ‘‘off’’ trees—harvest of 1 kg fruit removed ’2.3 g·kgL1 N, 0.3 g·kgL1 P, 3.1 g·kgL1 K, mechanism of the alternate bearing cycle of 1.0 g·kgL1 Ca, and 0.4 g·kgL1 Mg, compared with 1.3 g·kgL1 N, 0.2 g·kgL1 P, 1.7 g·kgL1 K, ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin. 0.6 g·kgL1 Ca, and 0.2 g·kgL1 Mg in ‘‘on’’ trees. Fruit load per tree (kg/tree) of 84, 110, To address this question, seasonal and 52 kg/tree in ‘‘on’’ trees, however, removed ’217 g/tree N, 28 g/tree P, 296 g/tree K, changes in concentrations of macronutrients, 100 g/tree Ca, and 35 g/tree Mg, which was 1.5–6 times more than that of fruit loads of 14, namely, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, were deter- 71, and 16 kg/tree in ‘‘off’’ trees. In ‘‘off’’ trees, N, P, and K, and in ‘‘on’’ trees, Ca mined in leaves of ‘‘on’’ and ‘‘off’’ ‘Nador- accumulated in leaves to between 20% and 30% higher concentrations in season 1, but cott’ mandarin trees and correlated with the higher macronutrient status did not manifest in or consistently correlate with vegetative shoot flush, flowering, and fruit intensity of summer vegetative shoot development in the current season, or intensity of load. In addition, leaf macronutrient concen- flowering in the next season, the two main determinants of fruit load in ‘Nadorcott’ tration and phenological responses were mandarin. Apart from some anomalies, the concentrations of macronutrients in leaves measured in reaction to source/sink manipu- were unaffected by de-fruiting and foliar spray applications of N and K to ‘‘on’’ trees, and lations at different phenological stages, as showed no consistent relationship with treatment effects on parameters of vegetative well as in response to autumn foliar applica- shoot development and flowering. Leaf macronutrients in alternate bearing ‘Nadorcott’ tions of N and K. To compare results from mandarin trees, fertilized according to grower standard practice, are not related to tree experiments to a representative commer- differences in flowering and vegetative shoot development, and appear to be a conse- cial alternate bearing scenario, a survey was quence of fruit load and not a determinant thereof. carried out in 15 commercial ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin orchards in South Africa showing an alternate bearing pattern, to determine Alternate bearing is a problematic phe- followed by the production of a small number whether there is a relationship between the nomenon that occurs in certain fruit and nut of flowers and fruit in the following sea- concentrations of macronutrients in leaves trees. It is characterized by trees flowering son, called an ‘‘off’’ season (Monselise and and change in fruit load from one season to profusely and producing an excess amount of Goldschmidt, 1982). In Citrus, the ‘‘on’’ crop another. fruit in one season, called an ‘‘on’’ season, is characterized by a large number of small fruit and the ‘‘off’’ crop typically consists of Materials and Methods large and unappealing fruit (Galliani et al., 1975; Hield and Hilgeman, 1969; Monselise Plant material and experimental site Received for publication 8 June 2018. Accepted and Goldschmidt, 1982; Moss et al., 1974). for publication 28 Aug. 2018. Ten- to 15-year-old ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin We thank Doepie Van Zyl, Kallie Junius, and C.P. Alternate bearing leads to costly challenges trees budded onto ‘Carrizo’ citrange (C. Mouton for providing access to orchards in De in the management of harvesting, transport, sinensis · Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock and Doorns, Riviersonderend, and Citrusdal, South packing, and marketing of citrus fruit, as well grown under commercial conditions were Africa; to Dome Citrus, Indigo Fruit Farming, as compromises on the quality of fruit and selected within orchards with a history of Sitrusrand Boerdery, Suiderland Plase, Sundays consistency of production practices in the alternate bearing in De Doorns (lat. 33°51#S, River Citrus Company, and Unifrutti for providing orchard, such as pruning, fruit thinning, irri- long. 19°52#E) for Expt. 1, in Citrusdal leaf analyses and fruit load data of commercial gation, and fertilization (Galliani et al., 1975; (lat. 32°81#S, long. 19°01#E) for Expt. 2, ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin orchards; and to Daan Nel Hield and Hilgeman, 1969; Moss et al., 1974; and in Riviersonderend (lat. 34°13#S, long. for assistance with statistical analysis. ° # This work forms part of a Ph.D. study that was Stander and Cronje, 2016). 19 89 E) for Expt. 3. All the experimental funded by the South African Citrus Growers In commercial citriculture, fertilizers are sites are located in the Western Cape Prov- Association and Citrus Research International applied annually to optimize the growth of ince of South Africa. The Western Cape (Pty) Ltd. citrus trees and to maximize the volume and forms part of one of five climatically diverse 1Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. quality of fruit yield (Embleton et al., 1978; citrus-growing regions in Southern Africa 1600 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 53(11) NOVEMBER 2018 and experiences Mediterranean-type climatic correlations between leaf macronutrients and according to the following formula (Burger conditions: summer typically occurs from flowering, vegetative shoot development, and et al., 1970): December to February; autumn from March fruit load made use of only eight of the V = r2ðÞph À 1:046r ; to May; winter from June to August; and respective ‘‘on’’ and ‘‘off’’ treatment repli- spring from September to November. The cations (n = 8). where r = canopy radius and h = height of the region receives an annual rainfall of between Expt. 2. To validate the interpretation of fruit bearing canopy. 400 and 650 mm and the majority occurs the results from Expt. 1 on the concentrations The same trees were used in both seasons. from the end of autumn to the end of winter of macronutrients in leaves and the relation- The same procedure was used to estimate the (May–August). ship with phenological responses, leaf N, P, number of new vegetative shoots after cessa- The orchard in De Doorns was used in the K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, as well as tion of periods of vegetative shoot flushes in main experiment and was cultivated, pruned, vegetative shoot flush and flowering re- spring (November), summer (February), and and sprayed according to recommended ag- sponses to complete fruit removal of heavy- autumn (April). ricultural practices: trees were spaced at 5 · fruiting or ‘‘on’’ trees were determined at two The phenological pattern of shoots in 2 m (1000 trees/ha) and planted in a sandy phenological stages, namely, during vegeta- ‘‘on’’ and ‘‘off’’ trees was followed by soil with pH(KCl) 4.4. Trees were watered tive shoot development in Summer (Jan. randomly selecting five vegetative (‘‘off’’) using a drip irrigation system with four 2016), and during flower induction in Au- and five reproductive (‘‘on’’) shoots from emitters per tree, and total water supply was tumn (Apr. 2016). The ‘‘on’’ cycles of 12 each tree during full bloom in season 1 4000 L per tree per annum. All trees trees were desynchronized by removing all (Oct. 2014). All shoots were 12 months of received consistent and standard fertilizer fruit of six heavy-fruiting trees in Jan. 2016, age and had triangular internodes, a length applications with the rate of application for the Summer treatment, and six heavy- of 15 cm and were located on the outside of (kg·ha–1) based on annual leaf mineral nutri- fruiting trees in Apr.
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