MADRON˜ O, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 211–222, 2006

VASCULAR FLORA OF THE TENDERFOOT CREEK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, LITTLE BELT MOUNTAINS,

SCOTT A. MINCEMOYER1 USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59807 JENNIFER L. BIRDSALL2 USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59807

ABSTRACT Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (TCEF) is situated in the Little Belt Mountains of Montana, 120 km east of the Continental Divide. TCEF is composed of 3693 ha at elevations between 1840 and 2420 m and is dominated by lodgepole pine forest, which covers about 3366 ha, with interspersed floristically rich meadows. Our floristic inventory is based on collections and field observations made by Scott Mincemoyer during 1996–1999 and collections by Jennifer Birdsall during 2003–2005. We also include collections made by Earle Layser in 1992 and Jessica Fultz in 2002–2003. The vascular flora of TCEF consists of 312 species, representing 162 genera and 44 families. Twenty-seven exotic species occur in TCEF including Centaurea maculosa, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, arvense, and Tanacetum vulgare which are listed as noxious weeds in Montana. Phlox kelseyi var. missoulensis is found in the experimental forest and is listed as sensitive by the USDA Forest Service Northern Region. Key Words: Tenderfoot Creek, Little Belt Mountains, Montana, inventory, vascular flora.

Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest Climate (TCEF) was established in 1961 on the Lewis and Clark National Forest for the purpose of According to Schmidt and Friede (1996), watershed research. TCEF is situated 40 km due TCEF is dominated by a continental climate north of the town of White Sulfur Springs in influenced by the mountainous topography. Meagher County, Montana in the Little Belt Rainfall averages 880 mm with a range of 594 Mountains which are 120 km east of the Conti- to 1050 mm from the lowest to the highest nental Divide. TCEF is located at approximately elevations. Precipitation usually peaks during 46u559N latitude and 110u529W longitude and the winter months at 100 to 125 mm per month includes portions of T13–14N, R6–7E. TCEF and averages 50 to 60 mm per month during July encompasses the headwaters of Tenderfoot through October. Temperatures can go below Creek, a west flowing tributary of the Smith freezing every month of the year, thus the average River, and consists of 3693 ha at elevations growing season is fairly short. The season between 1840 and 2420 m (Schmidt and Friede averages a low of 30 to 45 days on the higher 1996). The watershed comprises seven subdrain- ridges and 45 to 75 days at lower elevations ages running north-south in a dendritic pattern (Schmidt and Friede 1996). (Barrett 1993). Included within TCEF is the Onion Park Research Natural Area (RNA) Geology and Soils which was established in 1991. Onion Park RNA comprises 474 ha dominated by a floristi- Schmidt and Friede (1996) describe TCEF as cally rich wet meadow complex in the upper characterized by igneous intrusive sills of quartz portion of the watershed (Layser 1992). The porphyry, Wolsey shales, Flathead quartzite, and RNA also includes surrounding forests and granite gneiss. The northern part of TCEF a majority of Quartzite Ridge (Fig. 1). Schmidt occupies the highest elevations and steepest and Friede (1996) details the climate, geology, upland topography and is underlain by igneous and soils of TCEF. intrusive granitic rocks. The arched bedrock in the area was formed from metasediments of Cambrian Age consisting mainly of argillites and quartzites. Glaciation has influenced the land- form, producing broad basins in which the 1 Present address: Montana Natural Heritage Pro- gram, Montana State Library, 1515 E. Sixth Ave., streams are beginning to regain a water-carved Helena, MT 59620. dendritic pattern. Tenderfoot Creek has carved 2 Author for correpondence, email: thelegume@ the deepest pattern and is entrenched in a steep hotmail.com canyon with prominent bedrock cliffs. The most 212 MADRON˜ O [Vol. 53

FIG. 1. Location and map of Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest, Meagher County, Montana. (Prepared by Rob Ahl, formerly of the USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59807 and now at the University of Montana, College of Forestry and Conservation, Missoula, MT 59812). extensive soil groups are the loamy skeletal, Plant Communities mixed Typic Cryochrepts and clayey, mixed Aquic Cryoboralfs. Rock talus slopes are prom- The study area falls within the subalpine or inent on the perimeter, but rock outcrops are Hudsonian life zone of Merriam and is dominat- confined chiefly to areas adjacent to main stream ed by lodgepole pine, which covers about 3366 channels. Grassland parks are prominent at the ha. Other habitats of considerable size include heads of the drainages. Soils in the parks range 125 ha of floristically-rich wet meadows and 54 from well to poorly drained. Seeps and springs ha of open, grassy or rocky slopes (Schmidt and are common. Friede 1996). Forested communities are domi- 2006] MINCEMOYER AND BIRDSALL: FLORA OF TENDERFOOT CREEK 213 nated by even-age lodgepole pine stands with low 4. Eriophorum chamissonis/Carex spp.commu- species diversity. Late seral or more mesic stands nity type—occurs in very wet sites, limited to may have a significant component of subalpine Onion Park and Sun Creek areas. Previously fir and/or Engelmann spruce in the understory or undescribed type in Montana (Layser 1992). overtopping the lodgepole pine. 5. Alopecurus alpinus/Carex spp. community Five forested habitats described by Pfister et at. type—probably limited to Onion Park. Pre- (1977) account for the majority of the area in viously undescribed type in Montana (Layser TCEF. These five types in order of abundance 1992). are: 6. /Carex spp.habitat type wet phase—more mesic phase of habitat 1. Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium scoparium habi- type. Undescribed phase of Deschampsia tat type—occurs on most well-drained, mid cespitosa/Carex spp. habitat type. to upper slopes. 7. Mertensia ciliata/Senecio triangularis com- 2. Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium globulare habitat munity type—minor type next to springs, type—occurs on slopes at low to mid seeps and rivulets. Would now key to Senecio elevations. triangularis community type in Hansen et al. 3. Abies lasiocarpa/Calamagrostis canadensis (1995). habitat type—occurs on moist swales, slopes 8. Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron caninum/Me- and draws. lica spectabilis habitat type—minor type in 4. Abies lasiocarpa—/Vaccinium Onion Park and probably elsewhere in scoparium habitat type—limited mainly to TCEF. Previously undescribed type, but the ridge on the northeast border above would key to Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron 2380 m. caninum habitat type in Meuggler & Stewart 5. Forested Scree—occurs mainly along Quartz- (1980). ite Ridge and on other slopes scattered 9. Carex rostrata/Deschampsia cespitosa habitat throughout the drainage. This may better be type—occurs in wet areas adjacent to described as Abies lasiocarpa/scree habitat streams or springs on in seeps. Described type in most of the study area. by Hansen et al. (1995). 10. Salix geyeri/Carex rostrata habitat type— In addition to the five types mentioned, twelve occurs adjacent to streams, springs, seeps grassland or riparian types have been mapped by and rivulets. Would now key to Salix Layser (1992) in Onion Park RNA. Most, if not drummondiana/Carex rostrata habitat type all, of the non-forested sites in TCEF would fall in Hansen et al. (1995) into these vegetation types. However, the nomen- 11. Salix geyeri/Calamagrostis canadensis habitat clature of a few of the species that define the type—occurs adjacent to streams, springs, types mapped by Layser is now considered out of seeps and rivulets. Would now key to Salix date. Agropyron caninum is called Elymus trachy- drummondiana/Calamagrostis canadensis caulis in most newer floras, including Dorn habitat type in Hansen et al. (1995). (1984), and Carex utriculata is the updated name 12. Picea engelmannii/Salix spp./Carex spp. com- for the taxa previously referred to as Carex munity type—occurs adjacent to streams, rostrata throughout much of the west. The true springs, seeps and boggy areas. Would now Carex rostrata is a boreal species and is rare in key to Picea spp./Calamagrostis canadensis Montana (Reznicek 1997). Types with either of community type in Hansen et al. (1995). these names could be relabeled with their currently accepted names, though we have retained the original nomenclature herein. The Development of Flora non-forested types mapped by Layser are: The flora is mainly based on collections and 1. Deschampsia cespitosa/Carex spp.habitat field observations made in 1996–1999 by Scott A. type—most common seasonal wetland type. Mincemoyer and 2003–2005 by Jennifer L. Bird- Described by Meuggler & Stewart (1980). sall. Collection dates in 1996 included time spans 2. Festuca idahoensis/Deschampsia cespitosa throughout the field season. 1997 collecting was habitat type—common in drier areas than limited to June 23–26 and August 13–15. 1998 Deschampsia cespitosa/Carex spp. ht. De- was limited to June 27–28 and August 8–9. 1999 scribed by Meuggler & Stewart (1980). was limited to July 13–15. 2003 was limited to 3. Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron caninum habi- July 28–30. 2004 was limited to August 17–19. tat type, Geranium viscosissimum phase— 2005 was limited to August 23–25. Collections by more mesic than the typic phase, probably Earle F. Layser in August, 1992 in Onion Park limited in distribution to Onion Park and RNA are included in the flora as are collections Dry Park. Described by Meuggler & Stewart made by Jessica E. Fultz during the summers of (1980). 2002 and 2003. A search of the MRC herbarium 214 MADRON˜ O [Vol. 53

(Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry TABLE 2. LARGEST FAMILIES OF TENDERFOOT Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT) for addi- CREEK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST FLORA. tional specimens resulted in three vouchers collected by Frank A. Clark in 1914 and 1915 Family Species in Onion Park. Taxa previously reported for 57 TCEF or Onion Park RNA by others are not Poaceae 39 included in the main body of the flora since no Cyperaceae 19 voucher specimens were collected and some Rosaceae 16 Scrophulariaceae 16 reported taxa are believed to be outside of the Ericaceae 12 boundary of the experimental forest. However, these taxa are listed separately and their presence in TCEF should be sought and documented if possible. Floristic Affinities The ecology and floristic diversity of an area Floristic Summary may be better understood by looking at the floristic affinities of the species comprising the The vascular flora of TCEF consists of 312 flora of the area in question. Insights into species, representing 162 genera and 44 families colonization events and migration patterns may (Tables 1–3). Twenty-seven exotic species occur also be gained by conducting analyses and on the experimental forest. These are: Arabis summaries of floristic affinities. A species is glabra, Artemisia absinthium, Bromus inermus, considered to have an affinity with a particular Carduus nutans, Centaurea maculosa, Chrysanthe- floristic province when its distribution largely mum leucanthemum, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium corresponds with that particular region (Gleason vulgare, Dactylis glomerata, Filago arvensis, and Conquist 1964; Lesica 2002). TCEF itself sits Lactuca serriola, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus near the boundary of two floristic provinces, the officinalis, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Poly- Cordilleran and the Great Plains (Grassland). gonum convolvulus, Rumex acetosella, Sonchus For the TCEF flora, we assigned species to the arvensis, Spergularia rubra, Tanacetum vulgare, floristic provinces described by Gleason and Taraxicum laevigatum, Taraxicum officinale, Cronquist (1964). The flora of TCEF is domi- Thlaspi arvense, Tragopogon dubius, Trifolium nated by species from two floristic provinces, the hybridum, Trifolium pratense,andTrifolium Boreal (Northern Conifer) and the Cordilleran. repens. The nativity of two species, Festuca rubra Approximately 47% of the species in the flora and Poa palustris, is uncertain. Centaurea macu- have a predominantly Cordilleran affinity and losa, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Cirsium 25% have a Boreal affinity. This is not un- arvense,andTanacetum vulgare are listed as expected for an area such as TCEF, which occurs noxious weeds by the Montana Department of within the Cordilleran province at moderate to Agriculture. Their distributions in TCEF are high elevations of the Northern Rocky Moun- limited to a few scattered individuals or small tains and is dominated by subalpine conifer clumps mainly along roads and in meadows forests. Of the remaining species, the majority adjacent to roads. Phlox kelseyi var. missoulensis are widely distributed across two or more floristic is the only documented rare species in TCEF and regions and cannot be assigned to a specific is listed by the USDA Forest Service Northern province (18% are classified as widespread). Region as a sensitive plant and by the Montana Although elevations in the study area are not Natural Heritage Program as a Species of high enough to support an alpine life zone, a few Concern in the state. This study, though attempt- meadows and exposed areas have conditions ing to be comprehensive, almost certainly has similar enough to alpine zones to support a few missed taxa that occur within the study area, and species from the Arctic-alpine province. Six several small meadows and openings remain species or roughly 2% of the flora fall into this basically unsurveyed. category, including Poa alpina and Sibbaldia

TABLE 3. LARGEST GENERA OF TENDERFOOT CREEK TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF TENDERFOOT CREEK EXPERI- EXPERIMENTAL FOREST FLORA. MENTAL FOREST FLORA. Genera Species Taxon Families Genera Species Carex 17 Ferns and fern allies 3 6 6 Poa 8 Pinophyta 2 5 9 Salix 8 Magnoliopsida 34 115 211 Juncus 7 Liliopsida 5 36 86 Aster 6 Totals 44 162 312 Erigeron 6 2006] MINCEMOYER AND BIRDSALL: FLORA OF TENDERFOOT CREEK 215 procumbens. The remaining 8% of species are LAYSER, E. 1992. Onion Park Research Natural Area: exotic to and do not fall into one botanical and ecological resources inventory, map- of the floristic provinces. Many of the exotics ping and analysis. Unpublished report, contract were not collected during surveys in the 1990s but #43-84M8-2- 0705. U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Forest Service, Lewis and Clark National were observed in the 2003–2005 surveys, mainly Forest. along roads and in meadows adjacent to roads. LESICA, P. 2002. A flora of Glacier National Park, Introductions of these species may be arising Montana. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, from increased human activity in the area. OR. Currently, these exotics are a small component MANTAS, M. 1999. checklist for the of the flora in terms of their area of extent and Flathead National Forest, Montana. Unpublished their contribution to floristic diversity. In com- report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest parison, the percent of the TCEF flora composed Service, Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, MT. of exotics is slightly less but similar to the percent MUEGGLER,W.F.AND W. L. STEWART. 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of Western of exotics found in two other recent Montana Montana. General Technical Report INT-66. U.S. floras from Flathead National Forest and Glacier Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Inter- National Park which cover larger and more mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, diverse areas (Lesica 2002; Mantas 1999). No Ogden, UT. species with Great Plains affinities occur in TCEF PALMER, M. W., G. L. WADE, AND P. NEAL. 1995. probably because of the relatively high elevations Standards for the writing of floras. Bioscience of the study area. Species with Great Plains 45:339–345. affinities do occur along the lower slopes of the PFISTER, R. D., B. L. KOVALCHIK,S.F.ARNO, AND Little Belt Mountains. R. C. PRESBY. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. General Technical Report INT-34. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment, We would like to thank Dr. Matt Lavin and Cathy Station, Ogden, UT. Seibert at MONT for their assistance verifying collec- REZNICEK, A. A. 1997. The true Carex rostrata in the tions by Earle Layser; Rob Ahl for producing the American Rockies. Sage Notes 19:11–13. included map; Peter Lesica for providing data and SCHMIDT, W. C., J. L. FRIEDE, AND COMPILERS. 1996. assistance on assignment of floristic provinces; and Experimental forests, ranges and watersheds in the Colin Hardy and Cameron Johnston at the USFS, Northern Rocky, Mountains: a compendium of Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences outdoor laboratories in Utah, and Montana. Laboratory for granting the time to collect and process General Technical Report INT-GTR 334. U.S. specimens. Finally, we give special thanks to Peter Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Inter- Stickney of MRC for assistance and guidance on all mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. aspects of this project including identification of diffi- cult taxa, specimen curation and review of early drafts. APPENDIX I LITERATURE CITED ANNOTATED CHECKLIST BARRETT, S. W. 1993. Fire history of Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest, Lewis and Clark National The checklist is arranged by division and class, then Forest. Unpublished report of Research Joint alphabetically by family and species. Nomenclature Venture Agreement INT-92679 on file at: U. S. generally follows Dorn (1984). Common names are Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky generally from Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973). Exotic Mountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire species are preceded by an asterix (*). Festuca rubra and Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. Poa palustris are preceded by double astrices (**) since DORN, R. D. 1984. Vascular of Montana. their nativity is uncertain. Geographic abundance is Mountain West Publishing, Cheyenne, WY. included in the checklist using the following scale GLEASON,H.A.AND A. CRONQUIST. 1964. The suggested by Palmer, Wade and Neal (1995): natural geography of plants. Columbia University Abundant—Dominant or codominant in one or Press, New York, NY. more common habitats. HANSEN, P. L., R. D. PFISTER,K.BOGGS,B.J.COOK, Frequent—Easily found in one or more common J. JOY, AND D. K. HINCKLEY. 1995. Classification habitats, but not dominant in any common habitat. and management of Montana’s riparian and Occasional—Widely scattered, but not difficult to wetland sites. Miscellaneous Publication 54. Uni- find. versity of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Infrequent—Difficult to find with few individuals or Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, colonies, but found in several locations. Missoula, MT. Rare—Very difficult to find and limited to one or HENDERSON, D. M., R. K. MOSELEY, AND A. F. very few locations. CHOLEWA. 1990. A new Agoseris (Asteraceae) from In conjunction with an abundance category, the Idaho and Montana. Systematic Botany 15: generalized habitats in which a species usually occurs 462–465. are provided. Specific locations are provided for some HITCHCOCK,C.L.AND A. CRONQUIST. 1973. Flora of species when they are only known to occur in one or the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. two distinct areas. Collection numbers, listed at the end University of Press, Seattle, WA. of each entry, are Scott Mincemoyer’s unless otherwise 216 MADRON˜ O [Vol. 53 noted. Mincemoyer’s collections are deposited at the Heracleum sphondylium L. cow-parsnip. Infrequent. MRC herbarium (Rocky Mountain Research Station, Streambanks with deep, rich soils. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT) with Lomatium cous (Wats) Coult. & Rose. cous biscuitroot. some duplicates deposited at the MONT herbarium Infrequent. Dry Park and possibly in other dry (Montana State University, Bozeman, MT). Taxa meadows. 92, 278. lacking collection numbers were identified by Scott Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Math. & Cronst. fern- Mincemoyer during field observations. Collections by leaved lomatium. Rare. Steep, south slope near Jennifer Birdsall are denoted by the initials JLB bottom of drainage. 216. followed by a collection number and are on file at Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose. nine-leaf MRC. Collections by Earle Layser are distinquished by lomatium. Rare. Lower portion of drainage along Layser followed by a collection number and are roadside. 253. deposited at MONT. Collections by Jessica Fultz are Osmorhiza chilensis H. & A. mountain sweet-cicely. distinquished by TCEF followed by a collection number Occasional. Moist forests. 106. and are deposited at MONT. Some additional speci- Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. Ex T. & G.) Torr. western mens and duplicates are also included and are identified sweet-cicely. Infrequent. Riparian forests. 271. as such. Perideridia gairdneri (H. & A.) Mathias. Gairdner’s Division Equisetophyta yampah. Infrequent. Vernally moist meadows. 18. Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. common horsetail. Infrequent. Apocynaceae Wet meadows and streambanks. 245. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. spreading dogbane. Division Pterophyta Rare. Steep, south slope near bottom of drainage. 344. Polypodiaceae Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Lady fern. Rare. Asteraceae Passionate Creek. 403. Achillea millefolium L. common yarrow. Occasional. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. rock-brake. Rare. Meadows and drier slopes. 301. Rocky slopes. Quartzite Ridge. Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. orange agoseris. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. brittle bladder fern. Infrequent. Roadsides and drier meadows. 70, 118, Infrequent. Rocky slopes, crevasses and stream- 309. banks. 27, 65. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. pale agoseris. Occasional. Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton. woodsia. Rare. Rocky Meadows. 16, 42. slopes. 336. Agoseris lackschewitzii Henderson & Mosely. pink Selaginellaceae agoseris. Rare. Wet meadows. Species described in Henderson et. al. (1990). Selaginella densa Rydb. selaginella. Rare. Open ridge- top above gravelpit. 296. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H. pearly everlasting. Occasional. Roadsides. 52. Division Pinophyta Antennaria anaphaloides Rydb. tall pussy-toes. Rare. Cupressaceae Open ridgetop above gravelpit. 307. Juniperus communis L. common juniper. Occasional. Antennaria corymbosa E. Nels. meadow pussy-toes. Upland forests. 264. Rare. Wet meadows; Sun Creek area. 122; Layser Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mtn. juniper. Rare. 3289, 3337. Steep, south slope near bottom of drainage. 337. Antennaria microphylla Rydb. rosy pussy-toes. Infre- quent. Dry meadows. 305, 419 (A. rosea of some Pinaceae authors). Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. subalpine fir. Abundant. Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. Nuttall’s pussy-toes. Rare. Picea engelmannii Parry. Engelmann spruce. Frequent. Open slope just west of Passionate Creek. 366 Most habitats except drier slopes. (MONT). Pinus albicaulis Engelm. whitebark pine. Frequent. Antennaria racemosa Hook. woods pussey-toes. Fre- Mature individuals at higher elevations and scattered quent. Upland forests. 21; Clark 36. seedlings and saplings elsewhere. Arnica cordifolia Hook. heartleaf arnica. Infrequent. Pinus contorta Dougl. lodgepole pine. Abundant. Upland forests, more common at lower elevations. Pinus flexilis James. limber pine. Rare. Steep, south Arnica latifolia Bong. mountain arnica. Abundant. slope near bottom of drainage. 350. Upland forests and open slopes. 321. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ponderosa pine. Rare. Steep, Arnica mollis Hook. hairy arnica. Infrequent. Wet south slope near bottom of drainage. 349. meadows and streamsides. Layser 3297. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Douglas-fir. Arnica rydbergii Greene. Rydberg’s arnica. Frequent. Rare. Scattered individuals in lower elevations. Upland forests; Sun Creek area. TCEF 004 (MONT). Division Magnoliophyta *Artemisia absinthium L. wormwood. Infrequent. Class Magnoliopsida Roadsides. JLB 25. Aceraceae Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. gray sagewort. Rare. Steep, Acer glabrum Torr. Rocky Mountain maple. Rare. south slope near bottom of drainage. 348 (MRC, Lower portion of drainage. 251. Dupl. MONT). Aster ciliolatus Lindl. Lindley aster. Rare. Steep, south Apiaceae slope near bottom of drainage. 351. Angelica arguta Nutt. Lyall’s angelica. Occasional. Aster conspicuus Lindl. showy aster. Infrequent. Ten- Streambanks with deep, rich soils. derfoot Creek. 365. 2006] MINCEMOYER AND BIRDSALL: FLORA OF TENDERFOOT CREEK 217

Aster foliaceus Lindl. leafy aster. Infrequent. Moist Senecio triangularis Hook. arrowleaf groundsel. Fre- meadows and streamsides. 56. quent. Riparian forests, wet meadows and stream- Aster hesperius Gray. western willow aster. Frequent. sides. Stream banks and meadows; Sun Creek area. TCEF Solidago canadensis L. goldenrod. Rare. Lower 006 (MONT). portion of Tenderfoot Creek. 405. Aster integrifolius Nutt. thick-stemmed aster. Frequent. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri goldenrod. In- Dry meadows; Onion Park. TCEF 008 (MONT). frequent. Steep, south slope near bottom of drainage. Aster meritus A. Nels. arctic aster. Frequent. Open, 345 (MRC, Dupl MONT). upland forests. 81, 83, 127. Solidago multiradiata Ait. northern goldenrod. Infre- Aster modestus Lindl. few-flowered aster. Rare. Lower quent. Dry meadows and open slopes. 15, 316 portion of Tenderfoot Creek. 358. (MONT). Aster occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G. western aster. *Sonchus arvensis L. perennial sow-thistle. Rare. Road- Frequent. Moist meadows and moist, open forests. sides. JLB 27. 43, 75, 137, 313 (MONT), 327 (MONT); Layser *Tanacetum vulgare L. common tansy. Rare. Road- 3288, 3302. sides. JLB 16. *Carduus nutans L. musk thistle. Rare. Roadsides. JLB *Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. red-seeded dan- 17. delion. Rare. Roadsides. *Centaurea maculosa Lam. spotted knapweed. Rare. *Taraxacum officinale Weber. common dandelion. Roadsides. JLB 9. Occasional. Meadows and roadsides. Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) H. & A. hoary chaenactis. *Tragopogon dubius Scop. yellow salsify. Rare. Steep, Rare. Lower portion of drainage along road. south slope near bottom of drainage. 341. *Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. oxeye-daisy. Infre- quent. Roadsides. JLB 6. Berberidaceae *Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle. Infrequent. Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don. creeping Oregon- Roadsides and meadows. grape. Infrequent. Forests and open areas in lower Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. Hooker’s thistle. Occasion- portion of drainage. 263. al. Meadows. *Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. bull thistle. Infrequent. Betulaceae Roadsides. JLB 5. Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. Sitka alder. Infrequent. Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G. meadow hawksbeard. Streamsides in lower portion of drainage. 247 (MRC, Rare. Dry Park. 423. Dupl. MONT). Erigeron compositus Pursh. cutleaf daisy. Infrequent. Rocky slopes and outcrops in lower portion of Boraginaceae drainage. 64, 266. Mertensia ciliata (James ex. Torr.) G. Don. mountain Erigeron ochroleucus Nutt. buff fleabane. Rare. Open bluebell. Occasional. Streamsides and wet meadows. ridgetop above gravelpit. 297. 250. Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene. Occasional. Onion Mertensia oblongifolia (Nutt.) G. Don. leafy bluebells. Park area. Clark 55. Frequent. Meadows; Onion Park. TCEF 002 Erigeron simplex Greene. alpine daisy. Rare. Meadows. (MONT). 132. Mertensia viridis (A. Nels.) A. Nels. green bluebells. Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. showy fleabane. In- Rare. Infrequent. Meadows; Onion Park area. frequent. Lower portion of drainage. 352 (MONT), 229. 357 (MONT). Erigeron ursinus DC. Eat. Bear River fleabane. Rare. Brassicaceae Meadows; Stringer Creek area. 422. Arabis confinis Wats. spreading pod rockcress. Rare. *Filago arvensis L. filago. Rare. Along Road 586 west Open areas in lower portion of drainage. 272 of Bubbling Springs. 401. (MONT). Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners. hairy goldaster. Arabis drummondii Gray. Drummond’s rockcress. In- Rare. Roadsides. JLB 26. frequent. Meadows. Hieracium albiflorum Hook. white-flowered hawkweed. *Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. towermustard. Rare. Mea- Frequent. Upland forests. 367; Layser 3316. dows; Onion Park area. 78. Hieracium cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv. hounds-tongue Arabis nuttallii Robins. Nuttall’s rockcress. Occasional. hawkweed. Infrequent. Open forests in lower portion Meadows and open slopes. 275. of drainage. 361 (MRC, Dupl. MONT). Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. wintercress. Infrequent. Hieracium gracile Hook. slender hawkweed. Frequent. Moist meadows and streamsides. 44. Upland forests, more common with increasing Cardamine breweri Wats. Brewer’s bittercress. Infre- elevation. Layser 3317. quent. Wet meadows and streamsides. Layser 3296, *Lactuca serriola L. prickly lettuce. Rare. Logged area. 3330. JLB 27. Draba stenoloba Ledeb. slender draba. Occasional. Microseris nutans (Geyer ex. Hook.) Schultz-Bip. Rare. Open areas in meadows and along streams. 93. Dry meadows; Stringer Creek area. 420. Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. western yellow- Nothocalais nigrescens (Henderson) Heller. black-hairy cress. Rare. Vernally inundated depressions in nothocalais. Occasional. Dry meadows. 91. meadows; one collection from small meadow east Senecio pseudaureus Rydb. streambank butterweed. of Spring Park. 104. Infrequent. Streamsides. 138; Layser 3284, 3308. *Thlaspi arvense L. field pennycress. Infrequent. Road- Senecio sphaerocephalus Greene. mt-marsh butterweed. sides. JLB 28. Infrequent. Meadows and roadsides. 79, 109; Layser Thlaspi montanum L. Fendler’s pennycress. Infrequent. 3282. Meadows. 31, 234. 218 MADRON˜ O [Vol. 53

Campanulaceae Astragalus bourgovii Gray. Bourgeau’s milkvetch. Campanula rotundifolia L. lady’s thimble. Occasional. Occassional. Meadows: gullies and along tree lines; Meadows. 314. Spring Park area. TCEF 005 (MONT). Hedysarum occidentale Greene. western hedysarum. Caprifoliaceae Rare. Lower portion of Tenderfoot Creek. 252, Linnaea borealis L. twinflower. Rare. Moist forests. 74. 369. Lonicera utahensis Wats. Utah honeysuckle. Occasion- Lupinus argenteus Pursh. silvery lupine. Abundant. al. Forests and riparian areas. Forests. Sambucus racemosa L. elderberry. Infrequent. Forests; *Medicago lupulina L. black medic. Rare. Roadsides. heavily browsed by deer and elk. 244. JLB 8. *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas. common yellow sweet- Caryophyllaceae clover. Rare. Disturbed site near flume in gravel. Arenaria congesta Nutt. var. lithophila Rydb. ballhead JLB 20. sandwort. Infrequent. Rocky slopes. 53, 329 Oxytropis cusickii Greenm. Rare. Open ridgetop above (MONT) (Hitchcock and Crounquist 1973). gravelpit. 276. Arenaria lateriflora L. Bluntleaf sandwort. Infrequent. *Trifolium hybridum L. alsike clover. Occasional. Meadows; Onion Park area. 223. Roadsides. JLB 24. Cerastium arvense L. field chickweed. Infrequent. Trifolium longipes Nutt. long-stalked clover. Occasion- Meadows; Onion Park area. 141, 246. al. Moist meadows and forest openings. 233. Silene parryi (Wats.) Hitchc. & Mag. Parry’s silene. *Trifolium pratense L. red clover. Infrequent. Road- Infrequent. Dry meadows. 310 (MRC, Dupl. sides. JLB 22. MONT). *Trifolium repens L. white clover. Rare. Meadows and *Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & K. Presl. red sandspurry. roadsides. Rare. Dry meadows and roadsides. 124. Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. crisped starwort. Gentianaceae Rare. Moist depressions of forests. 58. Frasera speciosa Dougl. giant frasera. Rare. Dry Park. Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. long-leaved star- Gentiana affinis Griseb. pleated gentian. Rare. Moist wort. Infrequent. Meadows; Onion Park area. Layser meadows. 128; Layser 3324. 3323. Stellaria sitchana Steud. northern starwort. Rare. Moist Geraniaceae depressions of forests. 40. Geranium bicknellii Britt. Bicknell’s geranium. Rare. Crassulaceae Dry meadows; Sun Creek and Onion Park. TCEF 003 (MONT). Sedum lanceolatum Torr. lanceleaf stonecrop. Rare. Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. white geranium. Dry meadows and rocky slopes. 277, 294. Frequent. Moist to wet meadows and streamsides. Ericaceae 95, 261 (MONT). Geranium viscosissimum F. & M. sticky geranium. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. kinnikinnick. In- Occasional. Meadows. frequent. Dry, south-facing slopes. 364. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. prince’s pine. Frequent. Grossulariaceae Upland forests. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. black gooseberry. Occasion- Hypopitys monotropa Crantz. pinesap. Rare. Upland al. Forests, rocky slopes and open areas along forests. streams. Ledum glandulosum Nutt. Labrador-tea. Rare. Wet meadows associated with Sphagnum spp.; upper Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. sticky currant. Occasional. portion of Sun Creek. Rocky slopes and open areas along road paralleling Pyrola asarifolia Michx. pink wintergreen. Rare. Moist Tenderfoot Creek. 262. forests; Onion Park area. 362; Layser 3287. Hydrophyllaceae Pyrola chlorantha Sw. green wintergreen. Occasional. Upland forests. Phacelia hastata Dougl. silverleaf phacelia. Rare. Steep, Pyrola minor L. lesser wintergreen. Rare. Forests. 133, south slope near bottom of drainage. 340. 400 (MONT). Phacelia sericea (Grah.) Gray. silky phacelia. Rare. Pyrola secunda L. one-sided wintergreen. Occasional. Scree slope approx. L mile SE of Dry Park and N of Upland forests. Road 839. 333 (MRC, Dupl. MONT). Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. dwarf huckleberry. In- Lamiaceae frequent. Forests. Layser 3299. Vaccinium globulare Rydb. globe huckleberry. Fre- Prunella vulgaris L. self-heal. Rare. Meadows and forest quent. Moist forests; plants are diminutive in stature edges; west edge of Onion Park. 117. throughout TCEF. 242, 283, 368. Onagraceae Vaccinium myrtillus L. dwarf billberry. Abundant. Upland forests. Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. alpine willow-herb. Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg. grouse whortleberry. Infrequent. Wet meadows and streamsides. 112, 308 Abundant. Upland forests. (MRC, Dupl. MONT); Layser 3321, 3332. Epilobium angustifolium L. fireweed. Occasional. Road- Fabaceae sides and open forests. Astragalus alpinus L. alpine milkvetch. Occasional. Epilobium ciliatum Raf. common willow-herb. Fre- Forest openings and rocky areas. 39, 240 (MONT), quent. Streamsides and wet meadows. 41; Layser 421, 425 (MONT). 3322, 3327. 2006] MINCEMOYER AND BIRDSALL: FLORA OF TENDERFOOT CREEK 219

Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex T. & G. tall annual Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. blueleaf strawberry. willow-herb. Rare. Steep, south slope near bottom of Frequent. Forest openings, meadows and roadsides. drainage. 339. 265. macrophyllum Willd. large-leaved avens. Infre- Plantaginaceae quent. Moist to wet meadows. Plantago major L. common plantain. Infrequent. Road- Geum rivale L. water avens. Rare. Moist to wet sides. JLB 18. meadows; Onion Park. TCEF 007 (MONT). Geum triflorum Pursh. prairie smoke. Infrequent. Drier Polemoniaceae meadows; Onion and Dry Parks. 279. Collomia linearis Nutt. narrow-leaf collomia. Occasion- Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. diverse-leaved cinquefoil. al. Dry meadows and rocky slopes. Frequent. Meadows, moist forests and streamsides. Phlox kelseyi Britt. var. missoulensis (Wherry) Cronq. 231. Missoula phlox. Rare. Open ridgetop above gravel- Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. sticky cinquefoil. Occasion- pit. 280; Hitchcock & Muhlick 12311 (RM) (Hitch- al. Rocky slopes along lower portion of Tenderfoot cock and Crounquist 1973). Creek. 63, 269. Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. skunk-leaved pole- Potentilla gracilis Dougl. soft cinquefoil. Occasional. monium. Infrequent. Dry, open areas. 88. meadows and forest openings. 119. Prunus pensylvanica L. f. pin cherry. Rare. Steep, south Polygonaceae slope near bottom of drainage. 343. Eriogonum flavum Nutt. yellow buckwheat. Rare. Scree Prunus virginiana L. common chokecherry. Rare. Steep, slope approx. L mile SE of Dry Park and Nof Road south slope near bottom of drainage. 342. 839. 328 (MONT). Rosa acicularis Lindl. prickly rose. Infrequent. Lower Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. sulfur buckwheat. Rare. portion of Tenderfoot Creek. 86, 254, 347 (MONT). Open ridgetop above gravelpit. 298. Rubus idaeus L. red raspberry. Occasional. Scree slopes Polygonum bistortoides Pursh. American bistort. Fre- and rocky areas; Quartzite Ridge. quent. Wet meadows. 108, 225 (MONT). Rubus parviflorus Nutt. thimbleberry. Rare. Passionate *Polygonum convolvulus L. black bindweed. Rare. Creek. 402. Roadsides. JLB 11. Sibbaldia procumbens L. creeping sibbaldia. Infrequent. Polygonum douglasii Greene. Douglas’s knotweed. In- Roadsides and other exposed areas. 50. frequent. Meadows and dry, open areas. 103, 302 Sorbus scopulina Greene. Cascade mountain ash. Rare. (MONT); Layser 3325. Upland forests; one individual found on north slope. *Rumex acetosella L. sheep sorrel. Infrequent. Road- 59. sides. JLB 19. Spiraea betulifolia Pall. shiny-leaf spirea. Frequent. Rumex paucifolius Nutt. mountain sorrel. Infrequent. Upland forests. Meadows; Onion Park. 317; Layser 3285; Clark 37. Rubiaceae Portulaceae Galium boreale L. northern bedstraw. Occasional. Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. western springbeauty. Meadows and partially shaded streambanks. 24. Frequent. Forests at higher elevations. 94. Galium triflorum Michx. sweet-scented bedstraw. Rare. Moist areas in lower portion of drainage. 359 Primulaceae (MONT). Androsace septentrionalis L. northern androsace. In- frequent. Barren areas along streams and in mea- Salicaceae dows. 101. Populus balsamifera L. spp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray. Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merrill. few-flowered ex Hook.) Brayshaw. black cottonwood. Rare. One shooting star. Frequent. Meadows. 84, 105, 226 individual found along lower portion of Tenderfoot (MONT), 274. Creek. 215. Populus tremuloides Michx. quaking aspen. Infrequent. Ranunculaceae Lower portion of drainage on rocky slopes. 338. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. baneberry. Rare. Shaded Salix barclayi Anderrs. Barclay’s willow. Frequent. streambanks. 273. Streamsides and wet meadows along rivulets. 89, Delphiniun bicolor Nutt. low larkspur. Rare. Meadows; 113; Layser 3283, 3315. Onion Park. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow. Rare. Lower portion Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht. subalpine buttercup. of drainage. 255 (MRC, Dupl. MONT), 256. Rare. Rivulets in wet meadows; Onion Park. 236. Salix boothii Dorn. Booth’s willow. Occasional. Lower Ranunculus inamoenus Greene. unlovely buttercup. portion of drainage along Tenderfoot Creek. 243, Infrequent. Streamsides and wet meadows. 96, 418. 257, 376, 379 (MRC, Dupl. MONT). Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don. little Salix drummondiana Barratt. Drummond willow. Fre- buttercup. Infrequent. Streamsides and wet mea- quent. Streamsides and wet meadows along rivulets. dows. 97. 30, 377 (MONT); Layser 3303, 3320. Thalictrum occidentale Gray. western meadowrue. Salix geyeriana Anderss. Geyer’s willow. Infrequent. Frequent. Moist forests. 232. Lower portion of drainage along Tenderfoot Creek. Trollius laxus Salisb. American globeflower. Abundant. 388. Openings of moist forests and wet meadows. 237. Salix lasiandra Benth. Pacific willow. Rare. Lower portion of drainage along Tenderfoot Creek. 404. Rosaceae Salix melanopsis Nutt. Infrequent. dusky willow. Lower Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. serviceberry. Rare. Lower portion of drainage along Tenderfoot Creek. 389, portion of drainage. 249. 390. 220 MADRON˜ O [Vol. 53

Salix scouleriana Barratt. Scouler willow. Occasional. Valerianaceae Lower portion of drainage along Tenderfoot Creek Valeriana dioica L. northern valerian. Infrequent. and in forest openings. 378 (MONT), 387 (MRC, Meadows. 111, 224 (MONT). Dupl. MONT). Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Sitka valerian. Frequent. Saxifragaceae Moist forests and meadows. Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. ex Hook. roundleaf alum- Violaceae root. Occasional. Dry, rocky slopes. 346. Viola macloskeyi Lloyd. small white violet. Rare. Lithophragma glabrum Nutt. bulbiferous fringecup. Streambanks and wet meadows. 98. Occasional. Wet meadows and streamsides. 107. Viola nuttallii Pursh. Nuttall’s violet. Rare. Stream- Mitella pentandra Hook. alpine mitrewort. Occasional. banks and wet meadows. 99. Shaded streambanks. 130, 270 (MONT). Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz. round-leaved violet. Mitella trifida Grah. Threeparted mitrewort. Rare. Abundant. Forests. Moist forests. 424. Parnassia fimbriata Koenig. fringed grass of parnassus. Class Liliopsida Occasional. Streambanks and wet meadows. 25. Cyperaceae Saxifraga occidentalis Wats. western saxifrage. Infre- Carex atrata L. blackened sedge. Infrequent. Wet quent. Meadows; Onion Park. 100. meadows. 135. Saxifraga odontoloma Piper. brook saxifrage. Occasion- Carex canescens L. gray sedge. Rare. Wet meadows. 46. al. Shaded streambanks. Carex concinnoides Mack. northwest sedge. Infrequent. Saxifraga oregana Howell. Oregon saxifrage. Occasion- Dry forests. al. Moist meadows. 230. Carex disperma Dewey. soft-leaved sedge. Rare. Shaded streambanks and moist, forest edges. 125. Scrophulariaceae Carex foenea Willd. dryspike sedge. Uncommon. Moist Besseya wyomingensis (A. Nels.) Rydb. Wyoming openings; lower portion of drainage. 374. besseya. Rare. Open ridgetop above gravelpit. 282. Carex geyeri Boott. elk sedge. Abundant. Upland cusickii Greenm. Cusick’s paintbrush. In- forests. 228. frequent. Dry meadows; Dry Park and Onion Park. Carex hoodii Boott. Hood’s sedge. Occasional. Moist 29, 131; Layser 3298. openings; lower portion of drainage. 375. Castilleja miniata Dougl. scarlet paintbrush. Occasion- Carex lenticularis Michx. lakeshore sedge. Infrequent. al. Meadows and streambanks. Moist openings; lower portion of drainage. 73, 373. Collinsia parviflora Lindl. blue-eyed mary. Infrequent. Carex microptera Mack. small-winged sedge. Frequent. Vernally moist slopes and meadows. Meadows. 23, 80, 85, 136, 318 (MONT), 320 Mimulus guttatus DC. yellow monkey-flower. Rare. (MONT). Streambanks. Carex muricata L. muricate sedge. Infrequent. Wet Mimulus lewisii Pursh. Lewis’ monkey-flower. Infre- meadows. 77. quent. Streambanks and partially shaded edges of Carex norvegica Retz. Scandinavian sedge. Rare. Wet wet meadows; primarily around Sun Creek. meadows; Onion Park. Layser 3319. Carex phaeocephala Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. bracted lousewort. In- Piper. dunhead sedge. Rare. SE of Dry Park just below scree slope. 330. frequent. Upper elevation forests and wet meadows. Carex raynoldsii Dewey. Raynold’s sedge. Occasional. Pedicularis contorta Benth. white coiled-beak lousewort. Moist to wet meadows. 120, 300 (MRC & Dupl. Rare. Upper elevation forests. MONT), 312 (MONT). Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. pink elephant’s head. Carex rossii Boott. Ross’ sedge. Infrequent. Forest Infrequent. Wet meadows. 326. openings. 258 (MRC, Dupl. MONT), 332 (MONT). Pedicularis parryi Gray. Parry’s lousewort. Rare. Open Carex scirpoidea Michx. var. pseudoscirpoidea (Rydb.) ridgetop above gravelpit. 281. Cronq. single-spike sedge. Rare. Rocky slopes and Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. sickletop lousewort. In- meadows. 110, 304. frequent. Forests. (Hitchcock and Crounquist 1973). Penstemon attenuatus Dougl. var. pseudoprocerus Carex scopulorum Holm var. prionophylla (Holm) (Rydb.) Cronq. small penstemon. Rare. Open slopes. Standley. saw-leaved sedge. Infrequent. Wet mea- 295, 399. (Hitchcock and Crounquist 1973). dows; Onion Park. 239, 372 (MRC, Dupl. MONT); Penstemon procerus Dougl. ex Grah. small-flowered Layser 3290, 3310, 3311, 3340. penstemon. Rare. Open slopes and meadows. 140. Carex utriculata Boott beaked sedge. Occasional. Veronica americana Schwein. American speedwell. Permanently saturated meadows and low gradient Rare. Standing or flowing water; Sun Creek area. streams. Layser 3291, 3309, 3335, 3336, 3339. 36. Incorrectly called Carex rostrata by Dorn (1984) Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl. and many other authors (Reznicek 1997). thyme-leaved speedwell. Rare. Vernally inundated Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Mey. Chamisso’s cotton- depressions in grass. Infrequent. Wet meadows, usually associated meadows; one collection from small meadow east of with Sphagnum spp.; Onion Park and Sun Creek Spring Park. 126. (Hitchcock and Crounquist 1973). areas. 4; Layser 3295, 3305, 3338. Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. alpine speed- Eriophorum polystachion L. many-spiked cotton-grass. well. Infrequent. Moist meadows. Rare. Wet meadows; Onion Park. 115. Urticaceae Juncaceae Urtica dioica L. stinging nettle. Rare. Open areas along Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic Rush. Occasional. Wet streams; Stringer Creek. meadows. 38. 2006] MINCEMOYER AND BIRDSALL: FLORA OF TENDERFOOT CREEK 221

Juncus confusus Cov. Colorado rush. Rare. Wet Agrostis idahoensis Nash. Idaho bentgrass. Rare. Moist meadows. 68, 355 (MONT). meadows. 57; Layser 3312. Juncus drummondii E. Meyer. Drummond’s rush. Agrostis scabra Willd. tickle grass. Frequent. Meadows, Infrequent. Wet meadows. 22. roadsides and rocky slopes. 12; Layser 3286. Juncus ensifolius Wikst. dagger-leaf rush. Occasional. Alopecurus alpinus Smith. alpine foxtail. Infrequent. Wet meadows and streamsides. 360; Layser 3307. Wet meadows; Onion Park. 114, 235 (MONT). Juncus longistylis Torr. long-styled rush. Rare. Wet Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. California brome. meadows; Sun Creek area. 76. Frequent. Meadows and moist, forest openings. 17; Juncus mertensianus Bong. Merten’s rush. Occasional. Layser 3313, 3318, 3328. Wet meadows and streamsides. Layser 3306. Bromus ciliatus L. fringed brome. Infrequent. Moist, Juncus nevadensis Wats. Sierra rush. Infrequent. Wet shaded to partially shaded forests. 14. meadows. 45. *Bromus inermus Leys. smooth brome. Occasional. Luzula campestris (L.) DC. field woodrush. Infrequent. Meadows and roadsides. Moist meadows. 227 (MONT), 303 (MRC, Dupl. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. bluejoint MONT). reedgrass. Abundant. Moist forests and wet mea- Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. small-flowered wood- dows. 371; Layser 3294, 3314. rush. Occasional. Shaded streambanks. Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. purple reedgrass. Infrequent. Dry, rocky slopes. 324. Liliaceae Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. pinegrass. Occasional. Allium brevistylum Wats. short-styled onion. Occasion- Upland forests, usually on drier slopes. 408. al. Wet meadows; primarily Onion Park. 61. Cinna latifolia (Trevir.) Griseb. woodreed. Infrequent. Allium cernuum Roth. nodding onion. Rare. Dry, open Streambanks; lower portion of drainage. 396. slopes. 306, 335 (MONT). *Dactylis glomerata L. orchard-grass. Occasional. Allium geyeri Wats. Geyer’s onion. Infrequent. Wet Roadsides, meadows and forest openings. meadows; Onion Park. 102. Danthonia intermedia Vasey. timber oatgrass. Frequent. Allium schoenoprasum L. chives. Occasional. Wet Meadows and dry, rocky slopes. 11, 322 (MONT). meadows; primarily Onion Park. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. tufted hairgrass. Abundant. Moist to wet meadows. 60,121,139,248 Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene. common camas. (MONT). Frequent. Wet meadows; primarily Onion Park. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. slender hair- Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. glacier lily. Frequent. grass. Rare. Roadsides, along Road 586. 407. Upland, forests. 238. Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey. bottlebrush squirrel- Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. yellow bell. Infre- tail. Rare. SE of Dry Park just below scree slope. 334 quent. Meadows: along tree lines; Sun Creek and (MRC, Dupl. MONT). Onion Park. TCEF 001 (MONT). Elymus glaucus Buckl. blue wildrye. Frequent. Moist Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. starry false Solomon’s seal. forests, wet meadows and streambanks. 32. Rare. Shaded streambanks and moist forests. 55. Elymus spicatus (Pursh) Gould. bluebunch wheatgrass. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. twisted-stalk. Rare. Rare. Steep, south slope near bottom of drainage. Shaded streambanks. 353. Veratrum viride Ait. green false hellebore. Frequent. Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners. slender Moist forest openings and wet meadows. wheatgrass. Occasional. Moist to dry meadows. 13; Zigadenus elegens Pursh. mountain death camas. In- Layser 3329. frequent. Wet meadows and moist forest openings. Festuca idahoensis Elmer. Idaho fescue. Infrequent. Dry Orchidaceae meadows; Dry Park and Onion Park. 10, 325 (MONT). Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. fairy-slipper. Rare. One **Festuca rubra L. red fescue. Rare. Moist, open areas. individual found in moist forested bottom. 268. 354. Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. spotted coral-root. Festuca scabrella Torr. rough fescue. Infrequent. Dry Rare. Moist forests. meadows; Dry Park. 9. Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad. spring coral-root. Glyceria elata (Nash ex Rydb.) Jones. tall managrass. Rare. One individual observed in a Pinus contorta Infrequent. Tenderfoot Creek. 356 (MRC, Dupl. forest. MONT), 397 (MONT). Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. rattlesnake plantain. Occa- Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes. prairie junegrass. sional. Forests. 47, 363 (MONT). Rare. Open ridgetop above gravelpit. 311. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. white bog orchid. Melica spectabilis Scribn. showy oniongrass. Frequent. Occasional. Wet meadows. 241; Layser 3292. Meadows and streambanks. 33. Habenaria saccata Greene. slender bog orchid. In- Phleum alpinum L. alpine timothy. Frequent. Meadows frequent. Streambanks and wet meadows. Layser and moist, forest openings. 3293. *Phleum pratense L. timothy. Infrequent. Meadows and Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. heart-leaf listera. Infrequent. roadsides. Moist forests. 129, 267 (MONT). Poa alpina L. alpine bluegrass. Occasional. Meadows Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. hooded ladies-tresses. and forest openings. 69, 123, 142. Rare. Wet meadows; Onion Park. 116. Poa cusickii Vasey. Cusick’s bluegrass. Infrequent. Meadows; Onion Park. 134. Poaceae Poa interior Rydb. inland bluegrass. Infrequent. Open Agrostis exarata Trin. spike bentgrass. Infrequent. area along Tenderfoot Creek. 331 (MONT), 370. Moist meadows. 37, 48 (MRC, Dupl. MONT); Poa leptocoma Trin. bog bluegrass. Infrequent. Wet Layser 3304, 3334. meadows; Onion Park. 259; Layser 3331. 222 MADRON˜ O [Vol. 53

Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Wheeler’s bluegrass. In- Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd. frequent. Meadows and forest openings. 54, 260, 319 Carex praegracilis W. Boott (MONT), 323 (MONT). Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link **Poa palustris L. fowl bluegrass. Infrequent. Stream- Elaeagnaceae banks, lower portion of Tenderfoot Creek. 398 Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (MONT). Equisetaceae *Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass. Infrequent. Equisetum palustre L. Roadsides and meadows. 51. Gentianaceae Poa secunda Presl. Sandberg bluegrass. Rare. Open Gentiana calycosa Griseb. ridgetop above gravelpit. 299. Liliaceae Puccinellia pauciflora (Presl.) Munz. weak alkali grass. Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. 35 Infrequent. Standing or flowing water. . Orchidaceae Stipa nelsonii Scribn. western needlegrass. Infrequent. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Meadows and forest openings; Onion Park area. 315 Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. (MRC, Dupl. MONT). Poaceae Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter. downy oatgrass. Fre- quent. Meadows and dry, rocky slopes. 26. Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear Trisetum wolfii Vasey. Wolf’s trisetum. Occasional. Polemoniaceae Moist to wet meadows. 34, 49, 82; Layser 3326. Linanthus nuttallii (Gray) Greene ex Milliken Linanthus septentrionalis Mason APPENDIX II Polygonaceae Polygonum viviparum L. NONCONFIRMED TAXA Ranunculaceae The following taxa have been reported for TCEF or Anemone multifida Poir. Onion Park RNA by others but are not included in the Ranunculus macounii Britt. main body of the flora since no voucher specimens were Salicaceae collected and some reported taxa are believed to be Salix farriae Ball. outside of the boundary of the experimental forest. Salix lutea Nutt. Apiaceae Saxifragaceae Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Asteraceae Mitella breweri Gray. Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene Scrophulariaceae Cirsium scariosum Nutt. Castilleja occidentalis Torr. Crepis elegans Hook. Veronica cusickii Gray Senecio dimorphophyllus Greene Solanaceae Senecio pauperculus Michx. Hyoscyamus niger L. Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thalina L. Heynh. Appendix III Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Caprifoliaceae Synonyms And Excluded Names Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. Boraginaceae Caryophyllaceae Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. Synonymous with Silene douglasii Hook. Mertensia viridis (A. Nels.) A. Nels. Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. Onagraceae Stellaria umbellata Turcz. ex Kar. & Kir. Epilobium halleanum Hausskn. Included under Epilo- Chenopodiaceae bium ciliatum Raf. Chenopodium album L. Epilobium lactiflorum Hausskn. Included under Epilo- Crassulaceae bium anagallidifolium Lam. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Salicaceae Cyperaceae Salix monticola Bebb. Name misapplied: specimens Carex aurea Nutt. belong to Salix barclayi Anderrs.