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Factors to Consider in Improving the Flat Panel TV Display User's Universidad CEU San Pablo CEINDO – CEU Escuela Internacional de Doctorado PROGRAMA en COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL Factors to consider in improving the flat panel TV display user’s experience on image quality terms TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Dª Berta García Castiella Dirigida por: Dr. Luis Núñez Ladeveze and Dr. Damián Ruiz Coll MADRID 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A Damián, por creer en mi proyecto y en su proyección. A Luis, por permitirme comenzar y ayudarme pese a las dificultades. A Lucas, por cada detalle, por cada apoyo, esta tesis es de ambos. A Natalia, por ayudarme sin cuestionarme. A Gonzalo, por poner orden en el caos. A mi madre, por darme todos los ánimos. A Teresa, por darme su tiempo, a pesar de no tener. A Roger, por sus palabras, que han sido muchas. A Belén y a Fredi, por cuidar a mi hijo con todo su cariño mientras yo investigaba. A mis amigos y familiares por estar ahí, a veces es lo que más se necesita. Y, por último, quería pedir disculpas. A mi hijo Max. Porque cada página de esta tesis son horas que no he estado a tu lado cuando tú me necesitabas, perdón de corazón. ABSTRACT In the constantly changing world of image technology, many new tools have emerged since flat panels appeared in the market in 1997. All those tools went straight to the TV sets without any verification from the filmmaking or advertising industry of their contribution to the improvement of the image quality. Adding to this situation the fact that each tool received a different name according to the manufacturer, this new outlook has become complex and worrisome to those industries that see their final products modified and have no option of action. As for the final user, if she/he does not have prior training, it has become increasingly complicated to navigate through the menu, find the desired option or understand what this tool does and how to modify it. In this new scenario, both the content producer and final viewer are absolutely powerless, the first one being unable to control the final state of its product, the second unable to understand or react to the state of the products. The thesis here presented offers results of research on how those new tools modify the image quality, how this is perceived by professionals of the flat panel TV industry and cinematography experts and how it is perceived by the final user. The objective of gathering this information being the reaching of conclusions on how to solve this current situation of image quality instability. KEY WORDS Flat panel TV display, motion interpolation, image modes, HDR effect, scaling system, resolution, image quality. INDEX 1. Introduction....................................................................... 17 1.1. Study object and justification ................................................................. 19 1.2. Hypothesis ............................................................................................. 20 1.3. Objectives .............................................................................................. 21 1.3.1. General ....................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2. Specific ....................................................................................................... 22 1.4. Methodology .......................................................................................... 22 1.4.1. Research design ......................................................................................... 23 2. Historical context ............................................................. 29 2.1. The first panels ...................................................................................... 29 2.2. The first flat panels ................................................................................ 31 3. State of the art .................................................................. 37 3.1. The scaling system................................................................................ 37 3.2. The motion interpolation tool ................................................................. 39 3.3. The picture modes................................................................................. 42 3.4. The HDR effect ...................................................................................... 45 4. Theoretical Framework .................................................... 49 4.1. Influence elements on image quality ..................................................... 49 4.1.1. Space ......................................................................................................... 50 4.1.2. Time ............................................................................................................ 56 4.1.3. Amount of visual information ....................................................................... 61 5. Types of Flat Panel TV Displays ...................................... 71 5.1. Characteristics and differences ............................................................. 72 5.1.1. The plasma display panel ........................................................................... 72 5.1.2. The LCD display panel ............................................................................... 74 5.1.3. The LED display panel ................................................................................ 75 5.1.4. The OLED display panel ............................................................................. 77 5.1.5. The QLED display panel ............................................................................. 79 5.2. Technology comparison ........................................................................ 81 7 6. Broadcast Formats ........................................................... 85 6.1. Characteristics ....................................................................................... 85 6.2. Practical example: Resolution adaptation ............................................. 88 6.3. Differences depending on the content source ...................................... 90 7. Spatial Resolution: HD Ready, Full HD, 4k, 8k ............... 95 7.1. Characteristics and differences ............................................................. 95 7.2. Advantages and disadvantages depending on the contents ................ 98 7.2.1. Sport contents ........................................................................................... 100 7.2.2. Cinematographic contents ........................................................................ 102 7.2.3. Our experts said ....................................................................................... 104 7.2.4. Results ...................................................................................................... 104 8. Temporal Resolution ...................................................... 111 8.1. Characteristics and differences ........................................................... 111 8.2. Advantages and disadvantages depending on the contents .............. 113 8.2.1. Sport contents ........................................................................................... 114 8.2.2. Cinematographic contents ........................................................................ 116 8.2.3. Our experts said ....................................................................................... 118 8.2.4. Results ...................................................................................................... 121 9. Bit Depth and Color Space ............................................ 125 9.1. Advantages and disadvantages depending on the contents .............. 127 9.1.1. Sport contents ........................................................................................... 128 9.1.2. Cinematographic contents ........................................................................ 130 9.1.3. Our experts said ....................................................................................... 132 9.1.4. Results ...................................................................................................... 137 10. Dynamic range: SDR and HDR ...................................... 141 10.1. Advantages and disadvantages depending on the content ............ 145 10.1.1. Television contents ................................................................................. 146 10.1.2. Cinematographic contents ...................................................................... 148 10.1.3. Our experts said ..................................................................................... 149 10.1.4. Results .................................................................................................... 152 11. Combination of all Parameters Simultaneously .......... 155 8 11.1. Panel technology and dynamic range ............................................. 155 11.2. Broadcast format and spatial resolution .......................................... 156 11.3. Bit depth and color space ................................................................ 157 11.4. Broadcast format, bit depth and image modes ............................... 158 11.5. Scaling, motion interpolation, image modes and HDR effect ......... 159 12. Conclusions .................................................................... 163 12.1. General conclusions ........................................................................ 170 12.2. New investigation lines .................................................................... 171 12.3. Research Limitations
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