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Thesis Draft Structuring 2 8 10 Onda de Ritmo Aprendizagem não-formal no contexto de educação em Música Popular Ronald David McLeod Goodman Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Música e Musicologia Especialidade: Musicologia ORIENTADOR: Prof. Doutor Eduardo Lopes Nome do Professor ÉVORA, Agosto 2019 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA Júri Presidente: Doutor Benoît Gibson, Professor Associado da Universidade de Évora, por delegação do Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada; Doutor Eduardo Lopes, Professor Associado com Agregação da Universidade de Évora; (Orientador) Doutor António Ângelo Vasconcelos, Professor Adjunto do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal; Doutor Mário Marques, Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Évora; Doutora Noemy Berbel Gómez, Professora Contratada da Universidad de las Islas Baleares. Wave of Rhythm: Non-formal Learning in a Popular Music Education Context “…Out of the regular succession of measured beats rises the wave; the prototype of rhythm grows from the seed of meter….” “…Da sucessão regular das pulsações métricas a onda surge; a génese de ritmo cresce da semente da métrica….” (Zuckerkandl, 1973, 170) Abstract Non-formal music learning has burgeoned over the last ten years particularly in UK secondary schools and in the Netherlands, where professional performers and community musicians have brought musical leadership skills into the formal education environment. The rationale for this PhD thesis came from the lack of research into non-formal learning of musical rhythm in a formal education context. As its main aim, this study situated in the context of popular music courses at a Scottish college, investigated the benefits of non-formal learning of rhythm for enhancing formal instrumental learning. Data collection involved an ethnographic study of student, staff and alumni engagement with rhythm learning in an extra-curricular percussion ensemble, utilising an interpretive case study based on participant observation, and interviews that elicited key aspects of the participants’ non-formal learning. The ensemble researched has been in existence for twenty-five years and runs in parallel to the formal instrumental curricula. It has adopted and adapted a Brazilian model of peer teaching and learning that has sustained as a community of participation. Findings suggest that participation in the non-formal ensemble has clearly enhanced students’ learning, regarding the formal context of their instrumental learning that is both assessed and certificated, whilst by contrast the non-formal ensemble’s activities are not. Instead, it features shared musical and extra-musical learning goals that involve performances, workshops in the community and active participation in non-formal learning practices. Further to this, findings show that active participation has engendered highly effective peer teaching and learning, as central to sustaining the ensemble’s effectiveness for rhythm learners. Keywords: Rhythm learning, non-formal learning, popular music education, peer teaching and learning. i Resumo O aprendizado musical não-formal tem crescido nos últimos dez anos, particularmente nas escolas secundárias do Reino Unido e na Holanda, onde músicos profissionais e músicos comunitários trouxeram habilidades de liderança musical para o ambiente educacional formal. A justificativa para esta tese de doutoramento veio da falta de pesquisa sobre a aprendizagem não formal do ritmo musical em um contexto de educação formal. Como objetivo principal, este estudo, situado no contexto dos cursos de música popular de um colégio escocês, investigou os benefícios da aprendizagem não formal de ritmo para melhorar a aprendizagem instrumental formal. A coleta de dados envolveu um estudo etnográfico do envolvimento de alunos, docentes e ex-alunos com a aprendizagem de ritmo em um grupo de percussão extracurricular, utilizando um estudo de caso interpretativo baseado na observação do participante e em entrevistas que eliciaram aspetos-chave da aprendizagem não formal dos participantes. O grupo pesquisado existe há vinte e cinco anos e funciona paralelamente aos currículos instrumentais formais, e adotou e adaptou um modelo brasileiro de ensino e aprendizagem entre pares que se sustentou como uma comunidade de participação. Os resultados sugerem que a participação no conjunto não formal melhorou claramente a aprendizagem dos alunos, considerando o contexto formal da sua aprendizagem instrumental que é avaliada e certificada, enquanto que, em contraste, as atividades do conjunto não formal não são. Em vez disso, o conjunto não formal apresenta objetivos de aprendizagem musical e extra-musical partilhados que envolvem espetáculos, palestras na comunidade e participação ativa em práticas de aprendizagem não formal. Além disso, as descobertas mostram que a participação ativa gerou ensino e aprendizado de pares altamente eficazes, o que foi central para sustentar sua eficácia para os aprendentes rítmicos. Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem de ritmo, aprendizagem não formal, educação musical popular, ensino e aprendizagem de pares. ii Contents Wave of Rhythm: Non-formal Learning in a Popular Music Education Context Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i Resumo ........................................................................................................................ ii Contents ..................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. vii Figures ........................................................................................................................ ix Tables .......................................................................................................................... ix Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Summary ........................................................................................... 18 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................. 19 Learning Modes and Contexts ............................................................ 19 1.1 Formal Education and Learning ................................................. 21 1.2 Informal Education and Learning .............................................. 24 1.2.1 Informal Learning ............................................................................... 25 1.2.2 Informal Learning and Popular Music Education ...................................... 27 1.3 Non-Formal Education (NFE) and Non-formal Learning (NFL) .. 30 1.3.1 Recognised Prior Learning (RPL) ........................................................... 33 1.3.2 NFE in the wider Educational Context .................................................... 37 1.3.3 Non-formal Learning ........................................................................... 40 1.4 Non-formal Music Learning ....................................................... 46 1.4.1 Non-formal Music Learning and the School ............................................. 47 1.4.2 Non-formal Music Pedagogy: the ‘Mestre’ System ................................... 55 1.5 Summary .................................................................................. 58 Chapter II ................................................................................................................. 61 Rhythm Learning: Its Concepts, Methods, Contexts and Pedagogy .... 61 iii 2.1 Formal Education: The Pedagogy and Practices of Learning Rhythm ..................................................................................... 62 2.1.1 Beat and Pulse.................................................................................... 64 2.1.2 Tempo, Metre and Subdivision .............................................................. 66 2.1.3 Accentuation and Syncopation .............................................................. 68 2.2 Rhythm Learning in the Context of a Popular Music Course in Scotland ................................................................................... 73 2.2.1 A Personal Retrospective on Rhythm Learning ........................................ 76 2.2.2 An Afro-Brazilian Experience of Learning Rhythms ................................... 78 2.2.3 Non-formal Pedagogy and Rhythm Learning ........................................... 82 2.3 Examples from practice of Non-formal Rhythm Pedagogy ........ 85 2.3.1 Examples of Rhythm Mnemonics ........................................................... 88 2.4 Summary .................................................................................. 89 Chapter III ............................................................................................................... 91 Research Aims, Methods and Methodology ........................................ 91 3.1 Research Aims .......................................................................... 91 3.2 Research Question .................................................................... 93 3.3 Research Strategy ..................................................................... 96 3.4 Research Design ....................................................................... 98 3.5 Interviews ...............................................................................
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