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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11921-4 - The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon Editors Leonard Lawlor and John Nale Frontmatter More information

THE CAMBRIDGE FOUCAULT LEXICON

The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon is a reference tool that provides clear and incisive defi nitions and descriptions of all of Michel Foucault’s major terms and infl uences, including history, knowledge, language, philosophy, and power. It also includes entries on philosophers about whom Foucault wrote and who infl uenced his thinking, such as Deleuze, Heidegger, Nietzsche, and Canguilhem. The entries are written by scholars of Foucault from a variety of disciplines such as philosophy, gender studies, political science, and history. Together, they shed light on concepts key to Foucault and to ongoing discus- sions of his work today.

Leonard Lawlor is Sparks Professor of Philosophy at the Pennsylvania State University. He is the author of This Is Not Suffi cient: An Essay on Animality and Human Nature in Derrida and Early Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy and is co-editor (with Ted Toadvine) of The Merleau-Ponty Reader .

John Nale earned his PhD in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University. He is currently Visiting Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Florida.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11921-4 - The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon Editors Leonard Lawlor and John Nale Frontmatter More information

THE CAMBRIDGE FOUCAULT LEXICON Editors Leonard Lawlor Pennsylvania State University and John Nale University of North Florida

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A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lawlor, Leonard, 1954− The Cambridge Foucault lexicon / Leonard Lawlor, Pennsylvania State University, John Nale, University of North Florida. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-11921-4 (hardback) 1. Foucault, Michel, 1926–1984 − Dictionaries. I. Title. B2430.F724L38 2014 194−dc23 2013027344 isbn 978-0-521-11921-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL s for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of Abbreviations for Foucault’s Texts page ix Introduction xv

I. TERMS

1. Abnormal Dianna Taylor 3 2. Actuality Erinn Gilson 10 3. Archaeology Gary Gutting 13 4. Archive Richard A. Lynch 20 5. Author Harry A. Nethery IV 24 6. Biohistory Eduardo Mendieta 31 7. Biopolitics Eduardo Mendieta 37 8. Biopower Eduardo Mendieta 44 9. Body John Protevi 51 10. Care Stephanie Jenkins 57 11. Christianity James Bernauer 61 12. Civil Society Paul Patton 64 13. Conduct Corey McCall 68 14. Confession James Bernauer 75 15. Contestation Leonard Lawlor 80 16. Control Jeffrey T. Nealon 83 17. Critique Christopher Penfi eld 87 18. Death Arun Iyer 94 19. Desire Margaret A. McLaren 99 20. Difference Paul Patton 102 21. Discipline Devonya N. Havis 110

vi / Contents

22. Discourse Richard A. Lynch 120 23. Dispositif (Apparatus) Gilles Deleuze 126 24. The Double Ann V. Murphy 133 25. Ethics Gary Gutting 136 26. Event Erinn Gilson 143 27. Experience Kevin Thompson 147 28. Finitude Ann V. Murphy 153 29. Freedom Jana Sawicki 156 30. Friendship Joshua Kurdys 162 31. Genealogy Charles E. Scott 165 32. Governmentality Todd May 175 33. Hermeneutics Pol van de Velde 182 34. History Judith Revel 187 35. Historical a Priori Jeffrey T. Nealon 200 36. Homosexuality Nicolae Morar 207 37. Human Sciences Samuel Talcott 212 38. Institution Robert Vallier 217 39. The Intellectual Philippe Artières 224 40. Knowledge Mary Beth Mader 226 41. Language Fred Evans 236 42. Law Andrew Dilts 243 43. Liberalism Jared Hibbard-Swanson 251 44. Life Eduardo Mendieta 254 45. Literature Hugh J. Silverman 263 46. Love Margaret A. McLaren 270 47. Madness Paolo Savoia 273 48. Man Alan D. Schrift 281 49. Marxism Bill Martin 288 50. Medicine Samuel Talcott 295 51. Monster Nicolae Morar 300 52. Multiplicity Erinn Gilson 304 53. Nature Luca Paltrinieri 308 54. Normalization Ladelle McWhorter 315 55. Outside David-Olivier Gougelet 322 56. Painting (and Photography) Gary Shapiro 327 57. Parresia Corey McCall 334 58. Phenomenology Leonard Lawlor 337 59. Philosophy Miguel de Beistegui 345 60. Plague David-Olivier Gougelet 356 61. Pleasure Margaret A. McLaren 359 62. Politics Amy Allen 364

Contents / vii

63. Population Ladelle McWhorter 370 64. Power Judith Revel 377 65. Practice Brad Stone 386 66. Prison Philippe Artières 392 67. Prison Information Group (GIP) Leonard Lawlor 394 68. Problematization Colin Koopman 399 69. Psychiatry Chloë Taylor 404 70. Psychoanalysis Adrian Switzer 411 71. Race (and Racism) Robert Bernasconi 419 72. Reason C. G. Prado 424 73. Religion James Bernauer 429 74. Resistance Joanna Oksala 432 75. Revolution Mark Kelly 438 76. Self Lynne Huffer 443 77. Sex Olivia Custer 449 78. Sovereignty Banu Bargu 456 79. Space Stuart Elden 466 80. Spirituality Edward McGushin 472 81. State Mark Kelly 477 82. Statement Richard A. Lynch 482 83. Strategies (and Tactics) John Nale 486 84. Structuralism Patrick Singy 490 85. Subjectifi cation Todd May 496 86. Technology (of Discipline, Governmentality, and Ethics) Paul Patton 503 87. Transgression Allan Stoekl 509 88. Truth Don T. Deere 517 89. Violence Joanna Oksala 528 90. The Visible Luca Paltrinieri 534 91. War John Protevi 540

II. PROPER NAMES

92. Louis Althusser (1918–1990) Warren Montag 549 93. The Ancients (Stoics and Cynics) Frédéric Gros 555 94. Georges Bataille (1897–1962) Shannon Winnubst 560 95. Xavier Bichat (1771–1802) Patrick Singy 563 96. Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966) Paolo Savoia 567 97. Maurice Blanchot (1907–2003) Kas Saghafi 572 98. Henri de Boulainvilliers (1658–1722) Robert Bernasconi 577

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99. Georges Canguilhem (1904–1995) Samuel Talcott 580 100. Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995) Paul Patton 588 101. Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) Samir Haddad 595 102. René Descartes (1596–1650) Edward McGushin 602 103. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Adrian Switzer 609 104. Jürgen Habermas (1929–) Amy Allen 616 105. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) Kevin Thompson 624 106. Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) David Webb 630 107. Jean Hyppolite (1907–1968) Leonard Lawlor 639 108. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Marc Djaballah 641 109. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) David-Olivier Gougelet 652 110. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1907–1961) Federico Leoni 655 111. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1901) Alan D. Schrift 662 112. Plato (428–347 BCE) Frédéric Gros 669 113. Pierre Rivière (1815–1840) Jean-François Bert 674 114. Raymond Roussel (1877–1933) Timothy O’Leary 676 115. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) Thomas R. Flynn 680 116. William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Andrew Cutrofello 689 117. Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831) Mark Kelly 693

Chronology of Michel Foucault’s Life (1926–1984) 695 Secondary Works Cited 699 Authors’ Biographical Statements 715 Index 721

List of Abbreviations for Foucault’s Texts

Texts by Michel Foucault in English translation

EAIF Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics , ed. Paul Rabinow and Hubert Dreyfus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.

EAK The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language , trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books, 1971.

EAW “Madness, the Absence of an Œuvre,” in The History of Madness , trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 541–549.

EBC The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception , trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. EBHS “About the Beginnings of the Hermeneutics of the Self: Two Lectures at Dartmouth,” Political Theory 21, no. 2 (May 1993): 198–227.

ECF-AB Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France 1974–1975 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Picador, 2003.

ECF-BBIO The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

ECF-COT The Courage of Truth. The Government of Self and Others II: Lectures at the Collège de France 1983–1984 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

x / List of Abbreviations

ECF-GSO The Government of Self and Others: Lectures at the Collège de France 1982–1983 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

ECF-HOS The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France 1981–1982 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2005.

ECF-PP Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Collège de France 1973–1974 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

ECF-SMD “Society Must Be Defended ”: Lectures at the Collège de France 1975–1976 , trans. David Macey. New York: Picador, 2003.

ECF-STP Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977– 1978 , trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ECM “Crisis of Medicine or Crisis of Anti-medicine?” trans. Edgar C. Knowlton, William J. King, and Clare O’Farrell, Foucault Studies 1 (2004): 5–19.

EDE Ludwig Binswanger, Dream and Existence , trans. Jacob Needleman, Introduction (“Dream, Imagination, Existence”) by Michel Foucault, trans. Forrest Williams. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1985.

EDL Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel , trans. Charles Ruas. New York: Continuum, 2007.

EDP Discipline and Punish , trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1995. EEF The Essential Foucault , ed. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose. New York: The New Press, 2003.

EEW1 Ethics, Subjectivity, and Truth: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984 , ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 1997.

EEW2 Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984 , ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 1998. EEW3 Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984 , ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 2000.

EFB Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot: The Thought from Outside , and Maurice Blanchot, Michel Foucault as I Imagine Him , trans. Jeffrey Mehlman and Brian Massumi. New York: Zone Books, 1987.

EFC A. J. Ayers and Arne Naess; Sir Karl Popper and Sir John Eccles; Noam Chomsky and Michel Foucault; Leszek Kolakowski and

List of Abbreviations / xi

Henri Lefebrve, Refl exive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind , ed. Fons Elder. London: Souvenir Press, 1974.

EFE The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality , ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

EFL Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961–1984 , 2nd ed., ed. Sylvere Lotringer. New York: Semiotext(e), 1996.

EFR The Foucault Reader , ed. Paul Rabinow. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.

EFS Fearless Speech , ed. Joseph Pearson. Los Angeles: Semiotexte, 2001.

EGS “The Gay Science,” trans. Nicolae Morar and Daniel W. Smith, Critical Inquiry 37 (2011): 385–403.

EHM The History of Madness , trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge, 2006.

EHS1 The History of Sexuality , volume 1: An Introduction , trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1990.

EHS2 The History of Sexuality , volume 2: The Use of Pleasure , trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Random House, 1985.

EHS3 The History of Sexuality , volume 3: The Care of the Self , trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1988.

EIKA Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology , trans. Roberto Nigro and Kate Briggs. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2008.

EINP Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological , with an introduction by Michel Foucault. New York: Zone Books, 1991, pp. 7–24.

ELCP Language, Counter-memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews by Michel Foucault , ed. Donald F. Bouchard. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977.

EMIP Mental Illness and Psychology , trans. Alan Sheridan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

EMP Manet and the Object of Painting , trans. Nicolas Bourriaud. London: Tate Publishing, 2009.

ENP This Is Not a Pipe , trans. James Harkness. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

xii / List of Abbreviations

EOT The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences , anon. trans. New York: Vintage, 1994. EPGP “Photogenic Painting,” trans. Dafydd Roberts, in Michel Foucault, Revisions 2: Photogenic Painting , ed. Gilles Deleuze. London: Black Dog Publishing, 1999, pp. 81–104.

EPHM “Preface to the 1961 Edition,” in The History of Madness , trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge, 2006, pp. xxvii–xxxvi.

EPK Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977 , ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.

EPPC Michel Foucault, Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interview and Other Writings, 1977–1984 , ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman. New York: Routledge, 1988.

EPR I, Pierre Rivière, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister, and My Brother: A Case of Parricide in the 19th Century , ed. Michel Foucault, trans. Frank Jellinek. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.

EPT The Politics of Truth , trans. Lysa Hochroth and Catherine Porter. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2007.

ERC Religion and Culture: Michel Foucault , selected and edited by Jeremy R. Carrette. New York: Routledge, 1999.

ERD “Reply to Derrida,” in The History of Madness , trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 575–590.

ETS Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault , ed. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.

EWC “What Is Critique?” trans. Kevin Paul Geiman, in What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth Century Answers and Twentieth Century Questions , ed. James Schmidt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 382–398.

Texts by Michel Foucault in French

FAS L’archeologie du savoir . Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1969. FCF-ANO Les anormaux: Cours au Collège de France, 1974–1975 . Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 1999.

List of Abbreviations / xiii

FCF-CV Le courage de la vérité, le gouvernement de soi et des autres II: Cours au Collège de France, 1984 . Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 2009. FCF-FDS “Il faut defendre la société”: Cours au Collège de France, 1976 . Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 1997.

FCF-GDV Du gouvernement des vivants: Cours au Collège de France, 1979–1980. Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 2012.

FCF-LSV Leçons sur la volonté de savoir: Cours au Collège de France, 1970–1971. Suivi de Le savoir d’Œipe . Paris: Hautes Études Gallimard Seuil, 2011. FCF-NBIO Naissance de la biopolitique: Cours au Collège de France, 1978–1979 . Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 2004.

FDE1 Dits et écrits, I: 1954–1969 . Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. FDE1a Dits et écrits, I: 1954–1975 . Paris: Quarto Gallimard, 2001. FDE2 Dits et écrits, II: 1970–1976 . Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. FDE2a Dits et écrits, II: 1976–1988 . Paris: Quarto Gallimard, 2001. FDE3 Dits et écrits, III: 1976–1979 . Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. FDE4 Dits et écrits, IV: 1980–1988 . Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. FDF Michel Foucault and A. Farge, Le Désordre des familles: Lettres de cachet des archives de la Bastille . Paris : Gallimard-Julliard, coll. Archives, 1982.

FGS Michel Foucault, “Le Gai Savoir,” in Jean Le Bitoux, Entretiens sur la Question Gay (Paris: Editeur H&O, 2005), pp. 45–72. Reprinted as “Gay Science,” trans. Nicolae Morar and Daniel W. Smith, Critical Inquiry 37 (2011): 385–403. FHF Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique . Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1972.

FHS1 Histoire de la sexualité 1: la volonté de savoir . Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1976. FHS2 Histoire de la sexualité 2: l’usage des plaisirs . Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1984. FHS3 Histoire de la sexualité 3: le souci de soi . Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1984.

FKF Kant, Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique & Foucault, Introduction à l’Anthropologie . Paris: Vrin, 2009. FMC Les mots et les choses . Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1966. FMFE Michel Foucault, entretiens , ed. Roger-Pol Droit. Paris: Odile Jacob, 2004.

xiv / List of Abbreviations

FMMP Maladie mentale et psychologie . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962.

FNC Naissance de la Clinique . Paris: Quadrige Presses Universitaires de France, 1963.

FNGH “Nietzsche, la généalogie, l’histoire,” in Hommage à Jean Hyppolite . Paris: Presses Universtaire de France, 1971, pp. 145–172.

FOD L’ordre du discours . Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1971. FQC M. Foucault, “Qu’est-ce que la critique? (Critique et Aufklärung),” Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie 84, no. 2 (1990): 35–63. FSP Surveiller et punir . Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1975.

Introduction

The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon is intended to be an important research tool for scholars working in Foucault studies and more generally in twentieth-century French and European thought. The volume consists of one hundred seventeen entries, written by the world’s leading scholars in Foucault’s thought. The entries range from the most central and well-known concepts in Foucault’s thinking – such as archaeology, ethics, genealogy, history, knowledge, language, madness, philosophy, power, subjectifi cation, and truth – to more obscure themes and notions such as actuality, Christianity, death, double, hermeneutics, homosexuality, love, medicine, multiplicity, painting, plague, race, and war. The volume also includes entries on key fi gures in Foucault’s thinking or key fi gures for the development of his thinking, fi gures as obvious as Georges Canguilhem, Gilles Deleuze, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jürgen Habermas, Martin Heidegger, and Immanuel Kant, and as obscure as Xavier Bichat, Ludwig Binswanger, Henri de Boulainvilliers, Raymond Roussel, and William Shakespeare. Each entry attempts to present the notion, idea, or theme in question in a way that is lucid, coherent, comprehensive, and thoroughly researched. Similarly, the entries on fi gures attempt to present, with utmost precision, the relation of infl uence (direct or indirect) or relation of appropriation between the fi gure and Foucault. Within each entry, the reader will fi nd the defi nitions, structures, and descriptions documented on the basis of Foucault’s works (by means of a list of abbreviations found at the front of this volume). By examining the references, the reader will be able to determine precisely which Foucault text is most relevant for the term under consideration and thereby, if he or she desires, be able to read Foucault’s own words themselves. For instance, in the entry on “Power,” the reader will see several references to a 1982 work called “Subjects and Power” (found both in EEW3, 326–348, and in EAIF, 208–228), and in “Immanuel Kant” the reader will see several references to Foucault’s 1961 Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology (EIKA) and to his 1984 essay “What Is Enlightenment?” (EEW2, 303–320). Out of the

xvi / Introduction

shorter texts, “Subjects and Power” and “What Is Enlightenment?” are essential starting points for understanding Foucault’s thinking. Although we do not intend that The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon be read from cover to cover (the entries are in alphabetical order, fi rst for the terms, then for the proper names), we have provided two ways of reading across the volume. On the one hand, at the end of each entry, the reader will fi nd a list of terms (under the category of “See Also”) that intersect with the term under consideration. On the other hand, at the end of the volume, the reader will fi nd an index (of terms and names) that aims to be comprehensive and even exhaustive. (We would like to take this opportunity to thank Joseph Barker, doctoral student in philosophy at Penn State University, for compiling this excel- lent index.) We would also like to thank Jennifer Wagner-Lawlor who assisted us in the fi nal proofreading of the entire volume. Through these two systems of cross- reference, the reader will be able to construct something like a comprehensive nar- rative of Foucault’s thinking. Finally, at the end, the reader will fi nd “Secondary Works Cited,” whose explicit purpose is obvious but that also functions as a sort of Foucault bibliography. For our readers who are not very familiar with Foucault’s life, we have also appended a “Chronology of Foucault’s Life.” Overall, we hope you will see this volume as a sort of event in Foucault scholar- ship, and indeed, as Foucault would have wanted it, an event in thinking in general.

Leonard Lawlor John Nale