DOCSLIB.ORG

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Alnus Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antimicrobial Activity of Some Alnus Species Eur opean Rev iew for Med ical and Pharmacol ogical Sci ences 2015; 19: 4671-4674 Antimicrobial activity of some Alnus species Ç. ALTINYAY 1, M. ERYILMAZ 2, A.N. YAZGAN 3, B. SEVER YILMAZ 3, M.L. ALTUN 3 1The Ministry of Health of Turkey, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ankara, Turkey 2Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey 3Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: The increasing buted in temperate regions of the northern he - prevalence of resistant microorganisms forced misphere 1. There are six taxones of Alnus species scientists to find new antimicrobial substances growing wild in Turkey 2. The plants of the genus from different sources like medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to determine the an - Alnus contain various types of plant secondary timicrobial activities of leaf extracts of some metabolites mainly diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, Alnus sp. against some bacteria and a yeast. terpenoids, phenols, steroids and tannins 3. Alnus MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous and species have been used as anti-perspirant 4, for ethanolic leaf extracts of A. glutinosa subsp. the treatment of rheumatism, uterus cancer 5, he - glutinosa, A. orientalis var. orientalis , A. orien - morrhoids 6, dental abscesses, nail inflammation 4, talis var. pubescens were screened for their an - various skin diseases such as chronic herpes, ec - timicrobial activities against Staphylococcus au - 7 6 reus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MR - zema, prurigo and also for wound healing in SA), Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli folk medicine. ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC The objective of this study was to evaluate the 27853 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Broth in vitro antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of dilution method was used to determine the an - A. glutinosa subsp. glutinosa , A. orientalis var. timicrobial activities of plant extracts. orientalis , A. orientalis var. pubescens against RESULTS: Ethanolic extracts of tested species exhibited better antimicrobial activity than aque - some bacteria and a yeast . ous extracts. Ethanolic extracts of tested species possessed activity having MIC values of 0.125- 0.250 mg/ml against the tested microorganisms. Materials and Methods No antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa for all the aqueous Plant Material extracts. Except these aqueous extracts, the oth - The plant materials used in this study, their lo - ers possessed activity having MIC value of 1.000 mg/ml against the tested microorganisms. calities, collection dates and voucher specimen CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the numbers are presented in Table I. All voucher first investigation on the evaluation of antimicro - specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of bial activities on aqueous and ethanolic leaf ex - Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Anka - tracts of these species. This study provides sig - ra, Turkey. Alnus species were identified by Prof. nificant information about antimicrobial activi - Dr. Hayri Duman. ties of leaf extracts of A. glutinosa subsp. gluti - nosa, A. orientalis var. orientalis, A. orientalis var. pubescens. It is conceivable that one of the Preparation of Extracts reason for the usage of Alnus glutinosa , in treat - 5 g of each powdered dried plant material was ment of wound healing in folk medicine, is be - extracted with water and 75% of ethanol in an ult - cause of its antimicrobial activity. rasonic bath for 1 h. The water extracts were filte - red and then lyophilized. The ethanol extracts we - Key Words: re filtered and then evaporated to dryness. Antimicrobial activity, Alnus sp., A. glutinosa, A. ori - entalis. In vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Alnus Species Introduction Aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of A. glu - tinosa subsp . glutinosa , A. orientalis var . orien - The genus Alnus Miller, belongs to Betulaceae talis , A. orientalis var . pubescens were screened family, consists of about 35 species and is distri - for their potential in vitro antibacterial activities Corresponding Author: Müjde Eryılmaz, MD; e-mail: [email protected] 4671 Ç. Altınyay, M. Eryılmaz, A.N. Yazgan, B. Sever Yılmaz, M.L. Altun Table I. Scientific names, studied organs, locations, harvest dates and voucher specimen numbers of the studied plants. Voucher Studied Location Harvest specimen Scientific name organ date (AEF) No A. glutinosa subsp . glutinosa Leaves Beylice Çukurhan Village, Bolu to Sakarya May-11 25991 A. orientalis var. orientalis Leaves Köyceğiz, Sandıras Mountain, Ağla May-11 25990 A. orientalis var. pubescens Leaves Köyceğiz lakeside May-11 25989 against S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC of 0.125-0.250 mg/ml against the tested microor - 43300 (MRSA), B. subtilis ATCC 6633, E. coli ganisms. No antibacterial activity was observed ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and against B. subtilis , E. coli , P. aeruginosa for all antifungal activities against C. albicans ATCC the aqueous extracts. The MIC values of aqueous 10231 . Prior to testing all extracts were filter-ste - extracts were 1.000 mg/ml against both S. aureus rilized through a 0.45 µm membrane filter. Broth strains and C. albicans . dilution assay was used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cultures were obtained in Mueller Hinton Broth Discussion (Difco, Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA ). Serial two-fold dilutions ranging from 1 .000 to A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., commonly known as 0.0625 mg/ml were prepared in medium. A set of “black alder” or “european alder”, is naturally tubes containing only inoculated broth were used widespread across all of Europe, from mid-Scan - as controls. After incubation for 18-24 h at dinavia to the Mediterranean countries, including 37±1° C for bacteria -48 h for fungi , the last tube northern Morocco and Algeria 10 . In Turkey, the with no microbial growth was recorded to repre - leaves of A. glutinosa have been used as a folk sent MIC value (mg/ml) 8,9 . remedy to treat wounds and cuts, and one glass of the infusion of leaves is drunk three times per day to treat rheumatism 11 . Results In the previous studies, antioxidant 12,13 , hepa - toprotective and anti-inflammatory 3 activities of The MIC results of the tested extracts are A. glutinosa have been reported . Middleton et shown in Table II . Ethanolic extracts of tested al 12 also demonstrated the antibacterial activity of species exhibited better antimicrobial activity the seed methanolic extract of A. glutinosa aga - than aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extracts of tes - inst eight bacterial species (Citrobacter freundii , ted species possessed activity having MIC values E. coli , Klebsiella aerogenes , Lactobacillus plan - Table II. MIC values (mg/ml) of Alnus species against tested microorganisms. Microorganisms Extracts S. aureus S. aureus B. subtilis E. coli P. aeruginosa C. albicans ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC 25923 43300 6633 25922 27853 10231 A. orientalis E 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.250 0.250 0.125 var . pubescens W 1.0 1.0 -- -1.0 A. orientalis E 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.125 var. orientalis W 1.0 1.0 -- -1.0 A. glutinosa E 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.250 0.125 0.125 subsp. glutinosa W 1.0 1.0 -- -1.0 E: ethanol, W: water, ‘-‘ = represents no activity. 4672 Antimicrobial activity of some Alnus species tarum , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus , E. coli ) and the Alnus glutinosa , in treatment of wound healing in most potent activity was seen against E.coli with folk medicine, is because of its antimicrobial ac - an MIC value of 1.25x10 -1 mg/ml . In 2014, Dahi - tivity. To our knowledge, this is the first investi - ja et al 14 indicated that methanolic leaf extracts of gation on the evaluation of antimicrobial activiti - A. glutinosa possessed antimicrobial activity aga - es on aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of these inst B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa species. and C. albicans . In 1995, Saxena et al 15 demons - trated that the bark methanolic extract of A. rub - –––––––––––––––– –-– –– ra has antibacterial effect against Gram positive Conflict of Interest and Gram negative bacteria. Diarylheptanoid The Authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. oregonin and its glycoside were identified as the two constituents responsible for this activity. In a study that the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and References antimicrobial activities of leaves, bark, and co - ne extracts of A. incana (L.) Moench ssp. inca - 1) LUDWICZUK A, S AHA A, K UZUHARA T, A SAKAWA Y. Bioac - na and A. viridis (Chaix) DC ssp. viridis were tivity guided isolation of anticancer constituents from leaves of Alnus sieboldiana (Betulaceae). evaluated, all the extracts were found to pos - Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 491-498. sess antimicrobial activity against 15 microor - 2) DAVIS , P.H. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean ganisms. The most active extracts were found Islands, Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press as the extracts of cones of A. incana and A. vi - 2000; 11: 216. ridis with MIC values ranging from 0.117 to 3) SATI SC, S ATI N, S ATI OP. Bioactive constituents and 0.129 mg/ml 16 . medicinal importance of genus Alnus . Pharma - In a study, the ethanolic extract of the barks of cogn Rev 2011; 5: 174-183. A. pendula and the fractions obtained from it we - 4) LOI MC, P OLI F, S ACCHETTI G, S ELENU MB, B ALLERO M. re evaluated for their antibacterial activity aga - Ethnopharmacology of Ogliastra (Villagrande Stri - saili, Sardinia, Italy). Fitoterapia 2004; 75: 277- inst methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 295. (MRSA). By using the broth microdilution met - 5) HAMMOND GB, F ERNANDEZ ID, V ILLEGAS LF, V AISBERG hod, the extract found to possess antibacterial ac - AJ. A survey of traditional medicinal plants from tivity with MIC values ranging from 0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1
    Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1 Authors: Jiang, Wei, He, Hua-Jie, Lu, Lu, Burgess, Kevin S., Wang, Hong, et. al. Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 104(2) : 171-229 Published By: Missouri Botanical Garden Press URL: https://doi.org/10.3417/2019337 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS Volume 104 Annals Number 2 of the R 2019 Missouri Botanical Garden EVOLUTION OF ANGIOSPERM Wei Jiang,2,3,7 Hua-Jie He,4,7 Lu Lu,2,5 POLLEN. 7. NITROGEN-FIXING Kevin S. Burgess,6 Hong Wang,2* and 2,4 CLADE1 De-Zhu Li * ABSTRACT Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in root nodules is known in only 10 families, which are distributed among a clade of four orders and delimited as the nitrogen-fixing clade.
    [Show full text]
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.
    [Show full text]
  • Alnus Japonica), a Pioneering Tree Species in the Kushiro Marshland, Hokkaido KONDO Kei 1), KITAMURA Keiko 2)* and IRIE Kiyoshi 3)
    「森林総合研究所研究報告」(Bulletin of FFPRI), Vol.5, No.2 (No.399), 175-181, June 2006 論 文（Original article） Preliminary results for genetic variation and populational differentiation of Japanese alder (Alnus japonica), a pioneering tree species in the Kushiro Marshland, Hokkaido KONDO Kei 1), KITAMURA Keiko 2)* and IRIE Kiyoshi 3) Abstract In recent years, an Alnus japonica (Japanese alder) forest has been expanding into the Kushiro Marshland, bringing conspicuous changes to its ecosystem and landscape. To prevent these rapid changes in wetland ecosystems, we sought to clarify the genetic variation and structure of 23 populations for A. japonica using isozyme analysis, which might provide basic information for estimating the distribution expansion mechanism of A. japonica in the Kushiro Marshland. Our results show significantly high expected heterozygosity (He) for populations in upstream regions than in downstream regions. Other genetic parameters show no significant differences, such as the mean number of alleles per locus (Na), effective number of alleles per locus (Ne), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and the coefficient that measures excesses of homozygotes relative to panmictic expectations within respective populations (FIS). The FST value is high (0.183), indicating differences in allele frequencies among populations. Significant clinal differences between populations in the upstream and downstream regions might be partly attributable to (i) the founder effect, a fluctuation of genetic diversity during foundation, or (ii) natural selection to certain alleles to/against different environments. The high FST value among populations might be partly attributable to the founder effect as a pioneer species and one with rapid expansion during establishment. This result might relate to the characteristic to the pioneering tree species, which establishes suitable sites by chance.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosystematics and Phenology of Alnus Maritima (Betulaceae) James Alan Schrader Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2002 Biosystematics and phenology of Alnus maritima (Betulaceae) James Alan Schrader Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Schrader, James Alan, "Biosystematics and phenology of Alnus maritima (Betulaceae) " (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1028. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1028 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of thi* reproduction Is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material
    Xiang et al., Page S1 Supporting Information Fig. S1. Examples of the diversity of diaspore shapes in Fagales. Fig. S2. Cladogram of Fagales obtained from the 5-marker data set. Fig. S3. Chronogram of Fagales obtained from analysis of the 5-marker data set in BEAST. Fig. S4. Time scale of major fagalean divergence events during the past 105 Ma. Fig. S5. Confidence intervals of expected clade diversity (log scale) according to age of stem group. Fig. S6. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with BiSSE model. Fig. S7. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S8. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with MuSSE model. Fig. S9. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S10. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with BiSSE model. Fig. S11. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S12. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with MuSSE model. Fig. S13. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S14. Stratigraphy of fossil fagalean genera. Table S1 Genera of Fagales indicating the number of recognized and sampled species, nut sizes, habits, pollination modes, and geographic distributions. Table S2 List of taxa included in this study, sources of plant material, and GenBank accession numbers. Table S3 Primers used for amplification and sequencing in this study. Table S4 Fossil age constraints utilized in this study of Fagales diversification. Table S5 Fossil fruits reviewed in this study. Xiang et al., Page S2 Table S6 Statistics from the analyses of the various data sets. Table S7 Estimated ages for all families and genera of Fagales using BEAST.
    [Show full text]
  • A Homeotic Mutation Changes Legume Nodule Ontogeny Into Actinorhizal-Type Ontogeny
    A Homeotic Mutation Changes Legume Nodule Ontogeny into Actinorhizal-type Ontogeny. Item Type Article Authors Shen, Defeng; Xiao, Ting Ting; Velzen, Robin van; Kulikova, Olga; Gong, Xiaoyun; Geurts, Rene; Pawlowski, Katharina; Bisseling, Ton Citation Shen, D., Xiao, T. T., Velzen, R. van, Kulikova, O., Gong, X., Geurts, R., … Bisseling, T. (2020). A Homeotic Mutation Changes Legume Nodule Ontogeny into Actinorhizal-type Ontogeny. The Plant Cell, tpc.00739.2019. doi:10.1105/tpc.19.00739 Eprint version Post-print DOI 10.1105/tpc.19.00739 Publisher American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB) Journal The Plant cell Rights Archived with thanks to The Plant cell Download date 27/09/2021 18:01:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662517 Plant Cell Advance Publication. Published on April 10, 2020, doi:10.1105/tpc.19.00739 RESEARCH ARTICLE A Homeotic Mutation Changes Legume Nodule Ontogeny into Actinorhizal-type Ontogeny Defeng Shen,a,1,2 Ting Ting Xiao,a,1,3 Robin van Velzen,a,b Olga Kulikova,a Xiaoyun Gong,c,4 René Geurts,a Katharina Pawlowski,c and Ton Bisselinga,5 aLaboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. bBiosystematics Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. cDepartment of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 1These authors contributed equally to this work. 2Present address: Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany. 3Present address: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ainu Ethnobiology
    Williams Ainu Ethnobiology In the last 20 years there has been an increasing focus on study of Ainu culture in Japan, the United States, and in Europe. is has resulted in a number of major exhibitions and publications such as “Ainu, Spirit of a Northern People” published in 1999 by the Ainu Ethnobiology Smithsonian and the University of Washington Press. While such e orts have greatly enhanced our general knowledge of the Ainu, they did not allow for a full understanding of the way in which the Ainu regarded and used plants and animals in their daily life. is study aims at expanding our knowledge of ethnobiology as a central component of Ainu culture. It is based in large part on an analysis of the work of Ainu, Japanese, and Western researchers working in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. Ainu Ethnobiology Dai Williams was born in Lincoln, England in 1941. He received a BA in Geography and Anthropology from Oxford University in 1964 and a MA in Landscape Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1969. He spent the majority of his career in city and regional planning. His cultural research began through museum involvement in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based in Kyoto from 1989, he began research on the production and use of textiles in 19th century rural Japan. His research on the Ainu began in 1997 but primarily took place in Hokkaido between 2005 and 2009. Fieldwork focused on several areas of Hokkaido, like the Saru River Basin and the Shiretoko Peninsula, which the Ainu once occupied.
    [Show full text]
  • Alnus Japonica (Thunb.) Steud
    Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. Betulaceae LOCAL NAMES English (Japanese alder); Japanese (hannoki) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Alnus japonica is a deciduous or evergreen shrub or small tree, 3-10(-20) m tall; crown dense; bark gray, smooth; twigs with a 3-angled pith and stalked, twig ends rather sharply triangular, perular glands, glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves simple, alternate, in 3 rows, mostly with domatia in the vein axils and often glandular-lepidote below; leaf blade ovate-oblong to elliptical oblong, 6-9.5(-13) cm x 2.7-5 cm, dentate, distinctly acuminate, base broadly or obtusely cuneate or subrotundate, with 6-7 pairs of lateral veins; petiole slender, 1-3 cm long; stipules early caducous. Flowers in unisexual catkins. Male inflorescence a many-flowered pendulous catkin, 3-5 cm x 3-5 mm; flowers arranged in groups of 3 (triads) in the axil of a bract; flower with 4 perianth segments mostly connate at base, stamens 4, epipetalous, with short filaments; female inflorescence a short, upright catkin arranged in a terminal raceme on short shoots, catkin 1.5-2.5 cm x 1 cm, penducle 0.5 cm long, flowers in groups of 2 (diads) sustained by a bract concrescent with 4 bracteoles, without a perianth, styles 2 with stigmatose tip. Fruiting catkin cone-like, woody, with 5-lobed scales and minute 2-winged nutlets, fruit a small nut, compressed, 1-seeded, crowned by the styles; nut obovate-orbicular, not emarginate, about 3 mm in diameter including the wings. BIOLOGY The tree flowers and fruits from April to November in its natural habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Alnus, a Comprehensive Outline of Its Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities
    Review The Genus Alnus, A Comprehensive Outline of Its Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities Xueyang Ren, Ting He, Yanli Chang, Yicheng Zhao, Xiaoyi Chen, Shaojuan Bai, Le Wang, Meng Shen and Gaimei She * School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; [email protected] (X.R.); [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (M.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-8473-8628 Received: 19 July 2017; Accepted: 16 August 2017; Published: 21 August 2017 Abstract: The genus Alnus (Betulaceae) is comprised of more than 40 species. Many species of this genus have a long history of use in folk medicines. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diarylheptanoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and other compounds. Diarylheptanoids, natural products with a 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, are the dominant constituents in the genus, whose anticancer effect has been brought into focus. Pure compounds and crude extracts from the genus exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo. This paper compiles 273 naturally occurring compounds from the genus Alnus along with their structures and pharmacological activities, as reported in 138 references. Keywords: chemical constituents; biological activities; Alnus; diarylheptanoids 1. Introduction Alnus is a genus in the family Betulaceae, which comprises more than 40 species mainly distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. A total of seven species and one variant are distributed in the south and north of China [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of Alnus (Betulaceae) in Iran Using Molecular ITS Markers and Morphological Characteristics
    BIOLOGIJA. 2019. Vol. 65. No. 2. P. 90–104 © Lietuvos mokslų akademija, 2019 Revision of Alnus (Betulaceae) in Iran using molecular ITS markers and morphological characteristics 1 Tahereh Gholamiterojeni , Alnus (Alder) is a genus of Betulaceae, which comprises more than 29 species in the world. According to different classifications 2, Fariba Sharifnia *, of flora, eight taxa of the genus naturally grow in Iran and are 3 distributed along the northern slope of Albourz Mountains in Taher Nejadsattari , Iran (Hyrcanian forests). In the current research, we investigated 4 morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of Mostafa Assadi , 31 populations of the genus in Iran. Twenty-eight qualitative and 5 quantitative traits were studied for morphological evaluation and Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Hamdi ITS molecular marker was investigated for molecular study. We used MVSP, SPSS, MrBayes, RAXMLGUI, Mesquite 2.71, Mod- 1, 3 Department of Biology, eltest 3.7 software packages for statistical analyses. Morphologi- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, cal features varied widely among the studied taxa and ANOVA Tehran, Iran test revealed significant difference for most of them. Moreover, the angle of leaf base, the leaf margin shape, the length and width 2 Department of Biology, of the leaf blade, fruits length, and the presence of hair on the pet- Tehran North Branch, ioles, young twigs, and buds were more variable morphological Islamic Azad University, traits. The studied taxa were clustered separately in the UPGMA Vafadar Blvd., tree, PCA and PCO plots using morphological traits. In addi- Shahid Sadoughi St., tion, CA-joined plot showed each taxon to have distinct morpho- Hakimiyekh Exit, Tehran, Iran logical trait(s), which is useful in the identification of the taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Vascular Plants in East Asian Alder (Alnus Japonica) Forest Wetland of Heonilleung Royal Tombs Du-Won Cha , Seung-Joon Lee , Choong-Hyeon Oh*
    Original Articles PNIE 2021;2(3):188-197 https://doi.org/10.22920/PNIE.2021.2.3.188 pISSN 2765-2203, eISSN 2765-2211 Characteristics of Vascular Plants in East Asian Alder (Alnus japonica) Forest Wetland of Heonilleung Royal Tombs Du-Won Cha , Seung-Joon Lee , Choong-Hyeon Oh* Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea ABSTRACT This study aimed to obtain fundamental data for demonstrating biodiversity of vegetation of East Asian alder (Alnus japonica) Forest Wetland of Heonilleung Royal Tombs. A total of 166 vascular plants (159 species, three subspecies, three varieties, and one cultivar) belonging to 132 genera and 59 families were found, accounting for 8.3% of 1,996 vascular plant species found in Seoul. Thero- phyte was the most common life-form of plants in Heonilleung Wetland. As for rare plant species, one Least Concern (LC) species was found. There were 15 floristic regional indicator species in the research area. Three of them belonged to floristic grades III and IV. This indicates that their habitats are discontinuous and isolated to some degree. Nineteen invasive alien plant species were found, most of which were introduced from North America after the year 1964 with a spread rate of V (widespread, WS). Keywords: Floristic regional indicator plant, Invasive alien plant, Life-form, Rare plant Introduction ing ground has a deep layer of soil and a high groundwa- East Asian alder (Alnus japonica) belongs to birch fam- ter table which flows from the southern part of Mt. Dae- ily. It is a deciduous broad-leaved tree reaching up to 20 mo.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Genes Involved in the Establishment of an Actinorhizal Symbiosis
    Plant genes involved in the establishment of an actinorhizal symbiosis Ana I. F. Ribeiro Promotor: dr. Abva n Kammen, hoogleraar ind e moleculaire biologie Co-promotors: dr. Ton Bisseling, universitair hoofddocent moleculaire biologie dr. Katharina Pawlowski ^^o8^o\ 12.2>^ Ana I. F. Ribeiro Plant genes involved in the establishment of an actinorhizal symbiosis Proefschrift terverkrijgin g van de graad van doctor op gezagva n derecto r magnificus van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, dr. C.M. Karssen, in hetopenbaa r te verdedigen op woensdag 19Maar t 1997 des namiddags te half drie in deAul a bn 9i>(s>s~i ISBN 90-5485-666-1 Ribeiro, Ana I.F. Plant genes involved in theestablishmen t of an actinorhizal symbiosis The investigations described in this thesis were carried out at the Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands, and were financed by a scholarship from the Dutch Foundation for Tropical Research (WOTRO) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO),Th eHague . BIBLJQTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT VVAGEMfNGBN fjW04^.^>02l-O^ ,, /£3 o Statements 1. The fact that the change of developmental program from roots to actinorhizal nodule lobes involves only subtle changes in gene expression may explain why, up to now, no nodule-specific genes involved in the formation of the actinorhizal nodule structure have been identified. 2.Th e subtilisin-likeproteases ,Agl2/Cgl2 , described in thisthesis ,ar eth efirs t of thiskin d tob eidentifie d inplants . 3. The non-development of genetics for actinorhizal plants can be partly compensated by using model systemslik eArabidopsis andyeas tt oanalys e gene function.
    [Show full text]