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Internet Chinas Digitale Kultur China 21 – Shortcut #1: Inhalt 2 CHINACULTUREDESK — THE CHINA INFORMATION COMPANY INTERNET CHINAS DIGITALE KULTUR CHINA 21 – sHORTCUT #1: INHALT 2 INHALTSVERZEicHNIS ÜBER CHINACULTUREDESK 3 ÜBER CHINA 21 – SHORTCUTS 3 INTERNEt – CHINAS DIGITALE KULTUR 4 1. GESCHICHTE DES CHINESISCHEN INTERNET 4 ∙ Internet in China im Jahr 2014 – Fakten ∙ eCommerce ∙ Trends (Laut CNNIC-Report, Juli 2014) 2. CHINAS SOZIALE MEDIEN 5 Charakteristika der Social-Media-Nutzung in China Verschiedene Typen sozialer Medien ∙ Die wichtigsten sozialen Medien ∙ Blogging-Plattformen ∙ BBS – Bulletin Board Systems ∙ Soziale Netzwerke ∙ Microblogging-Services ∙ Instant Messaging (IM) ∙ Die Bedeutung sozialer Medien 3. KREATIVITÄT IM INTERNET 8 ∙ Das Phänomen „Caonima“ ∙ Wie funktioniert das Untertiteln? 4. INTERNET-ZENSUr – GREAT FIREWALL OF CHINA 10 CHINA 21 – sHORTCUT #1: SHORTCUTS 3 ÜBER CHINACULTUREDESK THE CHINA INFORMATION COMPANY Chinas Veränderungsprozesse wirken in unserer globalisierten Welt weit über seine Grenzen hinaus. Wahrnehmung und Vermittlung dieser Prozesse sowie ihrer Hintergründe erfolgen oft wenig differenziert bzw. verstärken Klischeevorstellungen. ChinaCultureDesk hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, ein nuancierteres Bild von China zu vermitteln, das die Vielfalt und Widersprüchlichkeit der chinesischen Realitäten einfängt. Auf Basis der kulturellen, philosophischen sowie historischen Tiefenstrukturen werden Entwicklungen im China des 21. Jahrhunderts in einen europäischen bzw. globalen Kon- text gesetzt. Durch die Bereitstellung von maßgeschneiderter Information, durch Beratung, Unterstützung bei Projekten und Kontaktvermittlung bietet ChinaCultureDesk eine breite Plattform für themen spezifische Information, Kommunikation und Vernetzung. Und wir bauen Brücken in der interkulturellen Kommunikation zwischen Österreich und China – daher sind wir in beiden Ländern aktiv, um wechselseitiges Verständnis und Kooperationen zu fördern. Der Kulturbegriff ist hier bewusst weit gefasst: Urbanisierung, Gesellschaftspolitik, digitale Kultur, bildende Kunst, Architektur, Smart City, Film, Design, Creative Industries, Philoso- phie, Forschung & Technologieentwicklung mit den Schwerpunkten Life Sciences, Nano- technologie und Umwelttechnologien. www.chinaculturedesk.com ÜBER CHINA 21 SHORTCUTS Die Publikationsreihe China 21 – Shortcuts beschäftigt sich mit den unterschiedlichsten Facetten Chinas im 21. Jahrhundert. Sie basiert auf den von ChinaCultureDesk initiierten und seit Jänner 2014 regelmäßig stattfindenden China 21 – Talks. Ziel sowohl der Talks als auch dieser Publikationsreihe ist es, auf Basis der kulturellen, philosophischen bzw. historischen Grundierung die vielfältigen – und manchmal wider- sprüchlichen – Entwicklungen im China des 21. Jahrhunderts im globalen Kontext besser einordnen zu können. Aktuelle Themen und Entwicklungen werden erläutert und in einen Zusammenhang mit globalen Trends gesetzt. Alle erschienenen Titel als kostenloser Download: www.chinaculturedesk.com CHINA 21 – sHORTCUT #1: INTERNEt – CHINAS DIGITALE KULTUR 4 INTERNEt – CHINAS DIGITALE KULTUR Es gibt wohl kein Land der Welt, das durch das Internet gesellschaftlich und politisch stär- ker verändert wurde als China. Dieses Briefing fasst die Diskussion beim China21-Talk zusammen, den China CultureDesk am 25. September 2014 in Wien organisiert hat. Es gibt einen Überblick über die Geschich- te des chinesischen Internet und beschreibt die wichtigsten Ausformungen der chinesi- schen Internet-Landschaft: Plattformen wie Sina Weibo haben die öffentliche Meinungs- bildung drastisch verändert und Hoffnungen auf Demokratisierung entfacht. Als Reaktion darauf hat die chinesische Regierung neue Mechanismen der Steuerung der öffentlichen Meinung entwickelt und wiederum die Kreativität der Netizens herausgefordert. Als Bei- spiel für Bottom-Up-Projekte stellen wir kollaborative Übersetzungsplattformen vor, die dem chinesischen Publikum neue Inhalte erschließen, aber auch Phänomene wie Online- Literatur oder subversive Internet-Meme. 1. GESCHICHTE DES CHINESISCHEN Die fünfte Phase – seit der Machtübernahme von Xi Jin- INTERNET ping – ist gekennzeichnet durch eine politische Neukonfi- gurierung der Administration des chinesischen Cyberspace, Um die Entwicklung der digitalen Kultur in China zu ver- die mit der Einrichtung der Zentralen Führungsgruppe für stehen, ist es hilfreich, einen Blick auf die Entwicklung des Internet-Sicherheit und Informatisierung (Vorsitzender: Internet an sich zu werfen. Die Geschichte des Internet in Xi Jinping) und der Cyberspace Administration of China China kann in vier Phasen eingeteilt werden: (CAC) Ende 2013 begann. Parallel kommt es ab Sommer Während der ersten Phase von 1986 bis 1992 kamen netzba- 2013 zu einer wesentlich stärkeren Kontrolle und Zensur sierte Applikationen lediglich in ein paar Forschungslabors internetbasierter Inhalte. in China zum Einsatz. Zum ersten Mal wurde das Internet im September 1987 verwendet: Da wurde die erste E-Mail Internet in China im Jahr 2014 – Fakten3 zwischen einem Forscherteam am Beijing Institute of Tech- • 632 Mio. Internet-User, Internet-Penetration: 46,9% nologoy und der Universität Karlsruhe in Deutschland aus- • 1,24 Milliarden registrierte Handys, 640 Mio. User, getauscht.1 700 Mio. smarte Geräte In der zweiten Phase zwischen 1992 und 1995 wurden ei- • 527 Mio. Mobile Internet-User nige große Netzwerkprojekte initiiert und eine nationale • 83,4% nutzen Internet auf Mobilgerät, 69,6% auf Informationsnetzwerk-Infrastruktur aufgebaut. Am 20. Ap- Desktop, 43,7% auf Laptops ril 1994 wurde ein Pilotnetzwerk für wissenschaftliche und • Internetdurchdringung auf dem Land: 28,2% Bildungszwecke via einer 64K-Spezialleitung im Pekinger • Domain-Namen: 19,15 Millionen, .cn: 10,65 Mio, Bezirk Zhongguancun ans Internet angeschlossen – das war . 中国：280.000 die formelle Anbindung Chinas ans Internet.2 • 444 Mio. persönliche Blogs Während der dritten Phase zwischen 1995 und 1997 wur- • 89,3%: IM, 80%: News; 80,3% Search (89%: Baidu), de die Infrastruktur ausgebaut, in der Hoffnung, dass sie 77,2%: Musik die chinesische Wirtschaft beflügeln würde. Parallel dazu • 564 Mio. Instant-Messaging-User (89,3%) begann die Regierung, eine Reihe von Regulierungs- und • 439 Mio. Online-Video-Konsumenten sehen 5,7 Milliar- Kontrollmaßnahmen zu implementieren, um die Informati- den Stunden / Monat onssicherheit zu garantieren. In der vierten Phase – bis 2011 – wurde das Internet ein mäch- eCommerce tiges Medium in der chinesischen Gesellschaft. Verantwort- • 331 Mio. Online-Shopper (die Hälfte sind Internet-User) lich dafür sind verschiedene Faktoren: leistbare Breitband- • Taobao (Alibaba): 500 Mio. registrierte User Anschlüsse; eine Generation von Born-Digital-Einzelkindern; • Q1 2013 – Q1 2014: RMB 1.173 Trillionen (US$ 190,6 die Trennung von Familien (Stadt / Land, China / Übersee); Milliarden) abgewickeltes Transaktionsvolumen eCom- Kontrolle und Zensur in den Print- und TV-Medien. merce insgesamt: USD 300 Milliarden für 2014 erwartet 1 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_der_Volksrepublik_China (last accessed March 18, 2012). 2 http:/english.gov.cn/2010-06/08/content_1622956_3.htm (last accessed March 18, 2012). 3 Siehe CNNIC, wearesocial CHINA 21 – sHORTCUT #1: INTERNEt – CHINAS DIGITALE KULTUR 5 (techinasia.com), 51 Milliarden per Mobiltelefon • Gruppenkäufe: am schnellsten wachsende Online-Aktivität • Online-Payment: 865 Milliarden USD (Alipay: 300 Mio. verifizierte User), 2,78 Milliarden Transaktionen 2013 • Alipay (Alibaba): meist verwendete Zahlungsplattform (300 Mio.) Trends (Laut CNNIC-Report, Juli 2014) • Der Anteil von Internet-Zugang via Mobiltelefonen hat zum ersten Mal den traditionellen PC übertroffen, und das mobi- le Internet schiebt nun die Entwicklung des Internet an. • Das Internet wird immer „tiefer“, und das Leben der Internet-User wird vollkommen „vernetzt“. • Mobile Payment-Applikationen fördern die Entwicklung des eCommerce und erzeugen neue Konsum-Szenarien. • Neue mobile Spiele haben den Abschwung der Game- Nutzung gestoppt. • Internetbasierte Finanzierung nimmt Form an, Online- Finanz-Dienstleistungen entstehen. • Abnahme der Nutzung von sozialen Netzwerken (wobei hier Plattformen, die nach dem Muster von Facebook funktionieren, gemeint sind). 2. CHINAS SOZIALE MEDIEN “On one hand, Chinese social media are changing the way people in China think, inform themselves, communicate Während die meisten westlichen sozialen Medien wie Face- and live. On the other hand, social media have enabled the book, Twitter, Youtube, Vimeo, Google Docs im Juli 2009 in Chinese government to overcome an age-old problem of poor Folge der Aufstände in der Provinz Xinjiang blockiert wur- feedback of ground problems to the center because of too den, entstand eine sehr lebendige Szene an ähnlichen Platt- many layers in between, risking explosions due to over-sup- formen, die von chinesischen Firmen entwickelt wurden und pression. Social media brings such problems to the attention an Stelle ihrer westlichen Vorbilder traten. of China’s leaders.” 5 Diese Blockade westlicher sozialer Medien und die gesamte Aus diesem Grund wurden soziale Medien, speziell Micro- politische Situation in China führten zu einer Situation, in blogging-Plattformen, manchmal als Kräfte gesehen, die eine der, wie Michael Anti meint, zwei Internets entstanden sind: graduelle Transformation der Gesellschaft in Richtung mehr das globale Internet und das „Chinanet“: Demokratie bewirken.6 “During the past 15 years, the Chinese government has played an unconventional cat-and-mouse game
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