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S. HRG. 105±223 SUDAN AND TERRORISM HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION May 15, 1997 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 40±875 CC WASHINGTON : 1997 1 VerDate 28-MAR-97 14:46 Nov 19, 1997 Jkt 039719 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 40875 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JESSE HELMS, North Carolina, Chairman RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware PAUL COVERDELL, Georgia PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming CHARLES S. ROBB, Virginia ROD GRAMS, Minnesota RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin JOHN ASHCROFT, Missouri DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California BILL FRIST, Tennessee PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Minnesota SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas JAMES W. NANCE, Staff Director EDWIN K. HALL, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS JOHN, ASHCROFT, Missouri, Chairman ROD GRAMS, Minnesota RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin BILL FRIST, Tennessee PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland (II) VerDate 28-MAR-97 14:46 Nov 19, 1997 Jkt 039719 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 40875 ?2 C O N T E N T S Page Emerson, Steven, Middle East Affairs Analyst, Author, and Terrorism Expert, Washington, DC ................................................................................................... 41 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 43 Maikish, Charles, Vice President for Facilities Management, Columbia Uni- versity, New York, New York .............................................................................. 13 McCollum, Hon. Bill, U.S. Representative from Florida ...................................... 6 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 9 McKune, Kenneth R., Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Department of State .................................................................................................................. 22 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 24 Moose, George E., Assistant Secretary of State for Africa ................................... 17 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 19 Newcomb, R. Richard, Director, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury ..................................................................................................... 25 Smith, Ed, Hamilton Hallmark, Woodland Hills, California ............................... 48 Winter, Roger, Director, U.S. Committee for Refugees, Washington, DC .......... 49 APPENDIX Responses to Questions Submitted by Members of the Committee .................... 61 Responses of Assistant Secretary of State George Moose to Questions Submitted by Senator Feingold ................................................................... 61 Responses of Roger Winter, Director, U.S. Committee for Refugees to Questions Submitted by Senator Feingold ................................................. 64 Statement of the Embassy of the Republic of Sudan Regarding Sudan and Terrorism .............................................................................................................. 66 Statement of the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement ....................................... 68 Appendix to Testimony of Steven Emerson ........................................................... 81 Amnesty International Report: SudanÐA New Clampdown on Political Oppo- nents ...................................................................................................................... 87 (III) VerDate 28-MAR-97 14:46 Nov 19, 1997 Jkt 039719 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 40875 ?III) TERRORISM AND SUDAN THURSDAY, MAY 15, 1997 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:48 in room SD± 419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. John Ashcroft (chair- man) presiding. Present: Senators Ashcroft, Grams and Feingold. STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN ASHCROFT, U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSOURI Senator ASHCROFT. The committee will now come to order. I want to thank all of you for your patience. We were winding up a vote on the Senate floor and would otherwise have been more prompt. I do not want to allege ever that the Senate is totally prompt, but we would have been more prompt, and I thank you very much. We welcome all of the witnesses today, both from the administra- tion, the U.S. Congress, and from the private sector. Just as a way of orienting us this morning, we would like to begin this morning's hearing with a brief video presentation. The video will feature speeches by Hassan Turabi, the leader of the Na- tional Islamic Front Party in Sudan and one of the most infamous supporters of international terrorism in the world. Osama bin Laden's call for a jihad against the U.S., and particu- larly against U.S. soldiers in Saudi Arabia, will also be featured. Bin Laden was harbored by Sudan for almost 5 years, and was in- volved in attacks on U.S. soldiers in Somalia, Saudi Arabia, specifi- cally in Riyadh and Dhahran. The video will close with some footage from the World Trade Center bombing, the most poignant reminder of the war inter- national terrorists are committed to waging against the United States. If we could pleaseÐwe will start the video and hope every- one has a chance to see it clearly from their position. [A videotape was shown.] Senator ASHCROFT. In the post cold war world the United States no longer faces the threat of bipolar cataclysm that defined U.S.- Soviet relations. The collapse of the Soviet Union ended the great- est menace to freedom in the 20th century, but in this dawn of a new era in international relations, however, the horizon is dotted with new national security threats that will demand our constant vigilance. (1) VerDate 28-MAR-97 14:46 Nov 19, 1997 Jkt 039719 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 40875 2 One of the most serious of these new national security threats is the rise of international terrorism. We are holding this hearing today in the Subcommittee on African Affairs to address the men- ace of terrorism as sponsored by the Government of Sudan. Since first being designated a State sponsor of terrorism in 1993, Sudan has risen quickly in the ranks of infamy to join Iran as the worst of State sponsors of terrorism. Sudan harbors elements of the most violent terrorist organiza- tions in the world: Jihad, the armed Islamic group, Hamas, Abu Nidal, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Hizbollah, and the Islamic Group are all present in terrorist training camps in Sudan. These terrorist groups are responsible for hundreds of terrorist attacks around the world that have taken thousands of lives. Abu Nidal alone has been responsible for 90 terrorist attacks in 20 countries which have killed or injured almost 900 people. Jihad is responsible for the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Jihad's leader, Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, was the ideological ringleader of the terrorists that attacked the World Trade Center and plotted to bomb the United Nations in New York. Another terrorist organization, the Islamic Group, attacks west- erners in Egypt, and claimed responsibility for the failed assassina- tion attempt on President Hosni Mubarak during his visit to Ethio- pia in 1995. In addition to harboring terrorist organizations, Sudan has given refuge to several of the most notorious individual terrorists, includ- ing Imad Moughniyeh and Osama Bin Laden. Moughniyeh is be- lieved to be responsible for the 1983 bombing of the marine bar- racks in Beirut which killed 241 U.S. troops. Bin Laden is the most infamous financier of terrorists in the world, and has recently stat- ed that U.S. soldiers in Saudi Arabia, as you saw in the video, will be the principal target of his terrorist attacks. Sudan is not simply a favorite vacation spot for terrorists. The Sudanese Government is an active supporter of these terrorist ac- tivities. Sudan reportedly provided weapons and travel documenta- tion for the assassins who attacked President Mubarak. Two Suda- nese diplomats at the United Nations in New York conspired to help Jihad terrorists gain access to the U.N. complex to bomb the building. The plot to bomb the U.N. was just one in a series of plots to bomb numerous locations around New York, including the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels, the George Washington Bridge, and U.S. military installations. Five of the original 12 defendants convicted in the series of terrorist plots were Sudanese nationals. Thankfully, this series of plots was thwarted by U.S. authorities, but one of the earlier terrorist attacks, the World Trade Center bombing, killed six individuals, injured over 1,000 more, and caused $600 million in damages. The terrorists responsible for the World Trade Center bombing expressed regret that the twin towers were not toppled, a catastrophe that would have taken the lives of tens of thousands of people. In addition to supporting international terrorism, Sudan sup- ports insurgencies against secular governments in northern Africa, and wages a war of domestic terror against its own people. Sudan VerDate 28-MAR-97 14:46 Nov 19, 1997 Jkt 039719 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 40875
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