36 Csos and Individuals Urge the Council to Adopt a Resolution on Sudan
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The Economics of Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur
The Economics of Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur John Prendergast, Omer Ismail, and Akshaya Kumar August 2013 WWW.ENOUGHPROJECT.ORG WWW.SATSENTINEL.ORG The Economics of Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur John Prendergast, Omer Ismail, and Akshaya Kumar August 2013 COVER PHOTO Displaced Beni Hussein cattle shepherds take shelter on the outskirts of El Sereif village, North Darfur. Fighting over gold mines in North Darfur’s Jebel Amer area between the Janjaweed Abbala forces and Beni Hussein tribe started early this January and resulted in mass displacement of thousands. AP PHOTO/UNAMID, ALBERT GONZALEZ FARRAN Overview Darfur is burning again, with devastating results for its people. A kaleidoscope of Janjaweed forces are once again torching villages, terrorizing civilians, and systematically clearing prime land and resource-rich areas of their inhabitants. The latest ethnic-cleans- ing campaign has already displaced more than 300,000 Darfuris this year and forced more than 75,000 to seek refuge in neighboring Chad, the largest population displace- ment in recent years.1 An economic agenda is emerging as a major driver for the escalating violence. At the height of the mass atrocities committed from 2003 to 2005, the Sudanese regime’s strategy appeared to be driven primarily by the counterinsurgency objectives and secondarily by the acquisition of salaries and war booty. Undeniably, even at that time, the government could have only secured the loyalty of its proxy Janjaweed militias by allowing them to keep the fertile lands from which they evicted the original inhabitants. Today’s violence is even more visibly fueled by monetary motivations, which include land grabbing; consolidating control of recently discovered gold mines; manipulating reconciliation conferences for increased “blood money”; expanding protection rackets and smuggling networks; demanding ransoms; undertaking bank robberies; and resum- ing the large-scale looting that marked earlier periods of the conflict. -
Sudan: Freedom
SUDAN: FREEDOM, PEACE, AND JUSTICE “we have risen, against those who stole our sweat.” Prepared by: Laura Stevens | Daphne Wang | Hashim Ismail Cover Photo Credit: https://www.voanews.com/africa/sudan-activists-call-justice-killed-protesters Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 Methods 1 Background 2 End User 2 Stakeholders 4 Fragility Risk Assessment 9 ALC Analysis 10 Scenarios 11 Policy Options 15 Bibliography 20 Annexes 20 Annex 1: Fragility in Sudan According to Different Indices 20 Annex 2: Definitions and Additional Readings 22 Annex 3: Timeline of Major Events in the Last Five Years (Trends and Trajectory) 23 Annex 4: History of Recent Conflicts 24 Annex 5: Further Detail on Stakeholders 27 Annex 6: Social contract 28 Annex 7: Agriculture as part of the economy 28 Annex 8: State Sponsor of Terrorism 29 Annex 9: Security and Displacement Figures 32 Annex 10: Household Economic Data 33 Annex 11: Donor Profile 34 Annex 12: ALC Assessment Graphic 34 Annex 13: Additional Policy Information 36 Endnotes Acronyms ACC Anti-Corruption Committee ALC Authority, Legitimacy, Capacity AU African Union CIFP Country Indicators for Foreign Policy CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CSO Civil Society Organization EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI Foreign Direct Investment FFC Forces for Freedom and Change FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility HD Human Development ICC International Criminal Court IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IMF International Monetary Fund INGO -
AGAINST the GRAIN: the Cereal Trade in Darfur
DECEMBER 2014 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice AGAINST THE GRAIN: The Cereal Trade in Darfur Margie Buchanan-Smith, Abdul Jabar Abdulla Fadul, Abdul Rahman Tahir, Musa Adam Ismail, Nadia Ibrahim Ahmed, Mohamed Zakaria, Zakaria Yagoub Kaja, El Hadi Abdulrahman Aldou, Mohamed Ibrahim Hussein Abdulmawla, Abdalla Ali Hassan, Yahia Mohamed Awad Elkareem, Laura James, Susanne Jaspars Empowered lives. lives. Resilient nations.nations. Cover photo: cereal market in El Fashir ©2014 Feinstein International Center. All Rights Reserved. Fair use of this copyrighted material includes its use for non-commercial educational purposes, such as teaching, scholarship, research, criticism, commentary, and news reporting. Unless otherwise noted, those who wish to reproduce text and image files from this publication for such uses may do so without the Feinstein International Center’s express permission. However, all commercial use of this material and/or reproduction that alters its meaning or intent, without the express permission of the Feinstein International Center, is prohibited. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, WFP or their Member States. Feinstein International Center Tufts University 114 Curtis Street Somerville, MA 02144 USA tel: +1 617.627.3423 fax: +1 617.627.3428 fic.tufts.edu 2 Feinstein International Center Acknowledgements The research team would particularly like to -
Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy
Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy -name redacted- Specialist in African Affairs October 5, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42774 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy Summary Congress has played an active role in U.S. policy toward Sudan for more than three decades. Efforts to support an end to the country’s myriad conflicts and human rights abuses have dominated the agenda, as have counterterrorism concerns. When unified (1956-2011), Sudan was Africa’s largest nation, bordering nine countries and stretching from the northern borders of Kenya and Uganda to the southern borders of Egypt and Libya. Strategically located along the Nile River and the Red Sea, Sudan was historically described as a crossroads between the Arab world and Africa. Domestic and international efforts to unite its ethnically, racially, religiously, and culturally diverse population under a common national identity fell short, however. In 2011, after decades of civil war and a 6.5 year transitional period, Sudan split in two. Mistrust between the two Sudans—Sudan and South Sudan—lingers, and unresolved disputes and related security issues still threaten to pull the two countries back to war. The north-south split did not resolve other simmering conflicts, notably in Darfur, Blue Nile, and Southern Kordofan. Roughly 2.5 million people remain displaced as a result of these conflicts. Like the broader sub-region, the Sudans are susceptible to drought and food insecurity, despite significant agricultural potential in some areas. -
Sudan's Compliance with Its Obligations Under the International
Sudan’s compliance with its obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in the context of mixed migration from, and to Sudan 124th session of the Human Rights Committee - Review of Sudan’s State Party report September 2018 1. Introduction This submission by the Centre for Human Rights Law, SOAS, University of London, the International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI), and Waging Peace (WP) builds on the Centre’s and IRRI’s research and prior submission on the list of issues.1 It also draws on WP’s research on Sudanese asylum seekers and their return to, and experiences of human rights violations, in Sudan.2 Sudan has become the focal point of policy initiatives and projects on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa, particularly in the context of the Khartoum Process, an initiative comprising 41 States as well as European Union (EU) and African Union (AU) bodies.3 The Khartoum Process has been widely criticised, as it is viewed as prioritising migration control objectives over addressing the root causes of mixed migration from Sudan, particularly a legacy of, and ongoing, human rights violations.4 The 1 IRRI, SIHA and SOAS, Centre for Human Rights Law, ‘Tackling the Root Causes of Human Trafficking and Smuggling from Eritrea: The need for an empirically grounded EU policy on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa’ (November 2017), available at http://refugee-rights.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/IRRI-KP-final.pdf; ‘The Khartoum Process policy of engagement and human rights protection in Sudan’, Written evidence submitted by the Centre for Human Rights Law, SOAS, to the UK All-Party Parliamentary Group for Sudan and South Sudan Inquiry: UK-Sudan Relations-Consequences of Engagement (August 2016), available at www.soas.ac.uk/human-rights-law/file114315.pdf. -
Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and US Policy
Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy Lauren Ploch Blanchard Specialist in African Affairs October 5, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42774 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy Summary Congress has played an active role in U.S. policy toward Sudan for more than three decades. Efforts to support an end to the country’s myriad conflicts and human rights abuses have dominated the agenda, as have counterterrorism concerns. When unified (1956-2011), Sudan was Africa’s largest nation, bordering nine countries and stretching from the northern borders of Kenya and Uganda to the southern borders of Egypt and Libya. Strategically located along the Nile River and the Red Sea, Sudan was historically described as a crossroads between the Arab world and Africa. Domestic and international efforts to unite its ethnically, racially, religiously, and culturally diverse population under a common national identity fell short, however. In 2011, after decades of civil war and a 6.5 year transitional period, Sudan split in two. Mistrust between the two Sudans—Sudan and South Sudan—lingers, and unresolved disputes and related security issues still threaten to pull the two countries back to war. The north-south split did not resolve other simmering conflicts, notably in Darfur, Blue Nile, and Southern Kordofan. Roughly 2.5 million people remain displaced as a result of these conflicts. Like the broader sub-region, the Sudans are susceptible to drought and food insecurity, despite significant agricultural potential in some areas. -
The Chinese Stance on the Darfur Conflict
OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 67 China in Africa Project September 2010 The Chinese Stance on the Darfur Conflict Gaafar Karrar Ahmed s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. About SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. About the C h INA IN AFRICA PR o J e C t SAIIA’s ‘China in Africa’ research project investigates the emerging relationship between China and Africa; analyses China’s trade and foreign policy towards the continent; and studies the implications of this strategic co-operation in the political, military, economic and diplomatic fields. The project seeks to develop an understanding of the motives, rationale and institutional structures guiding China’s Africa policy, and to study China’s growing power and influence so that they will help rather than hinder development in Africa. -
The Human Security Agenda and Its Impact on Foreign Aid Donation to Sudan
THE HUMAN SECURITY AGENDA AND ITS IMPACT ON FOREIGN AID DONATION TO SUDAN by Camila de Mello Aquino BA International Relations, Instituto de Educação Superior de Brasília, Brasília - Brazil, 2007 RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School for International Studies © Camila de Mello Aquino 2010 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2010 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. APPROVAL Name: Camila de Mello Aquino Degree: Master of Arts in International Studies Title of Research Project: The Human Security Agenda and its Impact on Foreign Aid Donation to Sudan Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. John Harriss Professor of International Studies ______________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey T. Checkel Senior Supervisor Professor of International Studies ______________________________________ Dr. Morten Jerven Supervisor Assistant Professor of International Studies Date Approved: August 20, 2010 ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. -
Sudan: Non Arab Darfuris
Country Policy and Information Note Sudan: Non Arab Darfuris Version 1.0 August 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. -
Safeguarding Sudan's Revolution
Safeguarding Sudan’s Revolution $IULFD5HSRUW1 _ 2FWREHU +HDGTXDUWHUV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULVLV*URXS $YHQXH/RXLVH %UXVVHOV%HOJLXP 7HO )D[ EUXVVHOV#FULVLVJURXSRUJ Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. From Crisis to Coup, Crackdown and Compromise ......................................................... 3 III. A Factious Security Establishment in a Time of Transition ............................................ 10 A. Key Players and Power Centres ................................................................................. 11 1. Burhan and the military ....................................................................................... 11 2. Hemedti and the Rapid Support Forces .............................................................. 12 3. Gosh and the National Intelligence and Security Services .................................. 15 B. Two Steps Toward Security Sector Reform ............................................................... 17 IV. The Opposition ................................................................................................................. 19 A. An Uneasy Alliance .................................................................................................... 19 B. Splintered Rebels ...................................................................................................... -
Information on Treatment of Political Activists by Omar Hassan Ahmad Al
COI QUERY Country of Origin Sudan Main subject Information on treatment of political activists by Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir’s government between January 2018 and August 2019 Question(s) Treatment of opposition/activists and targeting Protestors including university students Date of completion 16 June 2020 Query Code Q12-2020 Contributing EU+ COI -- units (if applicable) Disclaimer This response to a COI query has been elaborated according to the EASO COI Report Methodology and EASO Writing and Referencing Guide. The information provided in this response has been researched, evaluated and processed with utmost care within a limited time frame. All sources used are referenced. A quality review has been performed in line with the above mentioned methodology. This document does not claim to be exhaustive neither conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to international protection. If a certain event, person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist. Terminology used should not be regarded as indicative of a particular legal position. The information in the response does not necessarily reflect the opinion of EASO and makes no political statement whatsoever. The target audience is caseworkers, COI researchers, policy makers, and decision making authorities. The answer was finalised on the 16 June 2020. Any event taking place after this date is not included in this answer. 1 COI QUERY RESPONSE Information on treatment of political activists by Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir’s government between January 2018 and August 2019 1. -
Sudan June - August Briefing 2018
SUDAN JUNE - AUGUST BRIEFING 2018 Humanitarian Figures Highlights Humanitarian JUNE-AUGUST BRIEFING 2018 > The Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission claim 80,000 5.5 million people have returned to their original villages in South Kordofan people in Sudan need humanitarian assistance. > Flooding has affected more than 142,000 people in fourteen of According to a report by the UN, Sudan’s eighteen states this is an increase of 0.7 million Sudanese authorities are prosecuting activists, protestors and compared to 2017 ……… > journalists 2 million Internally Displaced People [IDPs] > Omar al-Bashir directs the government in Darfur to encourage the need support in Sudan. New return of displaced people to the state crises are emerging in southern and eastern states (UN Report) 1.2 million Key Developments refugees are seeking asylum in Sudan. An influx of 200,000 > While many people are returning to their homes, there are people from South Sudan is situations of new and protracted displacement in South Kordofan and expected by the end of the year Blue Nile. New UNAMID bases in Jebel Marra, South Kordofan and (UN Report) …… Blue Nile has led to identification of new needs for IDPs 4.8 million > The African Union Peace and Security Council has expressed its people are living at emergency anxieties over the proposed reduction of UNAMID’s area of levels of food insecurity in Sudan, operation. The UN’s decision to downsize its peacekeeping mission in according to the Food Security Darfur is feared to have a damaging impact on similarly fragile states Technical Secretariat (FSTS) in Sudan 694,000 children are suffering from Severe > Journalists are being prosecuted by Sudanese authorities as the Acute Malnutrition.