State of the Cities 2015
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE2015 PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGYSTATE EDUCATION HOUSING OF BUDGET THE DATA/TECHNOLOGY CITIES INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DATA/TECHNOLOGY BUDGET INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION PUBLIC SAFETY HOUSING ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSTATE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY OF EDUCATIONTHE HOUSING CITIES BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY2015 INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AboutENVIRONMENT/ENERGY the National EDUCATION League ofHOUSING Cities BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATIONThe National HOUSING League BUDGET of Cities DATA/TECHNOLOGY (NLC) is the nation’s INFRASTRUCTURE leading advocacy ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC organization devoted to strengthening and promoting cities as centers ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE of opportunity, leadership and governance. Through its membership ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLICand SAFETY partnerships EDUCATION with state ECONOMIC municipal DEVELOPMENT leagues, NLC ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY serves as a resource HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT and ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY advocate for more than EDUCATION 19,000 cities HOUSING and towns BUDGET and more PUBLIC than SAFETY 218 INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATIONmillion Americans. HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTNLC’s ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY Center for City Solutions EDUCATION and Applied HOUSING Research BUDGET provides PUBLIC research SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATIONand analysis HOUSING on key topics BUDGET and trends DATA/TECHNOLOGY important to cities, INFRASTRUCTURE creative ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLICsolutions SAFETY to improve EDUCATION the quality ECONOMIC of life DEVELOPMENT in communities, ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY inspiration and HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTideas ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY for local officials to use EDUCATION in tackling HOUSING tough issues BUDGET and opportunities PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATIONfor city leaders HOUSING to connect BUDGET with peers, DATA/TECHNOLOGY share experiences INFRASTRUCTURE and learn about ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DATA/TECHNOLOGY BUDGET INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION PUBLIC SAFETY HOUSING innovative approaches in cities. About the Authors Micah Farver is an Associate of Finance and Economic Development, Christiana K. McFarland is Research Director and Brooks Rainwater is Center Director in NLC’s Center for City Solutions & Applied Research. Acknowledgements We are grateful for the leadership of our nation’s mayors and this opportunity to elevate their work. Special thanks to Soren Messner– Zidell, who created the data visualizations, cover illustration and report design, and staff in NLC’s Center for City Solutions & Applied Research who contributed to the analysis. Photo credits: All photos courtesy of Getty Images, 2015, unless otherwise noted. © 2015 National League of Cities. All Rights Reserved. B ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Table of Contents INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET DATA/TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2 Introduction INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SAFETY EDUCATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY HOUSING ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING BUDGET PUBLIC