2017 State Legislative Resources International Association Of

2017

State

Legislative

resources

International association Of Machinists & Aerospace Workers

INDEX

Governors...... 1-2 Secretaries of State/Lieutenant Governors ...... 3-6 Mayors ...... 7-15 State Session Schedules ...... 16-19 State Legislature Control ...... 20-22 Bill Crossover Deadlines ...... 23-25 State Signing Deadlines ...... 26-31 State Budget Timetables ...... 32-37 The Ordinance Process ...... 38 Definitions of Terms Used ...... 39-44 State Constitutional Convention ...... 39 State Governors Executive Orders ...... 39 Types of Ballot Measure and Ballot Basics ...... 39 Ballot Basics ...... 40-44 Amending State Constitutions...... 41 Citizen Initiatives ...... 41 Indirect Initiated Constitutional Amendment ...... 41 Legislatively Referred Constitutional Amendment ...... 41 Convention Referred Constitutional Amendment ...... 41 State Statutes on the Ballot ...... 42 Initiated State Statute ...... 42 Indirect Initiative Statute ...... 42 Legislative Referrals (or Legislatively Referred Ballot Measures) 42 Bond Issues ...... 42 Advisory Question ...... 42 Automatic Ballot Referral ...... 43 Combined Initiated Constitutional Amendment and State Statute ...... 43 Commission-Referred Ballot Measures ...... 43 Veto Referendum (or Citizen Referendum) ...... 43 Recall ...... 44

Governors

Knowing the political party of the governor in each state gives you an idea of the balance of power between the executive and legislature. Term expiration information indicates when the balance of power may change. It also helps you to predict how the executive’s power to sign or veto might influence a bill’s process through the legislature.

State Governor Terms Expires Term Limited Alabama Kay Ivey (R) Jan, 2019 Yes

Alaska Bill Walker (I) Dec, 2018 No Arizona Doug Ducey (R) Jan, 2019 No Arkansas Asa Hutchinson (R) Jan, 2019 No California Jerry Brown (D) Jan, 2019 Yes Colorado John Hickenlooper (D) Jan, 2019 Yes Connecticut Dannel Malloy (D) Jan, 2019 No Delaware John Carney (D) Jan, 2021 No District of Columbia Muriel Bowser (D) 2018 No Florida Rick Scott (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Georgia Nathan Deal (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Guam Eddie Calvo (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Hawaii David Ige (D) Dec, 2018 No Idaho C.L. “Butch” Otter (R) Jan, 2019 No Illinois Bruce Rauner (R) Jan, 2019 No Indiana Eric Holcomb (R) Jan, 2021 No Iowa Terry Branstad (R) Jan, 2019 No Kansas Sam Brownback (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Kentucky Matt Bevin (R) Dec, 2019 No Louisiana John Bel Edwards (D) Jan, 2020 Yes Maine Paul LePage (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Maryland Larry Hogan (R) Jan, 2019 No Massachusetts Charlie Baker (R) Jan, 2019 No Michigan Rick Snyder (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Minnesota Mark Dayton (D) Jan, 2019 Yes

Governors

State Governor Terms Expires Term Limited Mississippi Phil Bryant (R) Jan, 2020 No Missouri Eric Greitens (R) Jan, 2021 No Montana Steve Bullock (D) Jan, 2021 No Nebraska Pete Ricketts (R) Jan, 2019 No Nevada Brian Sandoval (R) Jan, 2019 Yes New Hampshire Chris Sununu (R) Jan, 2019 No New Jersey Chris Christie (R) Jan, 2018 Yes New Mexico Susana Martinez (R) Jan, 2019 Yes New York Andrew Cuomo (D) Jan, 2019 Yes North Carolina Roy Cooper (D) Jan, 2021 No North Dakota Doug Burgum (R) Dec, 2020 No Ohio John Kasich (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Oklahoma Mary Fallin (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Oregon Kate Brown (D) Jan, 2019 No Pennsylvania Tom Wolf (D) Jan, 2019 No Puerto Rico Ricardo Rossello Nevares Jan, 2021 Yes Rhode Island Gina Raimondo (D) Jan, 2019 No South Carolina Henry McMaster (R) Jan, 2019 No South Dakota Dennis Daugaard Jan, 2019 Yes Tennessee Bill Haslam (R) Jan, 2019 Yes Texas Greg Abbott (R) Jan, 2019 No U.S. Virgin Islands Kenneth Mapp (I) Jan, 2019 No

Utah Gary Herbert (R) Jan, 2021 No Vermont Phil Scott (R) Jan, 2019 No Virginia Terry McAuliffe (D) Jan, 2018 Yes Washington Jay Inslee (D) Jan, 2021 No West Virginia Jim Justice (D) Jan, 2021 No Wisconsin Scott Walker (R) Jan, 2019 No Wyoming Matt Mead (R) Jan, 2019 Yes

Secretaries of State/Lieutenant Governors

Mayors

A Mayor is the leader of a municipal government. Mayors have varying levels of influence over the legislation put forth by the municipal council, but in most larger cities they act as the head of the municipality’s executive branch. Below provides a list of the mayors from municipalities with popu- lations over 500,000. Knowing the political party and term expiration of the mayor can help you decipher the balance of political power in these cities.

Locality Mayor Term Expires New York, NY Bill Blasio (D) 2018 Chicago, IL Rahm Emanuel (D) 2019 Dallas, TX Mike Rawlings (D) 2019 St. Louis, MO Francis Slay (D) 2017 Denver, CO Michael Hancock (D) 2017 Atlanta, GA Kasim Reed (D) 2018 Miami, FL Tomas Regalado (R) 2018 Seattle, WA Ed Murray (D) 2018 Omaha, NE Jean Stothert (R) 2017 Cleveland, OH Frank Jackson (D) 2018 Salt Lake City, UT Jackie Biskupski (D) 2020 Houston, TX Sylvester Turner (D) 2020 Philadelphia Jim Kenney (D) 2020 Phoenix, AZ Greg Stanton (D) 2020 San Antonio, TX Ivy Taylor (I) 2017 San Jose, CA Sam Liccardo (D) 2017 San Diego, CA Kevin Faulconer (R) 2017 Austin, TX Steve Adler (D) 2018 Jacksonville, FL Lenny Curry (D) 2019 Indianapolis, IN Joseph Hogsett (D) 2020 San Francisco, CA Ed Lee (D) 2019 Columbus, OH Andrew Ginther (D) 2020 Fort Worth, TX Betsy Price (R) 2019 Charlotte, NC Jennifer Roberts (R) 2019

Mayors

Locality Mayor Term Expires Detroit, MI Mike Duggan (D) 2018 El Paso, TX Oscar Leeser, (I) 2017 Memphis, TN Jim Strickland (D) 2020 Baltimore, MD Catherine E. Pugh (D) 2020 Boston, MA Marty Walsh (D) 2018 Nashville, TN Megan Barry (D) 2019 Louisville, KY Greg Fischer (D) 2019 Milwaukee, WI Tom Barrett (D) 2020 Portland, OR Ted Wheeler (D) 2021 Las Vegas, NV Carolyn Goodman (I) 2019 Oklahoma City, OK Mick Cornet (R) 2018 Albuquerque, NM Richard Berry (R) 2018 Tucson, AZ Jonathan Rothschild (D) 2019 Fresno, CA Lee Brand (R) 2021 Sacramento, CA Darrell Steinberg, (D) 2020 Long Beach, CA Robert Garcia (D) 2018 Kansas City, MO Sly James, (I) 2019 Mesa, AZ John Giles (R) 2018 Virginia Beach, VA Will Sessoms (R) 2017 Colorado Springs, CO John Suthers (R) 2019 Raleigh, NC Nancy McFarlane (I) 2017 Tulsa, OK G.T. Bynum (R) 2020 Oakland, CA Libby Schaaf, (D) 2019 Minneapolis, MN Betsy Hodges (D) 2018 Wichita, KS Jeff Longwell (R) 2019 Arlington, KS Jeff Williams 2017

Mayors of the Largest U.S. Cities

Ms. Catherine Pugh

Mayors of the Largest U.S. Cities

State Session Schedules

State Legislature Control

22 Bill Crossover Deadlines

23 Bill Crossover Deadlines

24 Bill Crossover Deadlines

Signing Deadlines

Budget Timetables

The Ordinance Process An ordinance is the name typically used for a law passed by a local political subdivision, such as a city, county, village, or town. Ordinances may address a wide variety of local issues, from local government structure to speed limits and sign sizes. The process for passing an ordinance is determined by the laws of each individual state, though there are many similarities between states. The diagram below portrays how the ordinance process generally works.

Definitions of Terms Used

State Constitutional Convention A state constitutional convention is a gathering of elected delegates who propose revisions and amendments to a state constitution. Forty-four states have rules that govern how, in their state, a constitutional convention can be called.

State Governors’ Executive Orders Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legisla- tures, but do have the force of law in a similar way to the federal system. State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect. Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session, and economic conditions take a downturn, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the state constitution, a governor may specify by what percentage each government agency must reduce by, and may ex- empt those that are already particularly underfunded, or cannot put long-term expenses (such as capital expenditures) off until a later fiscal year. The governor may also call the legislature into special session. There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007, for example, George "Sonny" Perdue, governor of Georgia, issued an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought. This was also demanded of its counties' water systems, however it is unclear whether this order would have the force of law.

TYPES OF BALLOT MEASURE

General Terms: Initiated state statute; initiated constitutional amendment; indirect initiated state statut0e; indirect initiative; legislative referrals; legislatively referred state statute State–Specific Terms: ballot question (CO); bond propositions (CA); initiatives to the legislature (WA); initiatives to the people (WA); referendum (CO); legislative referendum (MI); referendum bill (WA); statute affirmation (NV); referendum election (Navajo Nation) Local Terms: City Council ballot referral; initiated city charter amendment; initiated city ordinance; grand jury; redevelopment and housing authority referendum (VA); reverse referendum (MN); tax rate recall referendum (KY)

TYPES OF BALLOT BASICS

Amendments: Statutes: advisory question citizen initiatives citizen initiatives automatic ballot referral indirect initiative indirect initiative bond issue legislative referral legislative referrals combined commission-referred recall veto referendum

Ballot Initiative The ballot initiative is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of regis- tered voters can bring about a public vote on a proposed statute or constitutional amendment. Bal- lot initiatives are also called, depending on the state, popular initiative, voter initiative, citizen initiative or, simply, initiative. Twenty-four states allow ballot initiatives, which are a form of direct democracy. Ballot initiatives may take the form of either the direct or indirect initiative. Under the direct initiative, a measure is put directly to a vote after being submitted by a petition. Under the indirect initiative, a measure is first referred to the legislature, and then only put to a popular vote if not enacted by the legislature. When originating in the initiative process, a vote is known as an initiative, ballot measure, or proposition.

Brief history of popular initiative The initiative is only available in a certain minority of jurisdictions. It was included in the Swiss Fed- eral Constitution in 1891, permitting a certain number of citizens to make a request to amend a constitutional article, or even to introduce a new article into the constitution. Right of initiative is also used at the cantonal and communal level in Switzerland. However, a citizen-proposed law cannot be passed in Switzerland at the national level if a majority of the people approve while a majority of the states disapprove. Provision for the initiative was included in the 1922 constitution of the Irish Free State, but was hastily abolished when Republicans organized a drive to instigate a vote that would abolish the Oath of Allegiance. The initiative also formed part of the 1920 constitution of Estonia.

Initiative in the United States In the United States the initiative is in use, at the level of state government, in 24 states and the District of Columbia, and is also in common use at the local and city government level. The initiative has been recognized in the U.S. since at least 1777 when provision was made for it by the first constitution of Georgia. The modern U.S. system of initiative and referendum originated in the state of Oregon in 1902, when the state's legislators adopted it by an overwhelming majority. The Oregon System, as it was at first known, subsequently spread to many other states, and became one of the signature reforms of the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Well known U.S. initiatives include various measures adopted by voters in states such as Washington, Oregon, California, Massachusetts and Alaska. The first attempt to get National ballot initiatives occurred in 1907 when House Joint Resolution 44 was introduced by Rep. Elmer Fulton of Oklahoma. In 1977, both the Abourezk-Hatfield (National Voter Initiative) and Jagt Resolutions never got out of committee.

Criticism Common criticisms against the idea of direct democracy through ballot initiatives are that it leads to ballot-box budgeting, and “endless gimmicks that diffuse accountability, confuse the public, and pro- duce thoroughly dysfunctional governance.”

Amending State Constitutions Citizen Initiatives—In 18 states, citizens can amend their state constitution through the process of collecting signatures on petitions. Once the signatures are collected and have successfully survived the signature certification process in the state in question, the measure is then determined by one or more state offices to be eligible to appear on the ballot. There is usually a period of time between the determination that the measure is eligible for the ballot and the printing of the ballots. It is not uncommon for political opponents of the particular citizen initiative to sue the state's election officers or Secretary of State to demand that--for whatever reasons the opponents bring forward--the measure not be placed on the ballot. If any such legal challenges are unsuccessful, the ballots are printed, and it proceeds to a vote of the people. In Nevada, a citizen-initiated constitutional amendment must be voted on twice, each time receiv- ing a majority vote in favor, before it becomes part of the Nevada Constitution. The eighteen states that allow constitutional amendments via the ballot initiative process are Arizo- na, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon and South Dakota. However, the laws governing the initiative process in Illinois and Mississippi are so restrictive that no initiated constitutional amendments have been on their statewide ballots in decades. An indirect initiated constitutional amendment is when constitutional amendments proposed by citizens through initiative do not go immediately to the ballot after a successful petition drive to collect sufficient valid signatures to qualify the measure. Rather, once the signatures are collected, the amendment that the citizens are proposing must first be submitted to the state legislature for consideration. Only after the state legislature has con- sidered and possibly also taken a limited range of options open to it that may affect the amendment does it go on the statewide ballot for consideration by the voters. At present, there are only two states that make use of the indirect initiative amendment process: Massachusetts and Mississippi. A legislatively referred constitutional amendment is a proposed constitutional amendment that appears on a state's ballot as a ballot measure because the state legislature in that state voted to put it before the voters. A legislatively referred constitutional amendment is a limited form of direct democracy with com- parison to the initiated constitutional amendment. With the initiated constitutional amendment, voters can initiate the amendment and approve it, whereas with the legislatively referred amendment, they can only approve or reject amendments initiated by their state's legislature. 49 states have a law in place that allows citizens to vote on proposed constitutional amendments offered by the state legislature. The exception is Delaware, where the legislature alone acts on constitutional amendments. Convention referred constitutional amendments are ballot measures that are ordered to appear on a state's ballot through the authority of a constitutional convention, which itself has been given that authority by the state constitution.

State Statutes on the Ballot An initiated state statute, also known as an initiative statute, is a new law that a state adopts via the ballot initiative process. The most common form of initiated state statute is when groups collect signatures and once those signatures are collected, election officials place the measure on the ballot for a vote. A less common form is the indirect initiated state statute. While there are important differences between an initiated state statute and an initiated constitutional amendment, they are not always clearly distinguished, and often both are referred to as simply "initiatives" or "propositions." Twenty-one states allow citizens to proposed new state statutes via initiative. An indirect initiative statute is when statutes (laws) proposed by citizens through initiative do not go immediately to the ballot after a successful petition drive to collect sufficient valid signatures to qualify the measure. Rather, once the signatures are collected, the law that the citizens are proposing must first be submitted to the state legislature for consideration. If the state legislature agrees to adopt the law, then it does not go to the ballot. Currently, there are nine American states that allow this type of initiative: Alaska Alaska only allows the indirect initiative statute. Maine Indirect only. Massachusetts Indirect only. Michigan Indirect only. In Michigan, statutes are indirect but constitutional amendments are direct. Nevada Indirect only. Ohio Indirect only. Utah Utah allows direct and indirect initiated state statutes. Washington Washington allows direct and indirect initiated state statutes. Wyoming Indirect only.

Legislative referrals or legislatively referred ballot measures are ballot measures that appear on a state's ballot courtesy of a vote by the state legislature, rather than through the initiative or referendum process. These measures, depending on the state in question, can either amend a state's constitution or enact a change in a state statute. Bond issues are a common type of legislatively referred ballot measure. In some states, such as Oregon, if the state legislature in both chambers—state assembly and state senate—vote to put a measure on the ballot, the governor is not allowed to veto their action. An advisory question is a type of ballot measure in which citizens vote on a non-binding question. The largest difference between an advisory vote and any other type of ballot measure is that the outcome of the ballot question will not result in a new, changed or rejected law or constitutional amendment. Rather, the advisory question symbolically makes heard the general opinion of the voting population in regard to the issue at hand. Advisory questions are most commonly used at the local level, often to voice the opinions of re- gion to higher levels of government. At the state level, while uncommon, advisory questions are generally placed on the ballot by the state legislature to assess public opinion. However, advisory questions can also be placed on the ballot by petition in some regions.

An automatic ballot referral is a ballot measure that is set up by a state's constitution to auto- matically appear as a statewide ballot proposition under certain circumstances. Automatic referrals are sometimes also called compulsory referrals. Constitutional convention ballot propositions are a form of automatic ballot referral in some states whose constitutions state that every so often, a statewide ballot proposition must be placed on the general election ballot asking the voters of the state if they wish to have a constitutional convention. A combined initiated constitutional amendment and state statute is a ballot measure that combines an initiated constitutional amendment with an initiated state statute. If approved, it will change both a state's constitution and one or more state statutes. Commission-referred ballot measures are ballot measures that are ordered to appear on a state's ballot through the authority of a commission, which itself has been given that authority by a prior act of the state's legislature or in a constitutional amendment. Arizona and Florida have commissions with the authority to place statewide measures on the ballot. The Arizona commission (the Arizona Commission on Salaries for Elective State Officers) only refers statutory measures (not amendments) having to do with salaries for politicians. Florida's constitution establishes two commissions that can propose amendments to the Florida constitution. The first of these, the Taxation and Budget Reform Committee, convened for the first time in 2007. The second commission, the Constitution Revision Commission, will not convene for the first time until 2017. A veto referendum is a synonym for citizen referendum, statute referendum and statute remand. It is also sometimes called a popular referendum. In Europe, the term abrogative referendum is most commonly used. The phrase refers to times when: A legislative body such as a state legislature, city council or county commission, enacts a new law; A group that opposes the new law collects enough signatures within the statutory timeframe in that state to place that new law on a ballot for the voters in the relevant political subdivision to either ratify the new law, or reject it. After a state legislature has passed a bill that may become the target of a veto referendum effort, typically those opposed to the bill have two windows of opportunity. In most states that allow the veto referendum, if citizens collect enough signatures to force the matter onto their state's ballot within a (typically) short amount of time, the targeted law does not then go into effect when it oth- erwise would have done so. Rather, the law is held in abeyance pending the outcome of the statewide vote. However, there is often a provision that if those who oppose the targeted law collect signatures but on a more extended timeline, that they can still force the issue to a vote but in the meantime, it will have gone into effect.

Recall is a process whereby voters can remove public officials. This process typically includes circu- lation of petitions by recall organizers, evaluation of signatures by election officials, and public votes following approval of petitions with sufficient signatures. In states allowing recalls, a recall vote may involve a yes/no vote on the targeted official, a contested vote between a targeted official and a challenger, or a two-step process that selects a replacement if an official is recalled. Twelve states require legal or political grounds for recalls, which can range from disagreements over policy to mal- feasance or abuse of power. Recalls by State Fourteen states do not allow recalls of public officials, while three states allow recalls for all public officials. The remaining states allow recalls of select public officials, which are detailed in the map below. Among states allowing recalls, 12 states require grounds or rationales for recalls and 24 states require no grounds for recalls.

Offices Eligible for Recall by State

NOTES

International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers 9000 Machinists Place, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 www.goiam.org

Hasan Solomon, Legislative Director [email protected]

Bruce Olsson [email protected]

Monica Silbas [email protected]

Mark Taylor (TCU) [email protected]

Steve Lenkart [email protected]

Phone 202/420-5902 Fax 202/420-5903

Rick de la Fuente, Political Action Director [email protected]

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