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A Transnational and Holistic Breeding Approach Is Needed for Sustainable

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A Transnational and Holistic Breeding Approach Is Needed for Sustainable Physiologia Plantarum 164: 442–451. 2018 ISSN 0031-9317 MINIREVIEW A transnational and holistic breeding approach is needed for sustainable wheat production in the Baltic Sea region Aakash Chawadea,* , Rita Armonienéa,b,†, Gunilla Bergc,†, Gintaras Brazauskasb,†, Gunilla Frostgårdd,†, Mulatu Geletaa,†, Andrii Gorashb,†, Tina Henrikssone,†, Kristiina Himanenf,† , Anne Ingverg,†, Eva Johanssona,†, Lise Nistrup Jørgensenh,†, Mati Koppelg,†, Reine Koppelg,†, Pirjo Makelaf,†, Rodomiro Ortiza,†, Wieslaw Podymai,†, Thomas Roitschj,†, Antanas Ronisb,†, Jan T. Svenssonk,†, Pernilla Vallenbacke,† and Martin Weihl,† aDepartment of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden bInstitute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (LAMMC), Kedainiai, Lithuania cPlant Protection Center, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Alnarp, Sweden dYara Crop Nutrition, Region Nordic, Malmö, Sweden eLantmännen Lantbruk, Svalöv, Sweden fDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland gEstonian Crop Research Institute, Jõgeva, Estonia hDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark iPlant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland jDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark kNordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), Malmö, Sweden lDepartment of Crop Production Ecology, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden Correspondence The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish water bodies in the world. Eutroph- *Corresponding author, ication is a major concern in the Baltic Sea due to the leakage of nutrients to e-mail: [email protected] the sea with agriculture being the primary source. Wheat (Triticum aestivum Received 18 January 2018; L.) is the most widely grown crop in the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea revised 7 March 2018 and thus promoting sustainable agriculture practices for wheat cultivation will have a major impact on reducing pollution in the Baltic Sea. This approach doi:10.1111/ppl.12726 requires identifying and addressing key challenges for sustainable wheat pro- duction in the region. Implementing new technologies for climate-friendly breeding and digital farming across all surrounding countries should promote sustainable intensification of agriculture in the region. In this review, we high- light major challenges for wheat cultivation in the Baltic Sea region and discuss various solutions integrating transnational collaboration for pre-breeding and technology sharing to accelerate development of low input wheat cultivars with improved host plant resistance to pathogen and enhanced adaptability to the changing climate. Abbreviations – DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DK, Denmark; ECPGR, European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources; EE, Estonia; FI, Finland; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; HCH, hexachlorocyclohexane; ICM, Integrated Crop Management; IWYP, International wheat yield potential; LT, Lithuania; N, Nitrogen; NPPN, Nordic plant phenotyping network; NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; PL, Poland; PPP, plant protection product; SE, Sweden; STB, Septoria tritici Blotch; WUE, water use efficiency. †These authors contributed equally and are presented alphabetically by their last name. 442 © 2018 The Authors. Physiologia Plantarum published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction of PPPs have been increasingly applied, especially in organic farming. In parallel, new production techniques The Baltic Sea is a brackish (low-salinity) water body and that have a lower impact on health and environment also is considered to have obtained its present shape about have been introduced into the agronomic management 4000 years ago with over 250 rivers supplying freshwa- of crops. In particular, Integrated Crop Management ter (Ruskule et al. 2009). Marine pollution is a problem (ICM) is an approach that helps in reducing the depen- worldwide, but it is particularly acute in semi-closed dency on PPPs. Increasing genetic diversity of cultivars seas. Baltic Sea is surrounded by land and is more at will lead to considerable decrease in the pesticide use. risk of pollution than open marine areas, due to industry Based on the records available at the European statis- and industrial agriculture, e.g. fertilizers and pesticides. tical system – EUROSTAT (The European Commission One of the main concerns with the Baltic Sea is eutroph- 2017), the total area under cereal cultivation in the eight ication – enrichment of water by nutrient compounds, European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ger- causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms many, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden) bordering of plant life (Elmgren and Larsson 2001, Rönnberg and the Baltic Sea was 19 million hectares (ha) in 2016, Bonsdorff 2004, Andersen et al. 2017). Eutrophication of which, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown on 8 has increased in the Baltic Sea since 1950 and results million ha, making it the most important cereal in the in the reduction of dissolved oxygen thereby harming region. The total area under wheat cultivation has grown benthic organisms including fish and other aquatic life steadily with an increase of 11.8% from 2007 to 2016 (Elmgren and Larsson 2001). Agriculture is one of the resulting in an average increase of 1.18% per annum. main sources for eutrophication due to nitrogen and Wheat production in the region also increased by 12.6% phosphorous runoff from fields and emissions from fertil- between 2007 and 2016 with an average increase of izers and manure (Elmgren and Larsson 2001, HELCOM 1.26% per annum and the production reached 49 2011). The main pathways for leakage of nutrients into million tons in 2016. This increase in production is the sea are riverine inputs through the transportation of attributed to the increase in acreage and improved nutrients from rivers into the sea (Stalnacke et al. 1999). wheat breeding and agronomic practices. Winter wheat Toxic pollution by pesticides and disinfectants is has a larger share of the total wheat production in the considered to be one of the main problems in the Baltic Baltic Sea region countries. Winter wheat usually pro- Sea which has a major impact on its biological diver- duces higher yields than spring wheat, and winter wheat sity. Pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane production is expected to increase in the near future thus (DDT), triazine derivatives, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) making it an important crop for the region. However, or hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) are toxic to aquatic agricultural land is limited and thus sustained high grain organisms (Rheinheimer 1998, Reindl et al. 2015). These yields of wheat and especially winter wheat should be chemicals accumulate in food chains and can lead to produced with limited impact on the environment. This various damages including reproduction impairment, requires addressing the challenges hindering sustainable and as a result they have been banned in the EU. In most intensification of wheat production. countries, work is currently underway to minimize the use of pesticides in agriculture and to replace risky prod- Key challenges for sustainable ucts with less toxic and easily degradable ones. After wheat production the prohibition of DDT, concentration of this organic pollutant in seals have fallen (Nyman et al. 2002). Con- The climate in the Baltic Sea countries varies from mild centrations of DDT in Baltic herring have now decreased climate and high cultivation potential in Denmark, Ger- and reach only 5% of what they were in 1970s (Sapota many, Poland and southern Sweden to more challenging 2006) but the work toward a minimal or even a zero-use climate in the northern parts of Finland and Sweden. has to continue. How close to zero will depend, among In addition to the natural variability in climate, global other things, on selecting crops and cropping systems warming has been observed during the past century. The with less need for plant protection products. warming trend for the entire globe was about 0.05∘Cper According to the data supplied by European Crop Pro- decade from 1861 to 2000, while the trend for the Baltic tection Association, the total amount of PPP used in the Sea basin has been upwards by 0.08 ∘C per decade (von EU increased steadily in the 1990s, stabilizing in the late Storch et al. 2015). The length of the frost-free season 1990s and then declined (EUROSTAT 2007). However, has increased in the Baltic Sea basin during this period the total quantity of pesticides sold, expressed in active consequently increasing the length of the growing sea- substances, increased between 2011 and 2014. During son (Ingver et al. 2016). A general increase in annual last decades, production techniques that use lower levels precipitation is expected in certain areas, especially Physiol. Plant. 164, 2018 443 Table 1. Wheat traits relevant for Baltic Sea costal countries and their phenotyping needs. DK, Denmark; EE, Estonia; FI, Finland; LT, Lithuania; PL, Poland; SE, Sweden. Importance for Current the entire Country-specific phenotyping Trait region relevance approaches Current phenotyping limitations 1. Growth and development Early vigor Low All Manual scoring Time-consuming
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