Puccinia Striiformis (Wheat Stripe Rust) Yuan Chai1, Darren J
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Puccinia Psidii Winter MAY10 Tasmania (C)
MAY10Pathogen of the month – May 2010 a b c Fig. 1. Puccinia psidii; (a) Symptoms on Eucalyptus grandis seedling; (b) Stem distortion and multiple branching caused by repeated infections of E. grandis, (c) Syzygium jambos; (d) Psidium guajava; (e) Urediniospores. Photos: A. Alfenas, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil (a, b,d and e) and M. Glen, University of Tasmania (c). Common Name: Guava rust, Eucalyptus rust d e Winter Disease: Rust in a wide range of Myrtaceous species Classification: K: Fungi, D: Basidiomycota, C: Pucciniomycetes, O: Pucciniales, F: Pucciniaceae Puccinia psidii (Fig. 1) is native to South America and is not present in Australia. It causes rust on a wide range of plant species in the family Myrtaceae. First described on guava, P. psidii became a significant problem in eucalypt plantations in Brazil and also requires control in guava orchards. A new strain of the rust severely affected the allspice industry in Jamaica in the 1930s. P. psidii has spread to Florida, California and Hawaii. In 2007, P. psidii arrived in Japan, on Metrosideros polymorpha cuttings imported from Hawaii. Host Range: epiphytotics on Syzygium jambos in Hawaii, with P. psidii infects young leaves, shoots and fruits of repeated defoliations able to kill 12m tall trees. many species of Myrtaceae. Key Distinguishing Features: Impact: Few rusts are recorded on Myrtaceae. These include In the wild, in its native range, P. psidii has only a P. cygnorum, a telial rust on Kunzea ericifolia, and minor effect. As eucalypt plantations in Brazil are Physopella xanthostemonis on Xanthostemon spp. in largely clonal, impact in areas with a suitable climate Australia. -
Status of Wheat Rust Research and Control in China
Status of wheat rust research and control in China Zhensheng Kang*, Jie Zhao, Dejun Han, Hongchang Zhang, Xiaojie Wang, Chenfang Wang, Qingmei Han, Jun Guo & Lili Huang *College of Plant Protection and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In China, wheat is grown on approximately 24 million hectares with an annual yield of 100 million tonnes. Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a threat mainly to spring wheat in northeastern China. Leaf rust, caused by P. triticina, occurs on crops in the late growth stages in the Yellow-Huai-Hai River regions. Stripe rust, caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is destructive in all winter wheat regions and is considered the most important disease of wheat in China. During the last 20 years, widespread stripe rust epidemics occurred in 2002, 2003, and 2009, and localized epidemics occurred in many other years. In recent years, major yield losses were prevented by widespread and timely applications of fungicides based on accurate monitoring and prediction of disease epidemics. A total of 68 Pst races or pathotypes have been identified using a set of 19 differential wheat genotypes. At present, races CYR32 and CYR33 virulent to resistance genes Yr9, Yr3b, Yr4b, YrSu and some other resistance genes are predominant. Moreover, these races are virulent on many cultivars grown in recent years. Of 501 recent cultivars and breeding lines 71.9% were susceptible, 7.0% had effective all-stage resistance, mostly Yr26 (= Yr24), and 21.2% had adult-plant resistance. -
Monitoring Wheat Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust in Winter Wheat Using High-Resolution UAV-Based Red-Green-Blue Imagery
remote sensing Article Monitoring Wheat Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust in Winter Wheat Using High-Resolution UAV-Based Red-Green-Blue Imagery Ramin Heidarian Dehkordi 1,* , Moussa El Jarroudi 2 , Louis Kouadio 3 , Jeroen Meersmans 1 and Marco Beyer 4 1 TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; [email protected] 2 Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liège, 6700 Arlon, Belgium; [email protected] 3 Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; [email protected] 4 Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-81-622-189 Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 7 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: During the past decade, imagery data acquired from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), thanks to their high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions, have attracted increasing attention for discriminating healthy from diseased plants and monitoring the progress of such plant diseases in fields. Despite the well-documented usage of UAV-based hyperspectral remote sensing for discriminating healthy and diseased plant areas, employing red-green-blue (RGB) imagery for a similar purpose has yet to be fully investigated. This study aims at evaluating UAV-based RGB imagery to discriminate healthy plants from those infected by stripe and wheat leaf rusts in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with a focus on implementing an expert system to assist growers in improved disease management. RGB images were acquired at four representative wheat-producing sites in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. -
Population Biology of Switchgrass Rust
POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SWITCHGRASS RUST (Puccinia emaculata Schw.) By GABRIELA KARINA ORQUERA DELGADO Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology Escuela Politécnica del Ejército (ESPE) Quito, Ecuador 2011 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2014 POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SWITCHGRASS RUST (Puccinia emaculata Schw.) Thesis Approved: Dr. Stephen Marek Thesis Adviser Dr. Carla Garzon Dr. Robert M. Hunger ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For their guidance and support, I express sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Marek, who has supported thought my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor. I give special thanks to M.S. Maxwell Gilley (Mississippi State University), Dr. Bing Yang (Iowa State University), Arvid Boe (South Dakota State University) and Dr. Bingyu Zhao (Virginia State), for providing switchgrass rust samples used in this study and M.S. Andrea Payne, for her assistance during my writing process. I would like to recognize Patricia Garrido and Francisco Flores for their guidance, assistance, and friendship. To my family and friends for being always the support and energy I needed to follow my dreams. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: GABRIELA KARINA ORQUERA DELGADO Date of Degree: JULY, 2014 Title of Study: POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SWITCHGRASS RUST (Puccinia emaculata Schw.) Major Field: ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY Abstract: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial warm season grass native to a large portion of North America. -
Current Status of Research on Rust Fungi (Pucciniales) in India
Asian Journal of Mycology 4(1): 40–80 (2021) ISSN 2651-1339 www.asianjournalofmycology.org Article Doi 10.5943/ajom/4/1/5 Current status of research on Rust fungi (Pucciniales) in India Gautam AK1, Avasthi S2, Verma RK3, Devadatha B 4, Sushma5, Ranadive KR 6, Bhadauria R2, Prasher IB7 and Kashyap PL8 1School of Agriculture, Abhilashi University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India 2School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India 3Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India 4 Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India 5Department of Biosciences, Chandigarh University Gharuan, Punjab, India 6Department of Botany, P.D.E.A.’s Annasaheb Magar Mahavidyalaya, Mahadevnagar, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India 7Department of Botany, Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Panjab University Chandigarh, India 8ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, Haryana, India Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Verma RK, Devadatha B, Sushma, Ranadive KR, Bhadauria R, Prasher IB, Kashyap PL 2021 – Current status of research on Rust fungi (Pucciniales) in India. Asian Journal of Mycology 4(1), 40–80, Doi 10.5943/ajom/4/1/5 Abstract Rust fungi show unique systematic characteristics among all fungal groups. A single species of rust fungi may produce up to five morphologically and cytologically distinct spore-producing structures thereby attracting the interest of mycologist for centuries. In India, the research on rust fungi started with the arrival of foreign visiting scientists or emigrant experts, mainly from Britain who collected fungi and sent specimens to European laboratories for identification. Later on, a number of mycologists from India and abroad studied Indian rust fungi and contributed a lot to knowledge of the rusts to the Indian Mycobiota. -
Asparagus Rust (Puccinia Asparagi) (Puccinia Matters-Of- Facts Seasons Infection
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES Vegetable Matters-of-Facts Number 12 Asparagus Rust February (Puccinia asparagi) 2004 • Rust disease of asparagus is caused by the fungus Puccinia asparagi. • Rust is only a problem on fern not the spears. • Infected fern is defoliated reducing the potential yield of next seasons crop. • First detected in Queensland in 2000 and in Victoria in 2003 Infection and symptoms Infections of asparagus rust begin in spring from over-wintering spores on crop debris. Rust has several visual spore stages known as the orange, red and black spore stages. Visual symptoms of infection start in spring/summer with light green pustules on new emerging fern which mature into yellow or pale orange pustules. In early to mid summer when conditions are warm and moist, the orange spores spread to new fern growth producing brick red pustules on stalks, branches and leaves of the fern. These develop into powdery masses of rust-red coloured spores which reinfect the fern. Infected fern begins to yellow, defoliate and die back prematurely. In late autumn and winter the red-coloured pustules start to produce black spores and slowly convert in appearance to a powdery mass of jet-black spores. This is the over-wintering stage of Asparagus the fungus and the source of the next seasons infection. Control Stratagies Complete eradication of the disease is not feasible as rust spores are spread by wind. However rust can be controlled with proper fern management. • Scout for early signs for rust and implement fungicide spray program • Volunteer and other unwanted asparagus plantings must be destroyed to control infection sources. -
Ug99 Factsheet Updated: May 2010 • Ug99 Is a Single Race of the Fungal Disease Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia Graminis F
UG99 FACTSHEET Updated: May 2010 • Ug99 is a single race of the fungal disease wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). • First identified from samples collected in Uganda in 1999, hence the popu- lar name Ug99. Scientifically, using North American nomenclature, the race is termed TTKSK. • Wheat stem rust is historically the most feared and devasting disease af- fecting wheat. Under suitable conditions, yield losses of 70% or more are possible. • Stem rust is highly mobile, spreading over large distances by wind or via accidental human transmission (infected clothing or plant material). • For over 30 years, wheat stem rust has largely been under control prima- rily due to the widespread use of wheat cultivars carrying resistance to the disease. • Ug99 is a special cause for concern because it has overcome the resistance in most wheat cultivars. An estimated 80-90% of all global wheat cultivars growing in farmer’s fields are now susceptible to Ug99 or variants. • Ug99 is the only known race of wheat stem rust that has virulence for an extremely important resistance gene - Sr31. In addition, Ug99 has virulence against most of the resistance genes of wheat origin and other resistance genes from related species. • Six additional races have now been identified in the Ug99 lineage. These all have an identical DNA fingerprint to Ug99, but they show different viru- lence patterns. • Additional key resistance genes have been defeated by these variants, nota- bly; Sr24 (races TTKST and PTKST) and Sr36 (race TTTSK). • Ug99 (race TTKSK) has spread throughout East Africa. In 2006 it was con- firmed in Sudan and Yemen, and in 2007 Ug99 was confirmed in Iran. -
The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus Is a Threat to World Wheat Production
PY49CH22-Singh ARI 4 July 2011 16:27 The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production Ravi P. Singh,1 David P. Hodson,2 Julio Huerta-Espino,3 Yue Jin,4 Sridhar Bhavani,5 Peter Njau,6 Sybil Herrera-Foessel,1 Pawan K. Singh,1 Sukhwinder Singh,1 and Velu Govindan1 1International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Mexico, DF, Mexico; email: [email protected] 2FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy 3INIFAP-CEVAMEX, 56230, Chapingo, Mexico 4USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 5CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya 6Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Njoro Plant Breeding Research Center (KARI-NPBRC), P.O. Njoro, Kenya Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011. 49:465–81 Keywords The Annual Review of Phytopathology is online at Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis, resistance, epidemiology phyto.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423 Race Ug99 of the fungus Puccinia graminis tritici that causes stem or Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. black rust disease on wheat was first detected in Uganda in 1998. Seven All rights reserved races belonging to the Ug99 lineage are now known and have spread 0066-4286/11/0908/0465$20.00 to various wheat-growing countries in the eastern African highlands, as well as Zimbabwe, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen, and Iran. Because of the susceptibility of 90% of the wheat varieties grown worldwide, the Ug99 Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011.49:465-481. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org group of races was recognized as a major threat to wheat production by University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Wilson Library on 08/15/11. -
Master Thesis
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala 2011 Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of rust fungi forming aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden Iuliia Kyiashchenko Master‟ thesis, 30 hec Ecology Master‟s programme SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Iuliia Kyiashchenko Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of rust fungi forming aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden Uppsala 2011 Supervisors: Prof. Jonathan Yuen, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Anna Berlin, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Examiner: Anders Dahlberg, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Credits: 30 hp Level: E Subject: Biology Course title: Independent project in Biology Course code: EX0565 Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Key words: rust fungi, aecia, aeciospores, morphology, barberry, DNA sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis Front-page picture: Barberry bush infected by Puccinia spp., outside Trosa, Sweden. Photo: Anna Berlin 2 3 Content 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.1 Life cycle…………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.2 Hyphae and haustoria………………………………………………………………... 9 1.3 Rust taxonomy……………………………………………………………………….. 10 1.3.1 Formae specialis………………………………………………………………. 10 1.4 Economic importance………………………………………………………………... 10 2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………………... 13 2.1 Rust and barberry -
Diversity and Roles of Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Bee Orchid Ophrys Apifera
Diversity and Roles of Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Bee Orchid Ophrys apifera By Wazeera Rashid Abdullah April 2018 A Thesis submitted to the University of Liverpool in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy Table of Contents Page No. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. xiv Abbreviations ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Chapter one: Literature review: ........................................................................................ 3 1.1 Mycorrhiza: .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) or Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM): ........... 5 1.1.2 Ectomycorrhiza: ...................................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Ectendomycorrhiza: ................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4 Ericoid mycorrhiza, Arbutoid mycorrhiza, and Monotropoid mycorrhiza: ............ 6 1.1.5 Orchid mycorrhiza: ................................................................................................. 7 1.1.5.1 Orchid mycorrhizal interaction: ...................................................................... -
Species Selection Guidelines Tree Species Selection
Species selection guidelines Tree species selection This section of the plan provides guidance around the selection of species for use as street trees in the Sunshine Coast Council area and includes region-wide street tree palettes for specific functions and settings. More specific guidance on signature and natural character palettes and lists of trees suitable for use in residential streets for each of the region's 27 Local plan areas are contained within Part B – Street tree strategies of the plan. Street tree palettes will be periodically reviewed as an outcome of street tree trials, the development of new species varieties and cultivars, or the advent of new pest or disease threats that may alter the performance and reliability of currently listed species. The plan is to be used in association with the Sunshine Coast Council Open Space Landscape Infrastructure Manual where guidance for tree stock selection (in line with AS 2303–2018 Tree stock for landscape use) and tree planting and maintenance specifications can be found. For standard advanced tree planting detail, maintenance specifications and guidelines for the selection of tree stock see also the Sunshine Coast Open Space Landscape Infrastructure Manual – Embellishments – Planting Landscape). The manual's Plant Index contains a comprehensive list of all plant species deemed suitable for cultivation in Sunshine Coast amenity landscapes. For specific species information including expected dimensions and preferred growing conditions see Palettes – Planting – Planting index). 94 Sunshine Coast Street Tree Master Plan 2018 Part A Tree nomenclature Strategic outcomes The names of trees in this document follow the • Trees are selected by suitably qualified and International code of botanical nomenclature experienced practitioners (2012) with genus and species given, followed • Tree selection is locally responsive and by the plant's common name. -
[Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici] on Wheat
314 Review / Synthèse Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ] on wheat X.M. Chen Abstract: Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. This review presents basic and recent information on the epidemiology of stripe rust, changes in pathogen virulence and population structure, and movement of the pathogen in the United States and around the world. The impact and causes of recent epidemics in the United States and other countries are discussed. Research on plant resistance to disease, including types of resistance, genes, and molecular markers, and on the use of fungicides are summarized, and strategies for more effective control of the disease are discussed. Key words: disease control, epidemiology, formae speciales, races, Puccinia striiformis, resistance, stripe rust, wheat, yellow rust. Résumé : Mondialement, la rouille jaune du blé, causée par le Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, est une des plus importantes maladies du blé. La présente synthèse contient des informations générales et récentes sur l’épidémiologie de la rouille jaune, sur les changements dans la virulence de l’agent pathogène et dans la structure de la population et sur les déplacements de l’agent pathogène aux États-Unis et autour de la planète. L’impact et les causes des dernières épidémies qui ont sévi aux États-Unis et ailleurs sont examinés. La synthèse contient un résumé de la recherche sur la résistance des plantes à la maladie, y compris les types de résistance, les gènes et les marqueurs moléculaires, et sur l’emploi des fongicides, et un examen des stratégies pour une lutte plus efficace contre la maladie.