DOCSLIB.ORG

The Importance of Sustainable Tourism in Reversing the Trend in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Vol. 12 N.o 3. Special Issue. Págs. 549-563. 2014 https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2014.12.041 www.pasosonline.org Rebecca Goulding, Edmund Horan, Lee Tozzi The importance of sustainable tourism in reversing the trend in the economic downturn and population decline of rural communities Rebecca Goulding* Edmund Horan** Lee Tozzi*** University, Melbourne (Australia) Abstract: Across the world there is an ever increasing trend of human migration from rural areas and in particular small settlements to urban centres. Migration to urban centres is most prevalent in the young adult age groups, which affects traditional industries such as agriculture and associated services, and thus threatens the sustainability of rural settlements. In some rural towns, a decline in population and agricul- ture has led to their social and economic deterioration. This paper presents small settlements, two in Italy and two in Australia, which have leveraged locality very effectively to develop a thriving tourist industry. The study provides a comparison and evaluation of data on visitor numbers and tourism expenditure in these regions demonstrating success and growth trends. It is shown how various industries other than tour- ism often in conjunction with unique characteristics or assets of an area create a major draw card for tour- ists. Thus providing significant economic, social and environmental benefits to these areas. Key Words: rural tourism, population trends, sustainable tourism, resilient communities, rural economic growth, socio­‑economic sustainability, rural assets La importancia del turismo sostenible en la reversión de la tendencia de la desaceleración económica y la población declive de las comunidades rurales Resumen: A nivel mundial existe una tendencia cada vez mayor de desplazamiento de personas en zonas rurales, particularmente en pequeños asentamientos, a los centros urbanos. Este desplazamiento es más común en grupos de edad jóvenes, afectando industrias tradicionales como la agricultura y sus servicios aso- ciados, amenazando por ende la sostenibilidad de asentamientos rurales. En algunos pueblos de zonas rura- les, la disminución de población y reducción de la agricultura ha conducido a su deterioro social y económico. Este artículo presenta el caso de pequeños asentamientos, dos en Italia y dos en Australia en los cuales se ha eficazmente fortalecido la localidad para desarrollar una próspera industria del turismo. Este artículo provee una comparación y evaluación de los registros del número de visitantes y el aporte del turismo en estas regiones, demostrando su éxito y tendencias de crecimiento. También se presenta como a menudo otras industrias, aparte del turismo en conjunto con características únicas o activos de una zona, crean un atractivo importante para los turistas. De este modo se están proporcionando beneficios económicos, sociales y ambientales significativos a estas áreas. Palabras Clave: Turismo rural, tendencias demográficas, turismo sostenible, comunidades sólidas, creci- miento económico rural, sostenibilidad socio­‑económica, valores rurales. * PhD. RMIT University, Melbourne (Australia), E­‑mail: [email protected] ** PhD. RMIT University, Melbourne (Australia), E­‑mail: [email protected] *** MSc Student. RMIT University, Melbourne (Australia), E­‑mail: [email protected] © PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. ISSN 1695-7121 550 The importance of sustainable tourism in reversing the trend in the economic downturn… 1. Introduction (2012). Umbria experienced a 10 percent decline in the number of young people 18 to 30 years of Across the world there is an ever increasing trend age (as shown in Figure 1) up to the year 2001, of human migration from rural areas and in parti- compared with an increase of more than 30 percent cular small settlements to urban centres. A paper by in people over 70 years of age (refer to Figure 2). Tozzi and Horan (2012) details the trend of human migration from rural areas to cities and the drain on human capital and associated socio economic stresses Figure 2. Population of 70+ year olds in on rural regions and small towns, with a particular Umbria, Central Italy. focus on trends in Europe and Australia. Tozzi and Horan (2012) explain that ‘broad de- 90000 mographic trends across Italian and French regions 80000 reveal that many, which have historically featured 70000 n 60000 o a large number of small rural settlements and i t a 50000 Males l towns, have experienced depopulation at various u p 40000 Females o times post World War Two, driven by migration P 30000 to larger urban centres. This has been due to 20000 the declining viability of traditional agricultural 10000 activities and a lack of alternative employment 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 opportunities (Kneafsey, 2000; Philips, 2003, p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 465) Furthermore, Tozzi and Horan (2012, p 465) Year describe a similar trend in Australia with small Source: Italian Institute of Statistics (2009) towns experiencing population stagnation or decline over the last several decades. Possible reasons A similar trend can be seen in Australia. This for this decline are listed in Regional Victoria’s Trends and Prospects 2010 (McKenzie and Frieden, is demonstrated in Figure 3, which shows the 2010, p 3) and include: ‘capital intensification of hollowing out of the 20 to 34 year age profiles for agriculture requiring fewer workers; rationalization outer regional areas in Australia. On the other of services into fewer, larger centres; increased hand, major cities within Australia have a much personal mobility allowing people to access goods higher youth retention and thus proportion of and services further away; and increasing economic young adults. This trend of youth migration out and social attractiveness of urban lifestyles.’ of rural settlements has serious implications to the sustainability of these townships. The loss of traditional services such as agriculture is under Figure 1. Population of 18­‑30 years old in threat and a large reproductive potential, asso- Umbria, Central Italy. ciated with young adult groups, is lost to rural populations (McKenzie and Frieden, 2010; Tozzi 76000 and Horan, 2012). 74000 72000 1.1. Impacts and Benefits of Rural Tourism n 70000 o i t In some rural settlements, a decline in popula- a Males l 68000 u p F emales tion and traditional services such as agriculture has o P 66000 led to the social and economic deterioration of these 64000 settlements. Tozzi and Horan (2012) describe how 62000 some small settlements in Europe have leveraged 60000 their unique characteristics through tourism and 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 successful primary production industries unique 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Y e ar to an area to create sustainable socio­‑economic townships. In Australia, with the decline of many Source: Italian Institute of Statistics (2009) traditional industries, tourism is becoming a major contributor to rural and regional economies. Population loss from small towns is often most Cities, particularly international gateway cities, prevalent in the young adult age groups. An exam- are often the dominant destinations for many tou- ple of this trend in the region of Umbria in central rists. For example, Sydney, Australia’s largest city, Italy, a mountainous area containing many small is the country’s most visited tourist destination towns and villages, is presented in Tozzi and Horan (Hunt and Prosser, 1998). However, often prominent PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12 N° 3. Special Issue. Mayo 2014 ISSN 1695-7121 Rebecca Goulding, Edmund Horan, Lee Tozzi 551 Figure 3. Population Pyramids for Broad Regions of Australia, 2001. Source: (Australian Research Council Research Network in Spatially Integrated Social Science, 2007) tourist attractions and landscapes are located As the Italian term suggests, it involves a hotel outside major cities. Furthermore, many niche distributed or scattered throughout the village – the tourism markets such as agri­‑tourism, eco­‑tourism, village becomes a hotel. Without changing the wine tourism, health and wellness tourism are also historic built environment of the village, indivi- centered in regional areas. For example, 72% of dual homes and buildings are transformed using wellness tourism services in Australia are located traditional materials. in regional areas (Voigt et al., 2010). The concept is the brain child of Daniele Kihl- The development of tourism surrounding these gren and company Sextantio Albergo Diffuso, which unique characteristics and attractions in rural involves purchasing whole villages and two have areas provides major assets to these settlements already been developed. One village, Santo Stefano through the potential to increase economic activity di Sessiano in the Abruzzo region, is a traditional (Carlsen et al., 2008). Additionally, tourism can hilltop village established in the middle ages. It have other flow on effects on a township, such once had a population of 3,000 which had dwindled as the requirement to improve communication to 100 at the turn of the century (Bain, 2013), when infrastructure and training facilities and the Kihlgren commenced purchasing property. In the development and maintenance of transportation Basilicata region of southern Italy the village of (Bolin and Greenwood, 1998). Sassi di Matera has also been transformed by When tourism is well planned and managed, Sextantio Albergo Diffuso. In some instances in this rural areas can benefit not only economically but village, caves formerly used for habitation by cave also socially and environmentally (Hunt and Pros- dwellers or as pens for stock have been converted ser, 1998). The latest regional tourism strategy for to expensive hotel accommodation. regional Victoria, Australia (Tourism Victoria, 2009, The economic benefits for the village and re- p 17) suggests that social benefits may ‘include gion are significant.
Recommended publications
  • Sustainable Ecotourism in the Village of Khiriwong And

    Sustainable Ecotourism in the Village of Khiriwong And

    1 SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM IN THE VILLAGE OF KHIRIWONG AND THE KHAO LUANG NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND by Kitsada Tungchawal A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree With a Major in Hospitality and Tourism Approved: 6 Semester Credits Leland L. Nicholls, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor Thesis Committee Members: Bob Davies, Ed.S. Kenneth Parejko, Ph.D. The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout January, 2001 2 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie, WI 54751 ABSTRACT Tungchawal Kitsada (Writer) (Last Name) (First) Sustainable Ecotourism in the Village of Khiriwong and the Khao Luang National Park, Thailand (Title) Hospitality and Tourism Leland L. Nicholls, Ph.D. January, 2001 216 (Graduate Major) (Research Advisor) (Month/Year) (No. of Pages) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual (Name of Style Manual Used in this study) Sustainable ecotourism is often considered to be effective for supporting the local communities’ economy and promoting the conservation of protected areas in developing countries. By establishing economic benefits for impoverished villagers or their communities, sustainable ecotourism is utilized to encourage local guardianship of natural resources. To assess sustainable ecotourism’s impact on the revenue of local residents in the Village of Khiriwong and the Khao Luang National Park, and its effects on the environmental preservation of the Khao Luang National Park in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, the researcher randomly conducted surveys of the visitors’ attitudes about rewarding experiences during their village and park visits. Biologists and Ecologists were interviewed about sustainable ecotourism’s role in supporting environmental preservation in the village and national park.
  • Carlow College

    Carlow College

    - . - · 1 ~. .. { ~l natp C u l,•< J 1 Journal of the Old Carlow Society 1992/1993 lrisleabhar Chumann Seanda Chatharlocha £1 ' ! SERVING THE CHURCH FOR 200 YEARS ! £'~,~~~~::~ai:~:,~ ---~~'-~:~~~ic~~~"'- -· =-~ : -_- _ ~--~~~- _-=:-- ·.. ~. SPONSORS ROYAL HOTEL- 9-13 DUBLIN STREET ~ P,•«•11.il H,,rd ,,,- Qua/in- O'NEILL & CO. ACCOUNTANTS _;, R-.. -~ ~ 'I?!~ I.-: _,;,r.',". ~ h,i14 t. t'r" rhr,•c Con(crcncc Roonts. TRAYNOR HOUSE, COLLEGE STREET, CARLOW U • • i.h,r,;:, F:..n~ r;,,n_,. f)lfmt·r DL1nccs. PT'i,·atc Parties. Phone:0503/41260 F."-.l S,:r.cJ .-\II Da,. Phone 0503/31621. t:D. HAUGHNEY & SON, LTD. Jewellers, ·n~I, Fashion Boutique, Fuel Merchant. Authorised Ergas Stockist ·~ff 62-63 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW POLLERTON ROAD, CARLOW. Phone 0503/31367 OF CARLOW Phone:0503/31346 CIGAR DIVAN TULL Y'S TRAVEL AGENCY Newsagent, Confectioner, Tobacconist, etc. TULLOW STREET, CARLOW DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW Phone:0503/31257 Bring your friends to a musical evening in Carlow's unique GACH RATH AR CARLOVIANA Music Lounge each Saturday and Sunday. Phone: 0503/27159. ST. MARY'S ACADEMY, SMYTHS of NEWTOWN CARLOW SINCE 1815 DEERPARK SERVICE STATION MICHAEL DOYLE Builders Providers, General Hardware Tyre Service and Accessories 'THE SHAMROCK", 71 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW DUBLIN ROAD, CARLOW. Phone 0503/31414 Phone:0503/31847 THOMAS F. KEHOE SEVEN OAKS HOTEL Specialist Livestock Auctioneer and Valuer, Far, Sales and Lettings,. Property and Est e Agent. Dinner Dances * Wedding Receptions * Private Parties Agent for the Irish Civil Ser- ce Building Society. Conferences * Luxury Lounge 57 DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW. Telephone 0503/31678, 31963.
  • Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook Executive Summary Edition 1, 2021 Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook | Edition 1, 2021

    Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook Executive Summary Edition 1, 2021 Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook | Edition 1, 2021

    Tourism and hotel market outlook Executive summary Edition 1, 2021 Tourism and hotel market outlook | Edition 1, 2021 About the tourism and hotel market outlook The Deloitte Access Economics Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook provides insights into the issues facing the Australian tourism and hotel sectors, including in-depth analysis of recent trends and their underlying drivers across the domestic and international tourism markets. Against the backdrop of Deloitte Access Economics’ While our forecasts are based on a forecasting latest economic forecasts, projections are provided methodology and a hotel market model developed for domestic and international tourism over the next over 15 years, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we three years. Building on projected travel demand have overlayed bespoke behavioural and operational and an assessment of the hotel pipeline in Australia, adjustments such as short and long term sentiment detailed three-year forecasts are provided for indicators, and quarantine requirement implications occupancy, room rates and RevPAR for 11 of the on demand for hotel nights. Tourism and Hotel country’s major hotel markets (including Market Outlook is designed for a general audience. all capital cities). Please contact us to discuss how this capability can be tailored to a bespoke market or market segment. The 2021 edition of the Tourism and Hotel Market Outlook has introduced an interactive dashboard for each of the hotel market forecasts. We look forward to client feedback to refine in future editions. 2 Tourism and hotel market outlook | Edition 1, 2021 Forward Australia has endured Australia enters 2021 in a much-envied The recovery of the sector will also be unprecedented hardships position, with low manageable virus cases, affected by capacity challenges, including and a stronger than expected economic aviation capacity, tourism business viability over the summer of 2019-20 rebound which looks to continue.
  • COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery Strategies: the Case of the Hospitality Industry in Spain

    COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery Strategies: the Case of the Hospitality Industry in Spain

    sustainability Article COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery Strategies: The Case of the Hospitality Industry in Spain José Miguel Rodríguez-Antón * and María del Mar Alonso-Almeida Business Organization Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 13 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: The health crisis caused by the pandemic COVID-19 has been of such magnitude that the drop-off in economic and tourist activity in most countries is generating an economic crisis with consequences that are still difficult to measure. The present work analyses the origins and evolution of the coronavirus pandemic and reviews the literature related to the impacts and recovery strategies that were implemented in previous crisis situations affecting the hotel industry. In order to focus the study on one country, Spain was selected based on tourism indicators, the importance of tourism for this country and the importance of Spain as a leader in international tourist destinations. The influence of the pandemic on the Spanish tourism sector and, more specifically, on its hospitality industry is explored in depth. In addition, the main initiatives to support the tourism and hospitality sector that have been undertaken at the global, European and national levels are highlighted and, finally, the response and recovery strategies of the five largest Spanish hotel chains to guarantee a COVID-19-free stay in their facilities and to recover the accommodation activity are discussed. Keywords: hotels; COVID-19; economic crisis; pandemics; response strategy; tourism; strategy management; health economics 1. Introduction COVID-19—the acronym for coronavirus disease 2019—is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • USING Toljrism & TRAVEL AS a C:OMMUNITY ANID RURAL R EVI·R

    USING Toljrism & TRAVEL AS a C:OMMUNITY ANID RURAL R EVI·R

    MAGR ~~d. GOVS .------.--~.._.........~~~~ MN 2500 CDBU-3822(1989) USING TOlJRISM & TRAVEL AS A c:OMMUNITY ANID RURAL R EVI·rALIZATION ST.RATEGY t t: ' National Extension Workshop May 10-12, 1989 Minneapolis, Minnesota CD-BU-3822 The University of Minnesota Is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, religion, color, sex, national origin, handicap, age, vetran status, or sexual orientation. MINNESOTA EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA USING TOURISM AND TRAVEL ASA COMMUNITY AND RURAL REVITALIZATION STRATEGY Edited and Printed by John Sem Tourism Center Minnesota Extension Service University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 612-624-4947 August, 1989 Proceedings of the National Extension Workshop The Registry Hotel Minneapolis, Minnesota May 10- 12, 1989 Acknowledgments The editors would like to thank the following organizations and individuals for their financial assistance and support in sponsoring and planning the national tourism and travel workshop. The editors would also like to thank the many authors whose contribution made this publication possible. Sponsored and Financially Supported by: The Tourism Center, Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota Extension Service, USDA, Washington D. C. The North Central Regional Center for Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa The Farm Foundation, Washington, D. C. United States Tourism and Travel Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. Planning Committee: John Sem, Chair, Tourism Center, Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota Patrick Boyle, Advisor, Cooperative Extension Service, Wisconsin Don Nelson, Extension Service- U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.
  • The Resilience and Transformation of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei Darussalam

    The Resilience and Transformation of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei Darussalam

    sustainability Article Coping with COVID-19: The Resilience and Transformation of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei Darussalam Najib Noorashid 1 and Wei Lee Chin 2,* 1 Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; [email protected] 2 Geography, Environment and Development Programme, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic heavily impacted the travel and tourism industry, economies, livelihoods, public services, and opportunities globally. This is also observed in the small country of Brunei. As one of the few countries that have successfully mitigated COVID-19 transmissions, Brunei is slowly rebuilding its tourism industry through its community-based tourism (CBT). Fol- lowing Sharma et al.’s resilience-based framework for reviving the tourism industry post-COVID-19 established in 2021, this study incorporates responses from semi-structured interviews with 16 local CBT owners on the challenges, the management, and the CBT initiatives during the height of the pandemic until today. These initiatives include diversifying more tour packages and utilising local resources and products. Despite the lockdown imposed by the government, which suspended businesses and restricted all travelling, local CBT operations flourished, generated more income for the owners, and created job opportunities for the community. Such efforts have caused the public to appreciate local cultures, the environment, and ultimately increase CBT experiences in the country. Citation: Noorashid, N.; Chin, W.L. Coping with COVID-19: The While shedding light on Brunei’s unique management of its tourism industry during the pandemic, Resilience and Transformation of this paper also demonstrates theoretical and conceptual contributions to the recent literature of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei resilient and transformational tourism and provide suggestions on how to manage CBT operations Darussalam.
  • Coping with Success / Managing Overcrowding In

    Coping with Success / Managing Overcrowding In

    COPING WITH SUCCESS MANAGING OVERCROWDING IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS December 2017 Copyright © McKinsey & Company and World Travel & Tourism Council Cover image: © petekarici/Getty Images 2 COPING WITH SUCCESS MANAGING OVERCROWDING IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS FOREWORD The Travel & Tourism (T&T) sector is a cornerstone of our global economy—and thanks to a growing middle class, improved digital and physical connectivity, and generations of people with an insatiable appetite to explore the world, it is expanding rapidly. Of course, this growth is accompanied by challenges, many of which can be summed up with the term “overcrowding.” Overcrowding is by no means new—but it seems to be coming to a head in popular destinations across the globe. As we set out to study overcrowding in tourism destinations, we had no illusions about the challenges we faced, including the following: Overcrowding is a complex issue. The problems associated with overcrowding can vary, from alienated local residents to overloaded infrastructure. The issues can affect both established and emerging destinations of all kinds. Countries, regions, cities, and individual sites, such as parks, beaches, and museums, may all be affected. The challenge is sometimes one of time, driven by high levels of seasonality or day visitors. Some destinations struggle to absorb crowds of domestic visitors, others face an influx of international visitors, and still others experience both. In short, the symptoms of overcrowding vary from place to place. Diverse interests are involved. Stakeholders include governments, comprised of elected officials and national, regional, and local agencies; tourism management and promotion agencies; commercial organizations, ranging from multinational corporations to locally owned small businesses; those employed in the sector; local residents; nonprofit and social sector organizations; and, finally, tourists themselves.
  • A Study on Dallagaon Homestay & Its Sustainability

    A Study on Dallagaon Homestay & Its Sustainability

    A Study on Dallagaon Homestay and Its Sustainability Nepal Rastra Bank Nepalgunj Office Banking Development and Research Unit January 2015 Forewords Despite lots of prospects for tourism-led development, the tourism sector still holds a meager share in Nepal's GDP. The tourism benefits have also not reached up to the grass-root levels. A cause for this is that tourism has been mostly sought in and around the major destinations and trekking trails only. A broader view on tourism is required to promote it beyond mainstream areas. As an effort, alternative forms of tourism are growing in the country since last few years. One of them is homestay tourism. The Tharu community from mid-west Nepal has also started their unique homestay program namely "Khata Biological Corridor Homestay" since the year 2011 in Dalla village which lies in the Suryapatuwa VDC of Bardiya district. Since a well-timed appraisal of such programs together with the analysis of their socio-economic impact and sustainability can be helpful to improve contribution of such programs and also the overall tourism sector in the national economy, the study on this subject was found to be significant. As part of the study, a pilot visit of the study area was made to select the respondents and test the study-questionnaires. During final visit, 70 different respondents from homestay households, non-homestay households, guests and the homestay management committee were contacted to fill out the study-questionnaires. A focus group discussion was also conducted. The study report has been organized into five sections. The first section presents introduction.
  • Public/Private Partnerships for Sustainable Tourism: Delivering a Copyright © 2002 APEC Secretariat Sustainability Strategy for Tourism Destinations

    Public/Private Partnerships for Sustainable Tourism: Delivering a Copyright © 2002 APEC Secretariat Sustainability Strategy for Tourism Destinations

    PUBLIC / PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DELIVERING A SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY FOR TOURISM DESTINATIONS Terry De Lacy, Marion Battig, ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION Stewart Moore, Steve Noakes APEC TOURISM WORKING GROUP JULY 2002 The Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data was commissioned by APEC as part of its Tourism Working Group Program to produce this report (APEC TWG 05/2011T) Terry De Lacy, Marion Battig, Stewart Moore, Steve Noakes Public/Private Partnerships for Sustainable Tourism: Delivering a Copyright © 2002 APEC Secretariat Sustainability Strategy for Tourism Destinations Bibliography. Published for: ISBN 1 876685 89 1. APEC Secretariat 348 Alexandra Road # 14-00 Alexandra Point Singapore 119958 1. Ecotourism – Asia. 2. Ecotourism – Pacific Area. 3. Public-private sector Tel: 65-6276-1880 Fax: 6276-1775 Email: [email protected] cooperation – Asia. 4. Public-private sector cooperation – Pacific Area. 5. Sustainable development – Asia. 6. Sustainable development – Pacific By: Area. 7. Tourism – Environmental aspects – Asia. 8. Tourism – CRC for Sustainable Tourism Environmental aspects – Pacific Area. I. De Lacy, Terry. II. Cooperative Griffith University, PMB 50 Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. GOLD COAST MC QLD 9726 338.4791 AUSTRALIA Acknowledgements APEC#202-TR-01.2 Material has been contributed by the following CRC for Sustainable Tourism Researchers; Dr Peter Daniels, Dr Diane Lee, Prof Ashley Scott, Dr The CRC for Sustainable Tourism was established under the Jim Ness, Melinda Watt, Prof Larry Dwyer, Prof Peter Forsyth, Prof Ray Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program to Spurr, Graeme Worboys, Dr Pramod Sharma and Dino Zanon.
  • WILDLIFE TOURISM Impacts, Management and Planning

    WILDLIFE TOURISM Impacts, Management and Planning

    WILDLIFE TOURISM impacts, management and planning Edited by Karen Higginbottom Wildlife Tourism Impacts, Management and Planning Edited by Karen Higginbottom Wildlife Tourism Impacts, Management and Planning Edited by Karen Higginbottom This book is published at http://SustainableTourism.Publisher-Site.com a series imprint of the UniversityPress.com First published in Australia in 2004 by Common Ground Publishing Pty Ltd PO Box 463 Altona Vic 3018 ABN 66 074 822 629 in association with Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism http://www.crctourism.com.au Copyright © CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2004. All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Wildlife tourism : impacts, management and planning. Bibliography. ISBN 1 86335 545 6. (print) ISBN 1 86335 548 0. (PDF) 1. Ecotourism — Economic aspects. 2. Wildlife-related recreation. 3. Wildlife management. 4. Wildlife conservation. I. Higginbottom, Karen, 1961– . II. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. 333.95416 Cover designed by Katherine Czerwinski. Typeset in Australia by Common Ground Publishing. Printed in Australia by dbooks on 80gsm Offset. Cover photography by Peter Valentine, Michelle Whitmore, and He Minre Staff Changqing Nature Reserve, China. FOREWORD Tourism is widely considered to be the world’s largest business enterprise, involving tens of millions of employees and hundreds of millions of customers. Recent estimates suggest that as many as 700 million international trips are taken each year, and domestic tourism may well be an order of magnitude larger than that.
  • Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and Its Impact on the Poor Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and Its Impact on the Poor

    Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and Its Impact on the Poor Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and Its Impact on the Poor

    Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and its Impact on the Poor Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and its Impact on the Poor Copyright © 2013, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and International Labour Organization (ILO) UNWTO, 28 May 2013, for International Labour Organization, for internal use, only. Copyright © 2013, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and International Labour Organization (ILO) Economic Crisis, International Tourism Decline and its Impact on the Poor UNWTO ISBN: 978-92-844-1443-7 (printed version) ISBN: 978-92-844-1444-4 (electronic version) ILO ISBN: 978-92-2-126985-4 (printed version) ISBN: 978-92-2-126986-1 (electronic version) Published and printed by the World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain. First printing: 2013 All rights reserved The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization and International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning the de- limitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization or the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization or the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.
  • Post-Pandemic Recovery: a Case of Domestic Tourism in Akaroa (South Island, New Zealand)

    Post-Pandemic Recovery: a Case of Domestic Tourism in Akaroa (South Island, New Zealand)

    Article Post-Pandemic Recovery: A Case of Domestic Tourism in Akaroa (South Island, New Zealand) Asif Hussain 1 and Francesc Fusté-Forné 2,* 1 Sustainability and Resilience Institute, Christchurch 7583, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 Department of Business, University of Girona, 17003 Catalonia, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: The current pandemic (Covid-19) disrupted businesses and challenged societies all over the world. In particular, destinations are being urged to keep the attraction and value of their products and services in post-pandemic tourism recovery programs. Drawing from a qualitative study based on published reports and research, and using participant observation, this research analyses the situation of tourism in Akaroa, South Island of New Zealand, during the coronavirus outbreak and the first stages of the recovery process. Results of the research show that while crisis management led to the closure of the sector due to strict social and travel restrictions, the confinement measures adopted by the government and the progressive reopening of the country has resulted in a shift from “cruise tourism” into a gradual return of “domestic tourism”. This paper argues that local peoples’ perspectives must be kept in mind when developing a tourism recovery strategy. This case study also shows that because of the nature of changing working environment, there is potential to change local demography in the form of an increase in residents putting pressure on local infrastructure. In a rural and marine environment, local stakeholders’ attention is required to focus on “quality” of tourism rather than “quantity”. Nature-based resources and outdoor activities are expected to be the Citation: Hussain, A.; Fusté-Forné, F.