225 Part 1917—Marine Terminals

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1917

§ 1915.1200 Hazard communication. 1917.43 Powered industrial trucks. 1917.44 General rules applicable to vehicles. NOTE: The requirements applicable to ship- 1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also yard employment under this section are § 1917.50). identical to those set forth at § 1910.1200 of 1917.46 Load indicating devices. this chapter. 1917.47 Winches. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] 1917.48 Conveyors. 1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins, and § 1915.1450 Occupational exposure to associated equipment. hazardous chemicals in labora- 1917.50 Certification of marine terminal ma- tories. terial handling devices (See also mandatory appendix I, of this part). NOTE: The requirements applicable to ship- 1917.51 Hand tools. yard employment under this section are identical to those set forth at § 1910.1450 of Subpart D—Specialized Terminals this chapter. 1917.70 General. [61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996] 1917.71 Terminals handling intermodal containers or roll-on roll-off operations. PART 1917—MARINE TERMINALS 1917.73 Terminal facilities handling menhaden and similar species of fish (see also § 1917.2, definition of hazardous cargo, Subpart A—General Provisions material, substance or atmosphere). Sec. 1917.1 Scope and applicability. Subpart E—Personal Protection 1917.2 Definitions. 1917.91 Eye and face protection. 1917.3 Incorporation by reference. 1917.92 Respiratory protection. 1917.4 OMB control numbers under the Pa- 1917.93 Head protection. perwork Reduction Act. 1917.94 Foot protection. 1917.5 Compliance duties owed to each em- 1917.95 Other protective measures. ployee. 1917.96 Payment for protective equipment.

Subpart B—Marine Terminal Operations Subpart F—Terminal Facilities 1917.11 Housekeeping. 1917.111 Maintenance and load limits. 1917.12 Slippery conditions. 1917.112 Guarding of edges. 1917.13 Slinging. 1917.113 Clearance heights. 1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets. 1917.114 Cargo doors. 1917.15 Coopering. 1917.115 Platforms and skids. 1917.16 Line handling. (See also § 1917.95(b)). 1917.116 Elevators and escalators. 1917.17 Railroad facilities. 1917.117 Manlifts. 1917.18 Log handling. 1917.118 Fixed ladders. 1917.19 Movement of barges and railcars. 1917.119 Portable ladders. 1917.20 Interference with communications. 1917.120 Fixed stairways. 1917.21 Open fires. 1917.121 Spiral stairways. 1917.22 Hazardous cargo (See § 1917.2(p)). 1917.122 Employee exits. 1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres and sub- 1917.123 Illumination. stances (see also § 1917.2 Hazardous cargo, 1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge plates). material, substance or atmosphere). 1917.125 Guarding temporary hazards. 1917.24 Carbon monoxide. 1917.126 River banks. 1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides 1917.127 Sanitation. and hazardous preservatives (see also 1917.128 Signs and marking. § 1917.2 Hazardous cargo, material, substance or atmosphere). Subpart G—Related Terminal Operations 1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facilities. and Equipment 1917.27 Personnel. 1917.28 Hazard communication (See also 1917.151 Machine guarding. § 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)). 1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot 1917.29 Retention of DOT markings, plac- work) (See also § 1917.2, definition of Haz- ards and labels. ardous cargo, materials, substance, or at- 1917.30 Emergency action plans. mosphere). 1917.153 Spray painting (See also § 1917.2, Subpart C—Cargo Handling Gear and definition of Hazardous cargo, materials, Equipment substance, or atmosphere). 1917.154 Compressed air. 1917.41 House falls. 1917.155 Air receivers. 1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear. 1917.156 Fuel handling and storage.

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1917.157 Battery charging and changing. (ii) Access to employee exposure and 1917.158 Prohibited operations. medical records. Subpart Z, § 1910.1020; APPENDIX I TO PART 1917—SPECIAL CARGO (iii) Commercial diving operations. Sub- GEAR AND CONTAINER SPREADER TEST RE- part T of part 1910; QUIREMENTS (MANDATORY) [SEE (iv) Electrical. Subpart S of part 1910; § 1917.50(c)(5)] (v) Grain handling facilities. Subpart AUTHORITY: 33 U.S.C. 941; 29 U.S.C. 653, 655, R, § 1910.272; 657; Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36 (vi) Hazard communication. Subpart Z, FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), § 1910.1200; 1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–96 (62 FR 111), 3–2000 (65 (vii) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z, FR 50017), 5–2002 (67 FR 65008), 5–2007 (72 FR § 1910.1096; 31160), 4–2010 (75 FR 55355), or 1–2012 (77 FR (viii) Noise. Subpart G, § 1910.95; 3912), as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911. Section 1917.28 also issued under 5 U.S.C. (ix) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G, 553. § 1910.97; Section 1917.29 also issued under 49 U.S.C. (x) Respiratory protection. Subpart I, 1801–1819 and 5 U.S.C. 553. § 1910.134; (xi) Safety requirements for scaffolding. SOURCE: 48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, unless otherwise noted. Subpart D, § 1910.28; (xii) Servicing multi-piece and single piece rim wheels. Subpart N, § 1910.177; Subpart A—General Provisions (xiii) Toxic and hazardous substances. Subpart Z applies to marine cargo han- § 1917.1 Scope and applicability. dling activities except for the fol- (a) The regulations of this part apply lowing: to employment within a marine ter- (A) When a substance or cargo is con- minal as defined in § 1917.2, including tained within a sealed, intact means of the loading, unloading, movement or packaging or containment complying other handling of cargo, ship’s stores with Department of Transportation or or gear within the terminal or into or International Maritime Organization out of any land carrier, holding or con- requirements; 1 solidation area, any other activity (B) Bloodborne pathogens, § 1910.1030; within and associated with the overall (C) Carbon monoxide, § 1910.1000 (See operation and functions of the ter- § 1917.24(a)); and minal, such as the use and routine (D) Hydrogen sulfide, § 1910.1000 (See maintenance of facilities and equip- § 1917.73(a)(2)); and ment. All cargo transfer accomplished (E) Hexavalent chromium § 1910.1026 with the use of shore-based material (See § 1915.1026) handling devices shall be regulated by (xiv) Powered industrial truck oper- this part. ator training, Subpart N, § 1910.178(1). (1) The provisions of this part 1917 do NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2)(xiv): The compli- not apply to the following: ance dates of December 1, 1999 set forth in 29 (i) Facilities used solely for the bulk CFR 1910.178(l)(7) are stayed until March 1, storage, handling and transfer of flam- 2000 for Marine Terminals. mable, non-flammable and combustible liquids and gases. (b) Section 1915.1026 applies to any occupational exposures to hexavalent (ii) Facilities subject to the regula- chromium in workplaces covered by tions of the Office of Pipeline Safety this part. Regulation of the Materials Transpor- tation Bureau, Department of Trans- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52 portation, to the extent such regula- FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 52 FR 49624, Dec. 31, tions apply. 1987; 62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997; 63 FR 66274, (iii) Fully automated bulk coal han- Dec. 1, 1998; 64 FR 46847, Aug. 27, 1999; 65 FR 40938, June 30, 2000; 71 FR 10381, Feb. 28, 2006] dling facilities contiguous to electrical power generating plants. 1 (2) Part 1910 of this chapter does not The International Maritime Organization publishes the International Maritime Dan- apply to marine terminals except for gerous Goods Code to aid compliance with the following provisions: the international legal requirements of the (i) Abrasive blasting. Subpart G, International Convention for the Safety of § 1910.94(a); Life at Sea, 1960.

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§ 1917.2 Definitions. cluding marginal or quayside berthing Apron means that open portion of a facilities; not to be confused with marine terminal immediately adjacent ‘‘loading dock’’ as at a transit shed or to a vessel berth and used in the direct container freight station, or with the transfer of cargo between the terminal body of water between piers or and vessel. wharves. Authorized, in reference to an em- Dockboards (car and bridge plates) ployee’s assignment, means selected by mean devices for spanning short dis- the employer for that purpose. tances between rail cars or highway ve- Cargo door (transit shed door) means hicles and loading platforms that do a door designed to permit transfer of not expose employees to falls greater cargo to and from a marine terminal than 4 feet (1.22 m). structure. Enclosed space means an indoor space, Cargo packaging means any method of other than a confined space, that may containment for shipment, including contain or accumulate a hazardous at- cases, cartons, crates and sacks, but mosphere due to inadequate natural excluding large units such as inter- ventilation. Examples of enclosed modal containers, vans or similar de- spaces are trailers, railcars, and stor- vices. age rooms. Confined space means: Examination, as applied to material (1) A space having all of the following handling devices required by this part characteristics: to be certificated, means a comprehen- (i) Small size; sive survey consisting of the criteria (ii) Severely limited natural ventila- outlined in 29 CFR 1919.71(d) as application; ble to the type of gear or device. The (iii) Capability to accumulate or con- examination is supplemented by a unit tain a hazardous atmosphere; proof test in the case of a quadrennial (iv) Exits that are not readily acces- survey. sible; and Flammable atmosphere means an at- (v) A design not meant for contin- mosphere containing more than 10 per- uous human occupancy. cent of the lower flammable limit of a (2) Examples of confined spaces are flammable or combustible vapor or intermodal tank containers, bailwater dust mixed with air. tanks and portable tanks. Front-end attachments. (1) As applied Conveyor means a device designed ex- to power-operated industrial trucks, clusively for transporting bulk mate- means the various devices, such as roll rials, packages or objects in a predeter- clamps, rotating and sideshifting car- mined path and having fixed or selec- riages, magnets, rams, crane arms or tive points of loading or discharge. booms, load stabilizers, scoops, buckets Danger zone means any place in or and dumping bins, attached to the load about a machine or piece of equipment end for handling lifts as single or mul- where an employee may be struck by tiple units. or caught between moving parts, (2) As applied to cranes, means var- caught between moving and stationary ious attachments applied to the basic objects or parts of the machine, caught machine for the performance of func- between the material and a moving tions such as lifting, clamshell or mag- part of the machine, burned by hot sur- net services. faces or exposed to electric shock. Ex- Fumigant is a substance or mixture of amples of danger zones are nip and substances, used to kill pests or pre- shear points, shear lines, drive mecha- vent infestation, which is a gas or is nisms, and areas beneath counter- rapidly or progressively transformed to weights. the gaseous state, even though some Designated person means a person who nongaseous or particulate matter may possesses specialized abilities in a spe- remain and be dispersed in the treat- cific area and is assigned by the em- ment space. ployer to perform a specific task in Hazardous cargo, material, substance or that area. atmosphere means: Dock means a wharf or pier forming (1) Any substance listed in 29 CFR all or part of a waterfront facility, in- part 1910, subpart Z;

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(2) Any material in the Hazardous of cargo or materials from vessel to Materials Table and Hazardous Mate- shore or shore to vessel including rials Communications Regulations of structures which are devoted to receiv- the Department of Transportation, 49 ing, handling, holding, consolidating CFR part 172; and loading or delivery of waterborne (3) Any article not properly described shipments or passengers, including by a name in the Hazardous Materials areas devoted to the maintenance of Table and Hazardous Materials Com- the terminal or equipment. The term munications Regulations of the De- does not include production or manu- partment of Transportation, 49 CFR facturing areas nor does the term in- part 172 but which is properly classified clude storage facilities directly associ- under the definition of those categories ated with those production or manufac- of dangerous articles given in 49 CFR turing areas. Part 173; or Ramps mean other flat-surface de- (4) Any atmosphere with an oxygen vices for passage between levels and content of less than 19.5%. across openings not covered under House falls means spans and sup- ‘‘dockboards.’’ porting members, winches, blocks, and Ship’s stores means materials that are standing and running rigging forming aboard a vessel for the upkeep, mainte- part of a marine terminal and used nance, safety, operation, or navigation with a vessel’s cargo gear to load or of the vessel, or for the safety or com- unload by means of married falls. fort of the vessel’s passengers or crew. Inspection, as applied to material handling devices required by this part [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 to be certificated, means a complete FR 40196, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30, visual examination of all visible parts 2000; 76 FR 33610, June 8, 2011] of the device. § 1917.3 Incorporation by reference. Intermodal container means a reusable cargo container of a rigid construction (a) (1) The standards of agencies of and rectangular configuration; fitted the U.S. Government, and organiza- with devices permitting its ready han- tions which are not agencies of the dling, particularly its transfer from U.S. Government which are incor- one mode of transport to another; so porated by reference in this part, have designed to be readily filled and the same force and effect as other emptied; intended to contain one or standards in this part. Only the manda- more articles of cargo or bulk commod- tory provisions (i.e. provisions con- ities for transportation by water and taining the word ‘‘shall’’ or other man- one or more other transport modes. datory language) of standards incor- The term includes completely enclosed porated by reference are adopted as units, open top units, fractional height standards under the Occupational Safe- units, units incorporating liquid or gas ty and Health Act. tanks and other variations fitting into (2) The standards listed in paragraph the container system. It does not in- (b) of this section are incorporated by clude cylinders, drums, crates, cases, reference in the corresponding sections cartons, packages, sacks, unitized noted as the sections exist on the date loads or any other form of packaging. of the approval, and a notice of any Loose gear means removable and re- change in these standards will be pub- placeable components of equipment or lished in the FEDERAL REGISTER. The devices which may be used with or as a Director of the Federal Register ap- part of assembled material handling proved these incorporations by ref- units for purposes such as making con- erence in accordance with 5 U.S.C. nections, changing line direction and 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. multiplying mechanical advantage. Ex- (3) Any changes in the standards in- amples are shackles and snatch blocks. corporated by reference in this part Marine terminal means wharves, bulk- and an official historic file of such heads, quays, piers, docks and other changes are available for inspection in berthing locations and adjacent stor- the Docket Office at the national office age or adjacent areas and structures of the Occupational Safety and Health associated with the primary movement Administration, U.S. Department of

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Labor, Washington, DC 20910; tele- Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143–0558; telephone: 202–693–2350 (TTY number: 877– phone: 1–800–621–7619; fax: 708–285–0797; 889–5627). Web site: http://www.nsc.org. (4) Copies of standards listed in this (6) ANSI/ISEA Z87.1–2010, Occupa- section and issued by private standards tional and Educational Personal Eye organizations are available for pur- and Face Protection Devices, Approved chase from the issuing organizations at April 13, 2010; IBR approved for the addresses or through the other con- § 1917.91(a). Copies are available for pur- tact information listed below for these chase from: private standards organizations. In ad- (i) American National Standards In- dition, these standards are available stitute’s e-Standards Store, 25 W 43rd for inspection at the National Archives Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; and Records Administration (NARA). telephone: (212) 642–4980; Web site: For information on the availability of http://webstore.ansi.org/; this material at NARA, telephone: 202– (ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness 741–6030, or go to http:// Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; tele- www.archives.gov/federallregister/ phone: (877) 413–5184; Web site: http:// codeloflfederallregulations/ global.ihs.com; or ibrllocations.html. Also, the material is (iii) TechStreet Store, 3916 Ranchero available for inspection at any Re- Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: gional Office of the Occupational Safe- (877) 699–9277; Web site: http:// ty and Health Administration (OSHA), techstreet.com. or at the OSHA Docket Office, U.S. De- (7) ANSI Z87.1–2003, Occupational and partment of Labor, 200 Constitution Educational Personal Eye and Face Avenue, NW., Room N–2625, Wash- Protection Devices, Approved April 13, ington, DC 20210; telephone: 202–693–2350 2010; IBR approved for § 1917.91(a). Cop- (TTY number: 877–889–5627). ies available for purchase from the: (b) Except as noted, copies of the (i) American National Standards In- standards listed below in this para- stitute’s e-Standards Store, 25 W 43rd graph are available for purchase from Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; the American National Standards In- telephone: (212) 642–4980; Web site: stitute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 4th http://webstore.ansi.org/; Floor, New York, NY 10036; telephone: (ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness 212–642–4900; fax: 212–398–0023; Web site: Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; tele- http://www.ansi.org. phone: (877) 413–5184; Web site: http:// (1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Require- global.ihs.com; or ments for Portable Wood Ladders; IBR (iii) TechStreet Store, 3916 Ranchero approved for § 1917.119(c). Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: (2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Require- (877) 699–9277; Web site: http:// ments for Portable Metal Ladders; IBR techstreet.com. approved for § 1917.119(c). (8) ANSI Z87.1–1989 (R–1998), Practice (3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Require- for Occupational and Educational Eye ments for Portable Reinforced Plastic and Face Protection, Reaffirmation ap- Ladders; IBR approved for § 1917.119(c). proved January 4, 1999; IBR approved (4) ANSI Z41–1999, American National for § 1917.91(a). Copies are available for Standard for Personal Protection—Pro- purchase from: tective Footwear; IBR approved for (i) American National Standards In- § 1917.94(b)(1)(ii). Copies of ANSI Z41– stitute’s e-Standards Store, 25 W 43rd 1999 are available for purchase only Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036; from the National Safety Council, P.O. telephone: (212) 642–4980; Web site: Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143–0558; tele- http://webstore.ansi.org/; phone: 1–800–621–7619; fax: 708–285–0797; (ii) IHS Standards Store, 15 Inverness Web site: http://www.nsc.org. Way East, Englewood, CO 80112; tele- (5) ANSI Z41–1991, American National phone: (877) 413–5184; Web site: http:// Standard for Personal Protection—Pro- global.ihs.com; or tective Footwear; IBR approved for (iii) TechStreet Store, 3916 Ranchero § 1917.94(b)(1)(iii). Copies of ANSI Z41– Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108; telephone: 1991 are available for purchase only (877) 699–9277; Web site: http:// from the National Safety Council, P.O. techstreet.com.

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(9) American National Standards In- § 1917.4 OMB control numbers under stitute (ANSI) Z89.1–2009, American Na- the Paperwork Reduction Act. tional Standard for Industrial Head The following list identifies the 29 Protection, approved January 26, 2009; CFR citations for sections or para- IBR approved for § 1917.93(b)(1)(i). Cop- graphs in this part that contain a col- ies of ANSI Z89.1–2009 are available for lection of information requirement ap- purchase only from the International proved by the Office of Management Safety Equipment Association, 1901 and Budget (OMB). The list also pro- North Moore Street, Arlington, VA vides the control number assigned by 22209–1762; telephone: 703–525–1695; fax: OMB to each approved requirement; 703–528–2148; Web site: control number 1218–0196 expires on www.safetyequipment.org. May 31, 2002 and control number 1218– (10) American National Standards In- 0003 expires on July 31, 2001. The list stitute (ANSI) Z89.1–2003, American Na- follows: tional Standard for Industrial Head OMB control Protection; IBR approved for 29 CFR citation number. § 1917.93(b)(1)(ii). Copies of ANSI Z89.1– 1917.17(n) ...... 1218–0196 2003 are available for purchase only 1917.17(o) ...... 1218–0196 from the International Safety Equip- 1917.23(b)(1) ...... 1218–0196 1917.23(b)(2) ...... 1218–0196 ment Association, 1901 North Moore 1917.23(d)(4) ...... 1218–0196 Street, Arlington, VA 22209–1762; tele- 1917.24(b) ...... 1218–0196 phone: 703–525–1695; fax: 703–528–2148; 1917.24(d) ...... 1218–0196 1917.25(a) ...... 1218–0196 Web site: www.safetyequipment.org. 1917.25(b) ...... 1218–0196 (11) American National Standards In- 1917.25(c) ...... 1218–0196 1917.25(f) ...... 1218–0196 stitute (ANSI) Z89.1–1997, American Na- 1917.26(d)(7) ...... 1218–0196 tional Standard for Personnel Protec- 1917.30(a)(1) ...... 1218–0196 tion—Protective Headwear for Indus- 1917.30(a)(5)(iii) ...... 1218–0196 1917.42(b)(1) ...... 1218–0196 trial Workers—Requirements; IBR ap- 1917.42(b)(4) ...... 1218–0196 proved for § 1917.93(b)(1)(iii). Copies of 1917.42(c)(1) ...... 1218–0196 ANSI Z89.1–1997 are available for pur- 1917.42(d)(1) ...... 1218–0196 1917.42(g)(3) ...... 1218–0003 chase only from the International Safe- 1917.42(h)(1) ...... 1218–0196 ty Equipment Association, 1901 North 1917.42(h)(4) ...... 1218–0003 Moore Street, Arlington, VA 22209–1762; 1917.42(h)(5) ...... 1218–0196 1917.44(e) ...... 1218–0196 telephone: 703–525–1695; fax: 703–528– 1917.44(h) ...... 1218–0196 2148; Web site: www.safetyequipment.org. 1917.45(f)(1)(i) ...... 1218–0196 1917.45(f)(4)(iv) ...... 1218–0196 (12) ASME B56.1, 1959, Safety Code for 1917.45(f)(6) ...... 1218–0196 Powered Industrial Trucks, pages 8 and 1917.45(g)(2) ...... 1218–0196 13; IBR approved for § 1917.50(j)(1). 1917.45(g)(3)(iii) ...... 1218–0196 1917.45(g)(8) ...... 1218–0196 (c) Copies of the following standards 1917.45(k)(1) ...... 1218–0196 are available for purchase from ASTM 1917.45(k)(4) ...... 1218–0196 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, 1917.46(a)(1)(v) ...... 1218–0196 1917.50(c)(1) ...... 1218–0003 P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1917.50(c)(3) ...... 1218–0003 19428–2959; telephone: 610–832–9585; fax: 1917.50(c)(4)(i) ...... 1218–0003 610–832–9555; e-mail: seviceastm.org; Web 1917.50(c)(5)(ii) ...... 1218–0003 1917.50(c)(5)(iii) ...... 1218–0003 site: http://www.astm.org: 1917.50(e) ...... 1218–0003 (1) ASTM F–2412–2005, Standard Test 1917.50(g)(1) ...... 1218–0003 Methods for Foot Protection; IBR ap- 1917.50(h) ...... 1218–0003 1917.71(a) ...... 1218–0196 proved for § 1917.94(b)(1)(i). 1917.71(b)(2)(i) ...... 1218–0196 (2) ASTM F–2413–2005, Standard Spec- 1917.71(b)(2)(ii) ...... 1218–0196 1917.71(b)(6)(ii) ...... 1218–0196 ification for Performance Require- 1917.71(f)(4) ...... 1218–0196 ments for Protective Footwear; IBR 1917.111(b) ...... 1218–0196 approved for § 1917.94(b)(1)(i). 1917.113 ...... 1218–0196 1917.115(c) ...... 1218–0196 [62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65 1917.116(e) ...... 1218–0196 FR 40938, June 30, 2000; 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 1917.116(g) ...... 1218–0196 1917.117(a) ...... 1218–0196 2004; 74 FR 46358, Sept. 9, 2009; 77 FR 37599, 1917.117(b) ...... 1218–0196 June 22, 2012; 81 FR 16091, Mar. 25, 2016] 1917.117(d) ...... 1218–0196

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cured against tipping or falling. Alter- 29 CFR citation OMB control number. natively, beams may be laid on their 1917.117(e) ...... 1218–0196 sides. When beams and pontoons are 1917.117(f) ...... 1218–0196 stowed in tiers more than one high, 1917.117(l) ...... 1218–0196 dunnage or other suitable material 1917.118(e)(4)(i) ...... 1218–0196 1917.119(e) ...... 1218–0196 shall be used under and between tiers. 1917.122(a) ...... 1218–0196 (c) Cargo and material shall not ob- 1917.122(b) ...... 1218–0196 struct access to vessels, cranes, vehi- 1917.128(b)(1)–(b)(4) ...... 1218–0196 1917.151(e)(5) ...... 1218–0196 cles or buildings. Means of access and 1917.152(d)(2)(v) ...... 1218–0196 egress within buildings shall be simi- 1917.152(d)(2)(vi) ...... 1218–0196 larly unobstructed. (d) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring ma- [64 FR 61505, Nov. 12, 1999] terial in which there are visibly protruding nails shall be removed from the § 1917.5 Compliance duties owed to immediate work area or if left in the each employee. area, the nails shall be rendered harm- (a) Personal protective equipment. less. Standards in this part requiring the employer to provide personal protec- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 tive equipment (PPE), including res- FR 40196, July 25, 1997] pirators and other types of PPE, be- cause of hazards to employees impose a § 1917.12 Slippery conditions. separate compliance duty with respect The employer shall eliminate, to the to each employee covered by the re- extent possible, conditions causing quirement. The employer must provide slippery working and walking surfaces PPE to each employee required to use in immediate work areas used by em- the PPE, and each failure to provide ployees. PPE to an employee may be considered a separate violation. § 1917.13 Slinging. (b) Training. Standards in this part (a) Drafts shall be safely slung before requiring training on hazards and re- being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debris lated matters, such as standards re- hanging or protruding from loads shall quiring that employees receive train- be removed. ing or that the employer train employ- (b) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, wood ees, provide training to employees, or pulp, gunny bags or similar articles institute or implement a training pro- shall be hoisted only by straps strong gram, impose a separate compliance enough to support the weight of the duty with respect to each employee bale. At least two hooks, each in a sep- covered by the requirement. The em- arate strap, shall be used. ployer must train each affected employee in the manner required by the (c) Unitized loads bound by bands or standard, and each failure to train an straps may be hoisted by the banding employee may be considered a separate or strapping only if the banding or violation. strapping is suitable for hoisting and is strong enough to support the weight of [73 FR 75587, Dec. 12, 2008] the load. (d) Additional means of hoisting shall Subpart B—Marine Terminal be employed to ensure safe lifting of Operations unitized loads having damaged banding or strapping. § 1917.11 Housekeeping. (e) Case hooks shall be used only (a) Active work areas shall be kept with cases designed to be hoisted by free of equipment and materials not in these hooks. use, and clear of debris, projecting (f) Loads requiring continuous man- nails, strapping and other sharp objects ual guidance during handling shall be not necessary for the work in progress. guided by guide ropes (tag lines) that (b) Hatch beams, covers and pontoons are long enough to control the load. placed in terminal working areas shall (g) Intermodal containers shall be be stowed in stable piles with beams se- handled in accordance with § 1917.71(f).

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(h) The employer shall require em- (e) When employees are working in, ployees to stay clear of the area be- on, or under a railcar, positive means neath overhead drafts or descending shall be taken to protect them from ex- lifting gear. posure to impact from moving railcars. (i) Employees shall not be permitted (f) Before cars are moved, unsecured to ride the hook or the load. and overhanging stakes, wire straps, [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 banding and similar objects shall be re- FR 40197, July 25, 1997] moved or placed so as not to create hazards. § 1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets. (g) The employer shall institute all Cargo, pallets and other material necessary controls during railcar stored in tiers shall be stacked in such movement to safeguard personnel. If a manner as to provide stability winches or capstans are employed for against sliding and collapse. movement, employees shall stand clear of the hauling rope and shall not stand § 1917.15 Coopering. between the rope and the cars. Repair and reconditioning of dam- (h) Before being opened fully, doors aged or leaking cargo packaging (coop- shall be opened slightly to ensure that ering) shall be performed so as not to the load has not shifted during transit. endanger employees. Special precautions shall be taken if the doors being opened are visibly dam- § 1917.16 Line handling. (See also aged. § 1917.95(b)). (i) If powered industrial trucks are (a) In order to provide safe access for used to open railcar doors, the trucks handling lines while mooring and or the railcar doors shall be equipped unmooring vessels, cargo or material with door opening attachments. Em- shall not be stowed or vehicles placed ployees shall stand clear of the railcar where they obstruct the work surface doors while they are being opened and to be used. closed. (b) When stringpiece or apron width (j) Only railcar door openers or pow- is insufficient for safe footing, grab ered industrial trucks equipped with lines or rails shall be installed on the door opening attachments shall be used sides of permanent structures. to open jammed doors. (‘‘Stringpiece’’ means a narrow walk- (k) Employees shall not remain in or way between the water edge of a berth on gondolas or flat cars when drafts and a shed or other structure.) that create overhead, caught-in, caught-between or struck-by hazards § 1917.17 Railroad facilities. are being landed in or on the railcar; (a) Work shall be performed in rail- end gates, if raised, shall be secured. cars only if floors of the railcars are in (l) Operators of railcar dumps shall visibly safe condition for the work ac- have an unrestricted view of dumping tivity being conducted and equipment operations and shall have emergency being used. means of stopping movement. (b) A route shall be established to (m) Recessed railroad switches shall allow employees to pass to and from be enclosed to provide a level surface. places of employment without passing (n) Warning signs shall be posted under, over or through railcars, or be- where doorways open onto tracks, at tween cars less than 10 feet (3 m) apart blind corners and at similar places on the same track. where vision may be restricted. (c) The employer shall direct that no (o) Warning signs shall be posted if employees remain in railcars after insufficient clearance for personnel ex- work is concluded. ists between railcars and structures. (d) Railcars shall be chocked or otherwise prevented from moving: [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (1) While dockboards or carplates are FR 40197, July 25, 1997] in position; or (2) While employees are working § 1917.18 Log handling. within, on or under the railcars or near (a) The employer shall ensure that the tracks at the ends of the cars. structures (bunks) used to contain logs

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have rounded corners and rounded handled and shall determine the nature structural parts to avoid sling damage. of the hazard. The employer shall in- (b) Two or more binders or equiva- form employees of the nature of any lently safe means of containment shall hazard and any special precautions to remain on logging trucks and railcars be taken to prevent employee exposure, to secure logs during movement of the and shall instruct employees to notify truck or car within the terminal. Dur- him of any leaks or spills. ing unloading, logs shall be prevented (b) All hazardous cargo shall be slung from moving while binders are being and secured so that neither the draft removed. nor individual packages can fall as a (c) Logs shall be hoisted by two result of tipping the draft or slacking slings or by other gear designed for of the supporting gear. safe hoisting. (c) If hazardous cargo is spilled or if (d) Logs placed adjacent to vehicle its packaging leaks, employees shall be curbs on the dock shall not be over one removed from the affected area until tier high unless placed in bunks or so the employer has ascertained the spe- stacked as not to roll or otherwise cre- cific hazards, provided any equipment, ate a hazard to employees. clothing and ventilation and fire pro- (e) Before logs are slung up from the tection equipment necessary to elimi- dock, they shall be stably supported to nate or protect against the hazard, and prevent spreading and to allow passage has instructed cleanup employees in a of slings beneath the load. When bunks safe method of cleaning up and dis- or similar retaining devices are used, posing of a spill and handling and dis- no log shall be higher than the stan- posing of leaking containers. Actual chions or retaining members of the de- cleanup or disposal work shall be con- vice. ducted under the supervision of a designated person. § 1917.19 Movement of barges and railcars. § 1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres and Barges and railcars shall not be substances (see also § 1917.2 Haz- moved by cargo runners (running rig- ardous cargo, material, substance ging) from vessel cargo booms, cranes or atmosphere). or other equipment not suitable for the (a) Purpose and scope. This section purpose. covers areas in which the employer is aware that a hazardous atmosphere or § 1917.20 Interference with commu- substance may exist, except where one nications. or more of the following sections apply: Cargo handling operations shall not § 1917.22 Hazardous cargo; § 1917.24 Car- be carried on when noise-producing, bon monoxide; § 1917.25 Fumigants, pes- maintenance, construction or repair ticides, insecticides and hazardous pre- work interferes with the communica- servatives; § 1917.73 Terminal facilities tion of warnings or instructions. handling menhaden and similar species [62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997] of fish; § 1917.152 Welding, cutting, and heating (hot work); and § 1917.153 Spray § 1917.21 Open fires. painting. Open fires and fires in drums or simi- (b) Determination of hazard. (1) When lar containers are prohibited. the employer is aware that a room, building, vehicle, railcar, or other § 1917.22 Hazardous cargo 2 (See space contains or has contained a haz- § 1917.2(p)). ardous atmosphere, a designated and (a) Before cargo handling operations appropriately equipped person shall begin, the employer shall ascertain test the atmosphere before employee whether any hazardous cargo is to be entry to determine whether a hazardous atmosphere exists. (2) Records of results of any tests re- 2 The Department of Transportation and the United States Coast Guard apply require- quired by this section shall be main- ments related to handling, storing and trans- tained for at least thirty (30) days. portation of hazardous cargo (see 33 CFR (c) Testing during ventilation. When part 126, 46 CFR, 49 CFR). mechanical ventilation is used to

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maintain a safe atmosphere, tests shall area level and employees shall be re- be made by a designated person to en- moved from the enclosed space if the sure that the atmosphere is not haz- carbon monoxide concentration ex- ardous. ceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm (0.01%). (d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres. (b) Testing. Tests to determine carbon Only designated persons shall enter monoxide concentration shall be made hazardous atmospheres, in which case when necessary to ensure that em- the following shall apply: ployee exposure does not exceed the (1) Persons entering a space con- limits specified in paragraph (a) of this taining a hazardous atmosphere shall section. be protected by respiratory and emer- (c) Instrumentation. Tests for carbon gency protective equipment meeting monoxide concentration shall be made the requirements of subpart E of this by designated persons using gas detec- part; tor tube units certified by NIOSH (2) Persons entering a space con- under 30 CFR part 11 or other meas- taining a hazardous atmosphere shall uring instruments whose accuracy is as be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the great or greater. use of protective and emergency equip- (d) Records. A record of the date, ment. Standby observers, similarly time, location and results of carbon equipped and instructed, shall continu- monoxide tests shall be available for at ously monitor the activity of employ- least thirty (30) days. ees within such space; [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49 (3) Except for emergency or rescue FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13, operations, employees shall not enter 1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997] into any atmosphere which has been identified as flammable or oxygen defi- § 1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insec- cient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Persons ticides and hazardous preservatives who may be required to enter flam- (see also § 1917.2 Hazardous cargo, mable or oxygen deficient atmospheres material, substance or atmosphere). in emergency operations shall be in- (a) At any time that the concentra- structed in the dangers attendant to tion in any space reaches the level those atmospheres and instructed in specified as hazardous by the fumigant the use of self-contained breathing ap- manufacturer or by Table Z-1 of 29 CFR paratus, which shall be utilized. 1910.1000, whichever is lower, all em- (4) To prevent inadvertent employee ployees shall be removed from the entry into spaces that have been iden- space and shall not be permitted to re- tified as having hazardous, flammable enter until such time as tests dem- or oxygen deficient atmospheres, ap- onstrate that the atmosphere is safe. propriate warning signs or equivalent (b) Tests to determine the atmos- means shall be posted at all means of pheric concentration of chemicals used access to those spaces. to treat cargo shall be: (e) When the packaging of asbestos cargo leaks, spillage shall be cleaned (1) Appropriate for the hazard in- up by designated employees protected volved; from the harmful effects of asbestos as (2) Conducted by designated persons; required by § 1910.1001 of this chapter. and (3) Performed at the intervals nec- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49 essary to ensure that employee expo- FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13, 1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, sure does not exceed the permissible June 30, 2000] exposure limit for the chemical involved. § 1917.24 Carbon monoxide. (c) Results of any tests shall be avail- (a) Exposure limits. The carbon mon- able for at least 30 days. Such records oxide content of the atmosphere in a may be entered on any retrievable me- room, building, vehicle, railcar, or any dium, and shall be available for inspec- enclosed space shall be maintained at tion. not more than 50 parts per million (d) Chemicals shall only be applied to (ppm) (0.005%) as an eight hour average cargoes by designated persons.

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(e) Only designated persons shall of each kit shall be determined by a enter hazardous atmospheres, in which person certified in first aid and cog- case the following provisions apply. nizant of the hazards found in marine (1) Persons entering a space con- cargo handling operations. The containing a hazardous atmosphere shall tents shall be checked at intervals that be protected by respiratory and emer- allow prompt replacement of expended gency protective equipment meeting items. the requirements of subpart E of this (d) Stretchers. (1) There shall be avail- part; and able for each vessel being worked one (2) Persons entering a space con- Stokes basket stretcher, or its equiva- taining a hazardous atmosphere shall lent, permanently equipped with bri- be instructed in the nature of the haz- dles for attaching to the hoisting gear. ard, precautions to be taken, and the (2) Stretchers shall be kept close to use of protective and emergency equip- vessels and shall be positioned to avoid ment. Standby observers, similarly damage to the stretcher. equipped and instructed, shall continu- (3) A blanket or other suitable cov- ously monitor the activity of employ- ering shall be available. ees within such a space. (4) Stretchers shall have at least four (f) Signs shall be clearly posted sets of effective patient restraints in where fumigants, pesticides or haz- operable condition. ardous preservatives have created a (5) Lifting bridles shall be of ade- hazardous atmosphere. These signs quate strength, capable of lifting 1,000 shall note the danger, identify specific pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor of chemical hazards, and give appropriate five, and shall be maintained in oper- information and precautions, including able condition. Lifting bridles shall be instructions for the emergency treat- provided for making vertical patient ment of employees affected by any lifts at container berths. Stretchers for chemical in use. vertical lifts shall have foot plates. (g) In the case of containerized ship- (6) Stretchers shall be maintained in ments of fumigated tobacco, the con- operable condition. Struts and braces tents of the container shall be aerated shall be inspected for damage. Wire by opening the container doors for a mesh shall be secured and have no period of 48 hours after the completion burrs. Damaged stretchers shall not be of fumigation and prior to loading. used until repaired. When tobacco is within shipping cases (7) Stretchers in permanent locations having polyethylene or similar bag lin- shall be mounted to prevent damage ers, the aeration period shall be 72 and shall be protected from the ele- hours. The employer shall obtain a ments if located out-of-doors. If con- written warranty from the fumigation cealed from view, closures shall be facility stating that the appropriate marked to indicate the location of the aeration period has been met. life saving equipment. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49 (e) Telephone or equivalent means of FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13, communication shall be readily avail- 1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997] able. (f) A U.S. Coast Guard approved 30- § 1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facili- inch (76.2 cm) life ring, with at least 90 ties. feet (27.43m) of line attached, shall be (a) Employers shall instruct employ- available at readily accessible points ees to report every injury, regardless of at each waterside work area where the severity, to the employer. employees’ work exposes them to the (b) A first aid kit shall be available hazard of drowning. Employees work- at the terminal, and at least one per- ing on any bridge or structure leading son holding a valid first aid certificate to a detached vessel berthing installa- shall be at the terminal when work is tion shall wear U.S. Coast Guard ap- in progress. proved personal flotation devices ex- (c) First aid kit. First aid kits shall be cept where protected by railings, nets, weatherproof and shall contain indi- or safety belts and lifelines. A readily vidual sealed packages for each item available portable or permanent ladder that must be kept sterile. The contents giving access to the water shall also be

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provided within 200 feet (61 m) of such (2) The course shall consist of in- work areas. struction suited to the particular operations involved. 3 [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30, [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 2000] FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30, 2000] § 1917.27 Personnel. § 1917.28 Hazard communication (See (a) Qualifications of machinery opera- also § 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)). tors. (1) Only those employees determined by the employer to be com- § 1917.29 Retention of DOT markings, petent by reason of training or experi- placards and labels. ence, and who understand the signs, (a) Any employer who receives a notices and operating instructions and package of hazardous material which is are familiar with the signal code in use required to be marked, labeled or plac- shall be permitted to operate a crane, arded in accordance with the U. S. De- winch or other power operated cargo partment of Transportation’s Haz- handling apparatus, or any power oper- ardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR ated vehicle, or give signals to the op- parts 171 through 180) shall retain those erator of any hoisting apparatus. Ex- markings, labels and placards on the ception: Employees being trained and package until the packaging is suffi- supervised by a designated person may ciently cleaned of residue and purged operate such machinery and give sig- of vapors to remove any potential haz- nals to operators during training. ards. (2) No employee known to have defec- (b) Any employer who receives a tive uncorrected eyesight or hearing, freight container, rail freight car, or to be suffering from heart disease, motor vehicle, or transport vehicle epilepsy, or similar ailments that may that is required to be marked or plac- suddenly incapacitate the employee, arded in accordance with the Haz- ardous Materials Regulations shall re- shall be permitted to operate a crane, tain those markings and placards on winch or other power-operated cargo the freight container, rail freight car, handling apparatus or a power-oper- motor vehicle or transport vehicle ated vehicle. until the hazardous materials which re- NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2): OSHA is defin- quire the marking or placarding are ing suddenly incapacitating medical ail- sufficiently removed to prevent any po- ments consistent with the Americans with tential hazards. Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. 12101 (1990). (c) Markings, placards and labels Therefore, employers who act in accordance shall be maintained in a manner that with the employment provisions (Title I) of ensures that they are readily visible. the ADA (42 U.S.C. 12111–12117), the regula- (d) For non-bulk packages which will tions implementing Title I (29 CFR Part not be reshipped, the provisions of this 1630), and the Technical Assistance Manual for Title I issued by the Equal Employment section are met if a label or other ac- Opportunity Commission (Publication num- ceptable marking is affixed in accord- ber: EEOC—M1A), will be considered as being ance with the Hazard Communication in compliance with this paragraph. Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). (e) For the purposes of this section, (b) Supervisory accident prevention pro- the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ and ficiency. (1) After October 3, 1985 imme- any other terms not defined in this sec- diate supervisors of cargo-handling op- tion have the same definition as in the erations of more than five (5) persons shall satisfactorily complete a course 3 The following are recommended topics: (i) in accident prevention. Employees Safety responsibility and authority; (ii) ele- newly assigned to supervisory duties ments of accident prevention; (iii) attitudes, after that date shall be required to leadership and motivation; (iv) hazards of meet the provisions of this paragraph longshoring, including peculiar local cir- within ninety (90) days of such assign- cumstances; (v) hazard identification and ment. elimination; (vi) applicable regulations; and (vii) accident investigations.

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Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 (ii) The employer shall review the CFR parts 171 through 180). plan with each employee covered by the plan at the following times: [59 FR 36700, July 19, 1994] (A) Initially when the plan is devel- § 1917.30 Emergency action plans. oped; (B) Whenever the employee’s respon- (a) Emergency action plans—(1) Scope and application. This paragraph (a) re- sibilities or designated actions under quires all employers to develop and im- the plan change; and plement an emergency action plan. 3a (C) Whenever the plan is changed. The emergency action plan shall be in (iii) The employer shall review with writing (except as provided in para- each employee upon initial assignment graph (a)(5)(iv) of this section) and those parts of the plan that the em- shall cover those designated actions ployee must know to protect the em- employers and employees must take to ployee in the event of an emergency. ensure employee safety from fire and The written plan shall be kept at the other emergencies. workplace and be made available for (2) Elements. The following elements, employee review. at a minimum, shall be included in the (iv) Employers with 10 or fewer em- plan: ployees may communicate the plan (i) Emergency escape procedures and orally to employees and need not main- emergency escape route assignments; tain a written plan (ii) Procedures to be followed by em- (b) [Reserved] ployees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate; [62 FR 40198, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65 FR 40938, June 30, 2000] (iii) Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation has been completed; Subpart C—Cargo Handling Gear (iv) Rescue and medical duties for and Equipment those employees who are to perform them; § 1917.41 House falls. (v) The preferred means of reporting (a) Span beams shall be secured to fires and other emergencies; and prevent accidental dislodgement. (vi) Names or regular job titles of (b) A safe means of access shall be persons or departments that can be provided for employees working with contacted for further information or house fall blocks. explanation of duties under the plan. (c) Designated employees shall in- (3) Alarm system. The employer shall spect chains, links, shackles, swivels, establish an employee alarm system blocks and other loose gear used in that provides warning for necessary house fall operations before each day’s emergency action and for reaction use. Defective gear shall not be used. time for safe escape of employees from the workplace or the immediate work § 1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear. area. (4) Evacuation. The employer shall es- (a) Routine inspection. (1) At the com- tablish the types of evacuation to be pletion of each use, loose gear such as used in emergency circumstances. slings, chains, bridles, blocks and (5) Training. (i) Before implementing hooks shall be so placed as to avoid the emergency action plan, the em- damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be ployer shall designate and train a suffi- inspected and any defects corrected be- cient number of persons to assist in the fore reuse. safe and orderly emergency evacuation (2) All loose gear shall be inspected of employees. by the employer or his authorized rep- resentative before each use and, when necessary, at intervals during its use, 3a When an employer directs his employees to respond to an emergency that is beyond to ensure that it is safe. Any gear the scope of the Emergency Action Plan de- which is found upon such inspection to veloped in accordance with this section, then be visibly unsafe shall not be used until § 1910.120(q) of this chapter shall apply. it is made safe.

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(3) Defective gear shall not be used. (4) Where wire rope clips are used to Distorted hooks, shackles or similar form eyes, the employer shall adhere to gear shall be discarded. the manufacturers’ recommendations, (b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1) which shall be made available for in- The employer shall ascertain and ad- spection. If ‘‘U’’ bolt clips are used and here to the manufacturer’s rec- the manufacturers’ recommendations ommended ratings for wire rope and are not available, Table C–1 shall be wire rope slings and shall have such used to determine the number and ratings available for inspection. When spacing of the clips. ‘‘U’’ bolts shall be the manufacturer is unable to supply applied with the ‘‘U’’ section in contact such ratings, the employer shall use with the dead end of the rope. the tables for wire rope and wire rope slings found in American National TABLE C–1—NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI WIRE ROPE CLIPS B30.9–1971. A design safety factor of at Minimum number of least five shall be maintained for the Minimum Improved plow steel, clips spacing common sizes of running wire used as rope diameter (inches/(cm)) Drop Other (inches/ falls, in purchases or in such uses as forged material (cm)) light load slings. Wire rope with a safety factor of less than five may be used 1⁄2 or less (1.3) ...... 3 4 3 (7.6) 5 3 only: ⁄8 (1.6) ...... 3 4 3 ⁄4 (9.5) 3⁄4 (1.9) ...... 4 5 41⁄2 (11.4) (i) In specialized equipment, such as 7⁄8 (2.2) ...... 4 5 51⁄4 (13.3) but not limited to cranes, designed to 1 (2.5) ...... 5 7 6 (15.2) be used with lesser wire rope safety 11⁄8 (2.9) ...... 6 7 63⁄4 (17.1) factors; 11⁄4 (3.2) ...... 6 8 71⁄2 (19.1) 3 1 (ii) In accordance with design factors 1 ⁄8 (3.5) ...... 7 8 8 ⁄4 (21.0) 11⁄2 (3.8) ...... 7 9 9 (22.9) in standing rigging applications; or (iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes (5) Wire rope shall not be secured by for which a safety factor of five is im- knots. practicable and for which the employer (6) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, can demonstrate that equivalent safety bull wires, or in single parts used for is ensured. hoisting shall not be formed by wire (2) Wire rope or wire rope slings hav- rope clips or knots. ing any of the following conditions (7) Eye splices in wire ropes shall shall not be used: have at least three tucks with a whole (i) Ten randomly distributed broken strand of the rope and two tucks with wires in one rope lay or three or more one-half of the wire cut from each broken wires in one strand in one rope strand. Other forms of splices or con- lay; nections which are shown to be equiva- (ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or lently safe may be used. other damage resulting in distortion of (8) Except for eye splices in the ends the wire rope structure; of wires and for endless rope slings, (iii) Evidence of heat damage; each wire rope used in hoisting or low- (iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, de- ering, or in bulling cargo, shall consist formation or other defect in the wire or of one continuous piece without knot attachments, including cracks in at- or splice. tachments; (c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The em- (v) Any indication of strand or wire ployer shall ascertain the manufactur- slippage in end attachments; or ers’ ratings for the specific natural (vi) More than one broken wire in the fiber rope used and have such ratings close vicinity of a socket or swaged fit- available for inspection. The manufac- ting. turers’ ratings shall be adhered to and (3) Protruding ends of strands in a minimum design safety factor of five splices on slings and bridles shall be maintained. covered or blunted. Coverings shall be (2) Eye splices shall consist of at removable so that splices can be exam- least three full tucks. Short splices ined. Means used to cover or blunt ends shall consist of at least six full tucks, shall not damage the wire. three on each side of the center line.

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(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employer (2) Synthetic web slings shall be re- shall adhere to the manufacturers’ rat- moved from service if they exhibit any ings and use recommendations for the of the following defects: specific synthetic fiber rope used and (i) Acid or caustic burns; shall make such ratings available for (ii) Melting or charring of any part of inspection. the sling surface; (2)(i) Unless otherwise recommended (iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts; by the manufacturer, when synthetic (iv) Broken or worn stitches; or fiber ropes are substituted for fiber (v) Distortion or damage to fittings. ropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm) (vi) Display of visible warning in circumference, the substitute shall threads or markers designed to indi- be of equal size. Where substituted for cate excessive wear or damage. fiber rope of three inches or more in (3) Defective synthetic web slings re- circumference, the size of the synthetic moved from service shall not be re- rope shall be determined from the for- turned to service unless repaired by a mula: sling manufacturer or similar entity. Each repaired sling shall be proof test- =±22 + ed by the repairer to twice the slings’ CCC06..4sm 0 rated capacity prior to its return to Where C = the required circumference of the service. The employer shall retain a synthetic rope in inches, Cs= the circum- certificate of the proof test and make ference to the nearest one-quarter inch of it available for examination. a synthetic rope having a breaking (4) Synthetic web slings provided by strength not less than that of the size fiber the employer shall only be used in ac- rope that is required by paragraph (c) of cordance with the manufacturer’s use this section and Cm= the circumference of recommendations, which shall be avail- the fiber rope in inches that is required by able. paragraph (c) of this section. (5) Fittings shall have a breaking (ii) In making such substitution, it strength at least equal to that of the shall be ascertained that the inherent sling to which they are attached and characteristics of the synthetic fiber shall be free of sharp edges. are suitable for hoisting. (h) Chains and chain slings used for (e) Removal of natural and synthetic hoisting. (1) The employer shall adhere rope from service. Natural and synthetic to the manufacturer’s recommended rope having any of the following de- ratings for safe working loads for the fects shall be removed from service: sizes of wrought iron and alloy steel (1) Abnormal wear; chains and chain slings used and shall (2) Powdered fiber between strands; have such ratings available. When the (3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to manufacturer is unable to provide such affect the capability of the rope; ratings, the employer shall use the tables for chains and chain slings found (4) Variations in the size or round- in American National Safety Standard ness of strands; for Slings, ANSI B30.9–1971. (5) Discolorations other than stains (2) Proof coil steel chain, also known not associated with rope damage; as common or hardware chain, and (6) Rotting; or other chain not recommended by the (7) Distortion or other damage to at- manufacturer for slinging or hoisting tached hardware. shall not be used for slinging or hoist- (f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles ing. shall be used where any rope is secured (3)(i) Sling chains, including end fas- permanently to a ring, shackle or at- tenings, shall be inspected for visible tachment, where practicable. defects before each day’s use and as (g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings and often as necessary during use to ensure nets or other combinations of more integrity of the sling. than one piece of synthetic webbing as- (ii) Thorough inspections of chains in sembled and used as a single unit (syn- use shall be made quarterly to detect thetic web slings) shall not be used to wear, defective welds, deformation or hoist loads in excess of the sling’s increase in length or stretch. The rated capacity. month of inspection shall be indicated

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on each chain by color of paint on a knotting. Makeshift links or fasteners link or by other equally effective such as wire, bolts or rods shall not be means. used. (iii) Chains shall be removed from (7) Hooks, rings, links and attach- service when maximum allowable wear, ments affixed to sling chains shall have as indicated in Table C–2, is reached at rated capacities at least equal to that any point of link. of the chains to which they are at- (iv) Chain slings shall be removed tached. from service when stretch has in- (8) Chain slings shall bear identifica- creased the length of a measured section of size, grade and rated capacity. tion by more than five percent; when a (i) Shackles. (1) If available, the man- link is bent, twisted or otherwise dam- ufacturer’s recommended safe working aged; or when a link has a raised scarf loads for shackles shall not be exceed- or defective weld. ed. In the absence of manufacturer’s (v) Only designated persons shall in- recommendations, Table C–3 shall spect chains used for slinging and apply. hoisting. (2) Screw pin shackles used aloft in TABLE C–2—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT house fall or other gear, except in ANY POINT OF LINK cargo hook assemblies, shall have their pins moused or otherwise effectively Chain size Maximum allowable wear secured. Inches (cm) Inches (cm) TABLE C–3—SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR 1⁄4(9⁄32) (0.6) 3⁄64 (0.1) SHACKLES 3⁄8 (1.0) 5⁄64 (0.2) 1 7 ⁄2 (1.3) ⁄64 (0.3) Material size Pin diameter 5⁄8 (1.6) 9⁄64 (0.4) Safe working load 3 5 in 2,000 lb tons ⁄4 (1.9) ⁄32 (0.4) Inches (cm) Inches (cm) 7⁄8 (2.2) 11⁄64 (0.4) 3 1 (2.5) ⁄16 (0.5) 1⁄2 ...... (1.3) 5⁄8 (1.6) 1.4 1 8 7 32 1 ⁄ (2.9) ⁄ (0.6) 5⁄8 ...... (1.6) 3⁄4 (1.9) 2.2 11⁄4 (3.2) 1⁄4 (0.6) 3⁄4 ...... (1.9) 7⁄8 (2.2) 3.2 13⁄8 (3.5) 9⁄32 (0.7) 7⁄8 ...... (2.2) 1 (2.5) 4.3 11⁄2 (3.8) 5⁄16 (0.8) 1 ...... (2.5) 11⁄8 (2.9) 5.6 13⁄4 (4.4) 11⁄32 (0.9) 11⁄8 ...... (2.9) 11⁄4 (3.2) 6.7 11⁄4 ...... (3.2) 13⁄8 (3.5) 8.2 (4) Chains shall be repaired only 13⁄8 ...... (3.5) 11⁄2 (3.8) 10.0 under qualified supervision. Links or 11⁄2 ...... (3.8) 15⁄8 (4.1) 11.9 portions of chain defective under any 13⁄4 ...... (4.4) 2 (5.1) 16.2 of the criteria of paragraph (h)(3)(iii) of 2 ...... (5.1) 21⁄4 (5.7) 21.2 this section shall be replaced with properly dimensioned links or connec- (j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1) tions of material similar to those of The manufacturers’ recommended safe the original chain. Before repaired working loads for hooks shall not be chains are returned to service, they exceeded. Hooks other than hand hooks shall be tested to the proof load rec- shall be tested in accordance with ommended by the manufacturer of the § 1917.50(c)(6). original chain. Tests shall be per- (2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be dis- formed by the manufacturer or shall be carded. certified by an agency accredited for (3) Teeth of case hooks shall be main- the purpose under part 1919 of this tained in safe condition. chapter. Test certificates shall be (4) Jaws of patent clamp-type plate available for inspection. hooks shall be maintained in condition (5) Wrought iron chains in constant to grip plates securely. use shall be annealed or normalized at (5) Loads shall be applied to the intervals not exceeding six months. throat of the hook only. Heat treatment certificates shall be (k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be made available for inspection. Alloy chains and maintained to safely support and shall not be annealed. carry loads being handled. Fastenings (6) Kinked or knotted chains shall of reusable pallets used for hoisting not be used for lifting. Chains shall not shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws be shortened by bolting, wiring or (helically threaded nails), annular

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threaded nails or fastenings of equiva- truck is in view and within 25 feet (7.62 lent holding strength. m) of the operator, power shall be shut (2) Damaged pallets shall be stored in off. Wheels shall be blocked or curbed designated areas and identified. if the truck is on an incline. (3) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets (4) Powered industrial trucks shall shall be hoisted by bar bridles or other not be operated inside highway vehi- suitable gear and shall have an over- cles or railcars having damage which hanging wing or lip of at least three could affect operational safety. inches (7.62cm). They shall not be (5) Powered industrial trucks shall be hoisted by wire slings alone. marked with their rated capacities, (4) Loaded pallets that do not meet which shall be visible to the operator. the requirements of this paragraph (6) Only stable and safely arranged shall be hoisted only after being placed loads within the rated capacity of the on pallets meeting such requirements truck shall be handled. or shall be handled by other means pro- (7) The employer shall direct drivers viding equivalent safety. to ascend and descend grades slowly. (5) Bridles for handling flush end or (8) The employer shall direct drivers box-type pallets shall be designed to to slow down and sound the horn at prevent disengagement from the pallet crossaisles and other locations where under load. visibility is obstructed. (6) Pallets shall be stacked or placed (9) If the load obstructs the forward to prevent falling, collapsing or other- view, the employer shall direct drivers wise causing a hazard under standard to travel with the load trailing. operating conditions. (10) Steering knobs shall not be used (7) Disposable pallets intended only unless the truck is equipped with for one use shall not be reused for power steering. hoisting. (11) When powered industrial trucks [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 use cargo lifting devices that have a FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30, means of engagement hidden from the 2000] operator, a means shall be provided to enable the operator to determine that § 1917.43 Powered industrial trucks. the cargo has been engaged. (a) Applicability. This section applies (12) When cargo is being towed on to every type of powered industrial pipe trucks or similar equipment, a truck used for material or equipment safe means shall be provided to protect handling within a marine terminal. It the driver from sliding loads. does not apply to over-the-road vehi- (c) Maintenace. (1) Only designated cles. persons shall perform maintenance and (b) General. (1) After October 3, 1983, repair. modifications, such as adding counter- (2) Batteries on all powered trucks weights, that might affect the vehicle’s shall be disconnected during repairs to capacity or safety shall not be per- the primary electrical system unless formed without either the manufactur- power is necessary for testing and re- er’s prior written approval or the writ- pair. On trucks equipped with systems ten approval of a professional engineer capable of storing residual energy, that experienced with the equipment who energy shall be safely discharged be- has consulted with the manufacturer, fore work on the primary electrical if available. Capacity, operation and system begins. maintenance instruction plates, tags or (3) Replacement parts whose function decals shall be changed to conform to might affect operational safety shall be the equipment as modified. equivalent in strength and performance (2) Unauthorized personnel shall not capability to the original parts which ride on powered industrial trucks. A they replace. safe place to ride shall be provided (4) Braking systems or other mecha- when riding is authorized. nisms used for braking shall be oper- (3) When a powered industrial truck able and in safe condition. is left unattended, load-engaging (5) Powered industrial trucks shall be means shall be fully lowered, controls maintained in safe working order. neutralized and brakes set. Unless the Safety devices shall not be removed or

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made inoperative except as otherwise vertical load backrest extension to pre- provided in this section. Trucks with a vent the load from hitting the mast fuel system leak or any other safety when the mast is positioned at max- defect shall not be operated. imum backward tilt. For this purpose, (6) Those repairs to the fuel and igni- a ‘‘load backrest extension’’ means a tion systems of industrial trucks which device extending vertically from the involve fire hazards shall be conducted fork carriage frame to prevent raised only in locations designated as safe for loads from falling backward. such repairs. (3) Forks. Forks, fork extensions and (d) Approved trucks—(1) Approved other attachments shall be secured so power-operated industrial truck means that they cannot be accidentally dis- one listed or approved for the intended lodged, and shall be used only in ac- use by a nationally recognized testing cordance with the manufacturer’s rec- laboratory. ommendations. (2) Approved trucks acquired and (4) Counterweights. Counterweights used after February 15, 1972, shall bear shall be so affixed that they cannot be a label or other identification indi- accidentally dislodged. cating testing laboratory approval. (5) Capacities and weights. (i) Fork lift (3) When the atmosphere in an area is truck rated capacities, with and with- hazardous and the provisions of United out removable counterweights, shall States Coast Guard regulations at 33 not be exceeded. Rated capacities shall CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only power- be marked on the vehicle and shall be operated industrial trucks approved for visible to the operator. The vehicle such locations shall be used. weight, with and without counter- (e) Fork lift trucks—(1) Overhead weight, shall be similarly marked. guards. (i) When operators are exposed (ii) If loads are lifted by two or more to overhead falling hazards, fork lift trucks working in unison, the total trucks shall be equipped with securely weight of the load shall not exceed the attached overhead guards. Guards shall combined rated lifting capacity of all be constructed to protect the operator trucks involved. from falling boxes, cartons, packages, (6) Lifting of employees. Employees or similar objects. may be elevated by fork lift trucks (ii) Overhead guards shall not ob- only when a platform is secured to the struct the operator’s view, and open- lifting carriage or forks. The platform ings in the top of the guard shall not shall meet the following requirements: exceed six inches (15.24 cm) in one of (i) The platform shall have a railing the two directions, width or length. complying with § 1917.112(c). Larger openings are permitted if no (ii) The platform shall have opening allows the smallest unit of toeboards complying with § 1917.112(d) cargo being handled to fall through the if tools or other objects could fall on guard. employees below. (iii) Overhead guards shall be built so (iii) An employee shall be at the that failure of the vehicle’s mast tilt- truck’s controls whenever employees ing mechanism will not displace the are elevated. guard. (iv) Employees on the platform shall (iv) An overhead guard, otherwise re- be protected from exposure to moving quired by this paragraph, may be re- truck parts. moved only when it would prevent a (v) The platform floor shall be skid truck from entering a work space and resistant. if the operator is not exposed to low (vi) When the truck has controls ele- overhead obstructions in the work vated with the lifting carriage, means space. shall be provided for employees on the (v) Overhead guards shall be large platform to shut off power to the vehi- enough to extend over the operator cle. during all truck operations, including (vii) While employees are elevated, forward tilt. the truck may be moved only to make (2) Load backrest extensions. Where minor placement adjustments. necessary to protect the operator, fork (f) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles. (1) lift trucks shall be fitted with a Where a seated operator may come into

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contact with projecting overheads, § 1917.44 General rules applicable to crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehi- vehicles. 4 cles that are rider operated shall be (a) The requirements of this section equipped with operator’s guards. apply to general vehicle use within ma- (2) Guards and their attachment rine terminals. Exception: The provi- points shall be so designed as to be able sions of paragraphs (c) and (l) of this to withstand, without excessive deflec- section do not apply when preempted tion, a load applied horizontally at the by applicable regulations of the De- operator’s shoulder level equal to the partment of Transportation. 5 drawbar pull of the machine. (b) Private vehicle parking in marine (3) After July 26, 1999 bulk cargo- terminals shall be allowed only in des- moving vehicles shall be equipped with ignated areas. rollover protection of such design and (c) Trailers shall not be disconnected construction as to prevent the possi- from tractors at loading docks until bility of the operator being crushed be- the road wheels have been immobilized. cause of a rollover or upset. The road wheels shall be immobilized (g) Straddle trucks—(1) Accessibility. from the time the brake system is dis- Straddle trucks shall have a permanent connected until braking is again pro- means of access to the operator’s sta- vided. Supplementary front end sup- tion, including any handholds nec- port shall be employed as necessary to essary for safe ascent and descent. prevent tipping when a trailer is en- (2) Guarding. (i) Main sprockets and tered by a material handling vehicle. chains to the wheels shall be guarded Rear end support shall be employed if as follows: rear wheels are so far forward as to allow tipping when the trailer is en- (A) The upper sprocket shall be entered. closed; (d) The employer shall direct motor (B) The upper half of the lower vehicle operators to comply with any sprocket shall be enclosed; and posted speed limits and other traffic (C) The drive chain shall be enclosed control signs or signals, and written to a height of eight feet (2.44 m) except traffic instructions. for that portion at the lower half of the (e) Stop signs shall be posted at main lower sprocket. entrances and exits of structures where (ii) Gears shall be enclosed and re- visibility is impaired, and at blind volving parts which may be contacted intersections, unless direct traffic con- by the operator shall be guarded. trol or warning mirror systems or (iii) When straddle trucks are used in other systems of equivalent safety are the vicinity of employees, personnel- provided. deflecting guards shall be provided (f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules, and around leading edges of front and rear parking areas shall be established, wheels. identified, and used. (3) Visibility. Operator visibility shall (g) The employer shall direct vehicle be provided in all directions of move- drivers to warn employees in traffic ment. lanes of the vehicle’s approach. (h) Trailer-spotting tractors. (1) Trail- er-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall 4 The United States Coast Guard at 33 CFR be fitted with any hand grabs and foot- 126.15(d) and (e) has additional regulations ing necessary for safe access to the applicable to vehicles in terminals. 5 fifth wheel. Department of Transportation regulations in 49 CFR part 393, Subpart C—Brakes, (2) Rear cab windows shall be of safe- address the immobilization of trailer road ty glass or of equivalent material. wheels prior to disconnection of the trailer and until braking is again provided. Section [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 49 CFR 393.84 addresses the condition of FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30, flooring. These DOT rules apply when the 2000] motor carrier is engaged in interstate com- merce or in the transport of certain hazardous items wholly within a municipality or the commercial zone thereof.

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(h) Signs indicating pedestrian traf- service multi-piece rim wheels shall be fic shall be clearly posted at vehicular assigned such duties. check-in and check-out lines and simi- (ii) Employees assigned such duties lar locations where employees may be shall have demonstrated their ability working. by the safe performance of the fol- (i) A distance of not less than 20 feet lowing tasks: (6.1 m) shall be maintained between the (A) Tire demounting (including defla- first two vehicles in a check-in, check- tion); out, roadability, or vessel loading/dis- (B) Inspection of wheel components; charging line. This distance shall be (C) Mounting of tires; maintained between any subsequent (D) Inflation of tires, including use of vehicles behind which employees are a restraining device; required to work. (E) Handling of wheels; (j) No unattended vehicle shall be left (F) Inflation of tires when a wheel is with its engine running unless secured mounted on the vehicle; and against movement (see § 1917.43(b)(3) for (G) Installation and removal of powered industrial trucks). wheels. (k) When the rear of a vehicle is ele- (4) Servicing procedures. The following vated to facilitate loading or dis- procedures shall be followed: charging, a ramp shall be provided and secured. The vehicle shall be secured (i) Tires shall be completely deflated against accidental movement during before demounting by removal of the loading or discharging. valve core; (l) Only highway vehicle floors in (ii) The valve core shall be removed safe condition shall be used. before the wheel is removed from the (m) When flatbed trucks, platform axle when: containers or similar conveyances are (A) The tire has been operated under- loaded or discharged and the cargo con- inflated at 80% or less of its rec- sists of pipe or other products which ommended pressure, or could spread or roll to endanger em- (B) There is discernible or suspected ployees, the cargo shall be contained to damage to the tire or wheel compo- prevent movement. nents; (n) Vehicles used to transport em- (iii) Mating surfaces shall be free of ployees within a terminal shall be dirt, surface rust, scale and rubber maintained in safe working order and buildup before mounting; safety devices shall not be removed or (iv) Rubber lubricant shall be applied made inoperative. to bead and rim mating surfaces upon (o) Servicing multi-piece and single wheel assembly and inflation of the piece rim wheels. Servicing of multi- tire; piece and single piece rim wheels is (v) Air pressure shall not exceed 3 covered by § 1910.177 of this chapter. psig (0.21 kg/cm2) when seating the (See § 1917.1(a)(2)(xii)). locking ring or rounding out the tube (1) Scope. This paragraph applies to when a tire is being partially inflated the servicing of vehicle wheels con- without a restraining device; taining tube-type tires mounted on (vi) While the tire is pressurized, multi-piece rims. components shall not be struck or (2) Definition. ‘‘Multi-piece rim’’ forced to correct the seating of side or means a vehicle wheel rim consisting lock rings; of two or more parts, one of which is a (vii) There shall not be any contact (side) locking ring designed to hold the between an employee or unit of equip- tire on the rim by tension on inter- ment and a restraining device during locking components when the tire is tire inflation; inflated, regardless of the relative sizes (viii) After inflation, tires, rims and of the component parts. rings shall be inspected while within (3) Employee training. (i) Only employ- the restraining device to ensure seat- ees trained in the procedures required ing and locking. If adjustment is nec- in paragraph (o)(4) of this section and essary the tire shall first be deflated by who have demonstrated their ability to valve core removal; and

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(ix) Before assembly, wheel compo- gauge or a preset pressure regulator nents shall be inspected, and damaged shall be used to inflate tires. rim components shall not be reused. (8) Other equipment. (i) Only tools rec- (5) Charts and manuals. (i) The em- ommended in the rim manual for the ployer shall provide a chart containing type of wheel being serviced shall be as a minimum the instructions and in- used to service multi-piece rim wheels. formation provided in the United (ii) Wheel components shall not be States Department of Transportation, interchanged except as provided in the National Highway Traffic Safety Ad- applicable chart or manual. ministration (NHTSA) publication [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52 ‘‘Safety Precautions for Mounting and FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 62 FR 40199, July 25, Demounting Tube-Type Truck/Bus 1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30, 2000] Tires’’ and ‘‘Multi-Piece Rim Wheel Matching Chart,’’ and pertinent to the § 1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also type(s) of multi-piece rim wheels being § 1917.50). serviced. The chart shall be available (a) Coverage. (1) This section applies in the terminal’s service area. 6 to every kind of crane and derrick and (ii) A current rim manual containing to any other type of equipment per- the manufacturer’s instructions for forming the functions of a crane or der- mounting, demounting, maintenance rick except as noted in paragraph (a)(2) and safety precautions relating to the of this section. multi-piece rim wheels being serviced (2) This section does not apply to shall be available in the terminal’s small industrial truck-type cranes, service area. container handling top-loaders and (6) Restraining devices. (i) Except as sideloaders, chain hoists, and mobile otherwise noted, inflation shall be done straddle-type cranes incapable of strad- within a restraining device such as a dling two or more intermodal con- cage, rack or other device capable of tainers (16 feet (4.88 m) in width). withstanding the maximum force that (b) Ratings. (1) Except for bridge would be transferred to it during an ex- cranes covered by paragraph (g) of this plosive wheel separation occurring at section, cranes and derricks having 150% of maximum tire specification ratings that vary with boom length, ra- pressure for the wheels being serviced. dius (outreach) or other variables shall The restraining device shall be capable have a durable rating chart visible to of preventing rim components from the operator, covering the complete being thrown outside the frame of the range of the manufacturer’s (or design) device for any wheel position within capacity ratings. The rating chart the device. When the wheel assembly is shall include all operating radii (out- mounted on a vehicle, tires may be in- reach) for all permissible boom lengths flated without a restraining device and jib lengths as applicable, with and only if they have more than 80% of the without outriggers, and alternate rat- recommended pressure and if remote ings for optional equipment affecting control inflation equipment is used and employees are clear of the danger area. such ratings. Precautions or warnings (ii) Restraining devices shall be kept specified by the owner or manufacturer in good repair and be capable of pre- shall be included along with the chart. venting rim components from being (2) The manufacturer’s (or design) thrown outside the device. rated loads for the conditions of use (7) Inflation hoses. Inflation hoses shall not be exceeded. shall have a manual clip-on chuck with (3) Designated working loads shall sufficient hose to permit an employee not be increased beyond the manufac- to be clear of the danger zone. An in- turer’s ratings or original design limi- line, manually operated valve with tations unless such increase receives the manufacturer’s approval. When the manufacturer’s services are not avail- 6 NHTSA charts are available from General able or where the equipment is of for- Services Division, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Attention: N48–51, eign manufacture, engineering design 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, D.C. analysis shall be performed or approved 20590. Industry charts are available upon re- by a person accredited for certificating quest from the manufacturer. the equipment under part 1919 of this

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chapter. Engineering design analysis with § 1917.118 (d), (e)(1), (e)(2)(iii), and shall be performed by a registered pro- (e)(2)(iv). fessional engineer competent in the (iii) Stairways on cranes shall be field of cranes and derricks. Any struc- equipped with rigid handrails meeting tural changes necessitated by the the requirements of § 1917.112(e). change in rating shall be carried out. (iv) If the top of a ladder or stairway (c) Radius indicator. When the rated or any position thereof is located load varies with the boom radius, the where a moving part of a crane, such as crane or derrick shall be fitted with a a revolving house, could strike an em- boom angle or radius indicator visible ployee ascending or descending the lad- to the operator. der or stairway, a prominent warning (d) Prohibited usage. (1) Equipment sign shall be posted at the foot of the shall not be used in a manner that ex- ladder or stairway. A system of com- erts sideloading stresses upon the munication (such as a buzzer or bell) crane or derrick boom. shall be established and maintained be- (2) No crane or derrick having a visi- tween the foot of the ladder or stair- ble or known defect that affects safe way and the operator’s cab. operation shall be used. (5) Operator’s station. (i) The cab, con- (e) Protective devices. (1) When ex- trols and mechanism of the equipment posed moving parts such as gears, shall be so arranged that the operator chains and chain sprockets present a has a clear view of the load or signal- hazard to employees during crane and man, when one is used. Cab glass, when derrick operations, those parts shall be used, shall be safety plate glass or securely guarded. equivalent. Cranes with missing, bro- (2) Crane hooks shall be latched or ken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass otherwise secured to prevent acci- (or equivalent) that impairs operator dental load disengagement. visibility shall not be used. Clothing, (f) General—(1) Operating controls. (i) tools and equipment shall be stored so Crane and derrick operating controls as not to interfere with access, oper- shall be clearly marked, or a chart ination, and the operator’s view. dicating their function shall be posted (ii) A seat (lap) belt, meeting the re- at the operator’s position. quirements of 49 CFR 571.208–210 for a (ii) After October 3, 1984, overhead Type 1 seat belt assembly, shall be in- bridge and container gantry crane op- stalled on the operator’s seat of high erating control levers shall be self-cen- speed container gantry cranes where tering so that they will automatically the seat trolleys. move to the ‘‘off’’ position when the (6) Counterweights or ballast. Cranes operator releases the control. shall be operated only with the speci- (2) Booms. Cranes with elevatable fied type and amount of ballast or booms and without operable automatic counterweights. Ballast or counter- limiting devices shall be provided with weight shall be located and secured boom stops if boom elevation can ex- only as provided in the manufacturer’s ceed maximum design angles from the or design specifications, which shall be horizontal. available. (3) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall have (7) Outriggers. Outriggers shall be a non-skid surface. used according to the manufacturers’ (4) Access. Ladders, stairways, stan- specifications or design data, which chions, grab irons, foot steps or equiva- shall be available. Floats, when used, lent means shall be provided as nec- shall be securely attached to the out- essary to ensure safe access to riggers. Wood blocks or other support footwalks, cab platforms, the cab and shall be of sufficient size to support the any portion of the superstructure outrigger, free of defects that may af- which employees must reach. fect safety and of sufficient width and (i) Footwalks shall be of rigid con- length to prevent the crane from shift- struction, and shall be capable of sup- ing or toppling under load. porting a load of 100 pounds (4.79 kPa) (8) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaust per square foot. gases shall be discharged away from (ii) If more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in the normal position of crane operating height, vertical ladders shall comply personnel.

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(9) Electrical equipment shall be so this section, rail-mounted cranes in- located or enclosed that live parts will clude bridge cranes and portal cranes. not be exposed to accidental contact. (2) Rated load marking. The rated Designated persons may work on ener- loads of bridge cranes shall be plainly gized equipment only if necessary dur- marked on each side of the crane and ing inspection, maintenance, or repair. in the cab. If there is more than one (10) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its portable fire extinguisher of at least 5– rated load marked on it or on its load BC rating or equivalent shall be acces- block. Marking shall be legible from sible in the cab of the crane or derrick. the ground level. (ii) No portable fire extinguisher (3) Wind-indicating devices. (i) After using carbon tetrachloride or October 3, 1983, each rail-mounted chlorobromomethane extinguishing bridge and portal crane located outside agents shall be used. of an enclosed structure shall be fitted (11) Rope on drums. At least three full with an operable wind-indicating de- turns of rope shall remain on vice. ungrooved drums, and two turns on (ii) The wind indicating device shall grooved drums, under all operating provide a visible or audible warning to conditions. Wire rope shall be secured alert the operator of high wind condi- to drums by clamps, U-bolts, shackles tions. That warning shall be trans- or equivalent means. Fiber rope fas- mitted whenever the following cir- tenings are prohibited. cumstances are present: (12) Assembly or disassembly of boom (A) When wind velocity reaches the sections. Mobile crane booms being as- warning speed, not exceeding the crane sembled or disassembled on the ground manufacturer’s recommendations; and with or without the support of the (B) When wind velocity reaches the boom harness shall be blocked to pre- shutdown speed, not exceeding the vent dropping of the boom or boom sec- crane manufacturer’s recommendations. tions, at which work is to be stopped (13) Brakes. (i) Each independent and the crane secured. hoisting unit of a crane shall be (iii) Instructions. The employer shall equipped with at least one holding post operating instructions for high brake, applied directly to the motor wind conditions in the operator’s cab of shaft or gear train. each crane. Operators shall be directed (ii) Each independent hoisting unit of to comply with these instructions. The a crane, except worm geared hoists, the instructions shall include procedures angle of whose worm is such as to pre- for responding to high wind alerts and vent the load from accelerating in the for any coordination necessary with lowering direction, shall, in addition to other cranes. a holding brake, be equipped with a (4) Securing of cranes in high winds. (i) controlled braking means to control When the wind reaches the crane’s lowering speeds. warning speed: (iii) Holding brakes for hoist units (A) Gantry travel shall be stopped; shall have not less than the following and percentage of the rated load hoisting (B) The crane shall be readied for torque at the point where the brake is shutdown. applied: (ii) When the wind reaches the (A) 125 percent when used with an crane’s shutdown speed: other than mechanically controlled (A) Any portion of the crane span- braking means; or ning or partially spanning a vessel (B) 100 percent when used with a me- shall be moved clear of the vessel if chanically-controlled braking means. safe to do so; and (C) 100 percent when two holding (B) The crane shall be secured brakes are provided. against travel, using all available (iv) All power control braking means means of securing. shall be capable of maintaining safe (5) The employer shall monitor local lowering speeds of rated loads. weather conditions by subscribing to a (g) Rail-mounted cranes (excluding lo- weather service or using equally effec- comotive types). (1) For the purposes of tive means.

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(6) Stops and bumpers. (i) The ends of a load in unison, a designated person all tracks shall be equipped with stops shall direct the operation and instruct or bumpers. If a stop engages the tread personnel in positioning, rigging of the of the wheel, it shall be of a height not load and movements to be made. less than the radius of the wheel. (2) Guarding of swing radius. Acces- (ii) When more than one crane oper- sible areas within the swing radius of ates on the same runway or more than the body of a revolving crane shall be one trolley on the same bridge, each physically guarded during operations crane or trolley shall be equipped with to prevent an employee from being bumpers or equivalent devices at adja- caught between the body of the crane cent ends subject to impact. and any fixed structure or between (7) Employee exposure to crane move- parts of the crane. ment. When employees may be in the (3) Securing mobile crane components in vicinity of the tracks, crane trucks transit. The crane’s superstructure and shall be equipped with personnel-de- boom shall be secured against rotation flecting guards. and carried in line with the direction of (8) Pedestrian clearance. If the track travel except when negotiating turns area is used for employee passage or for with an operator in the cab or when the work, a minimum clearance of three boom is supported on a dolly. The feet (.91 m) shall be provided between empty hook or other attachment shall trucks or the structures of rail-mount- be secured. ed cranes and any other structure or (4) Unattended cranes. The following obstruction. When the required clear- steps shall be taken before leaving a ance is not available on at least one crane unattended between work peri- side of the crane’s trucks, the area ods: shall not be used and shall be marked (i) Suspended loads, such as those and identified. hoisted by lifting magnets or clamshell (9) Warning devices. Rail-mounted buckets, shall be landed unless the cranes shall be equipped with an effec- storage position or maximum hoisting tive travel warning device which shall of the suspended device will provide be used to warn employees who may be equivalent safety; in the path of the moving crane. (ii) Clutches shall be disengaged; (10) Communications. Means of com- (iii) The power supply shall be shut munication shall be provided between off; the operator’s cab and the base of the (iv) The crane shall be secured gantry of all rail-mounted cranes. This against accidental travel; and requirement may be met by telephone, (v) The boom shall be lowered or se- radio, sound-signalling system or other cured against movement. effective methods, but not solely by (5) Operating near electric power lines. hand-signalling. (i) Clearance. Unless electrical distribu- (11) Limit switch bypass systems tion and transmission lines are de-en- shall be secured during all cargo oper- ergized and visibly grounded at the ations. Such bypass systems shall not point of work, or unless insulating bar- be used except in an emergency or dur- riers not a part of or attached to the ing non-cargo handling operations such crane have been erected to prevent as stowing cranes or derricks or per- physical contact with lines, cranes forming repairs. When a situation re- may be operated near power lines only quiring the use of a bypass system or in accordance with the following: the readjustment of a limit switch (A) For lines rated 50 kV or below, arises, it shall be done only under the minimum clearance between the lines direction of a crane mechanic. and any part of the crane or load shall (h) Stabilizing of locomotive cranes. be 10 feet (3.05 m); Loads may be hoisted by locomotive (B) For lines rated over 50 kV, min- cranes only if outriggers are in place, imum clearance between the lines and unless means are taken to prevent the any part of the crane or load shall be load being carried by the truck springs either 10 feet (3.05 m) plus 0.4 inch of the crane. (10.16 mm) for each 1 kV over 50 kV, or (i) Operations. (1) Use of cranes to- twice the length of the line insulator, gether. When two or more cranes hoist but never less than 10 feet; and

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(C) In transit with no load and boom be so constructed or secured as to pre- lowered, the clearance shall be a min- vent accidental boom movement. imum of 4 feet (1.22 m). (4) Platforms or devices used to hoist (ii) Boom guards. Cage-type boom employees shall be inspected for de- guards, insulating links or proximity fects before each day’s use and shall be warning devices may be used on cranes, removed from service if defective. but they shall not be used in place of (5) Employees being hoisted shall re- the clearances required by paragraph main in continuous sight of and com- (i)(5)(i) of this section. munication with the operator or sig- (iii) Determination of energized lines. nalman. Any overhead line shall be presumed to (6) Operators shall remain at the con- be energized until the owner of the line trols when employees are hoisted. indicates that it is not energized. (7) Cranes shall not travel while em- (j) Protection for employees being hoist- ployees are hoisted, except in emer- ed. (1) No employee shall be hoisted by gency or in normal tier to tier transfer the load hoisting apparatus of a crane of employees during container oper- or derrick except: ations. (i) On intermodal container spread- (8) When intermodal container ers, equipped in accordance with para- spreaders are used to transfer employ- graph (j)(8) of this section; or ees to or from the tops of containers, (ii) In a boatswain’s chair or other the spreaders shall be equipped with a device rigged to prevent it from acci- personnel platform equipped with fixed dental disengagement from the hook or railings, provided that the railings supporting member; or have one or more openings for access. (iii) On a platform meeting the fol- The openings shall be fitted with a lowing requirements: means of closure, such as chains with (A) Enclosed by a railing or other hooks. Existing railings shall be at means providing protection equivalent least 36 inches (0.91 m) in height. New to that described in § 1917.112(c). If railings installed after October 3, 1983 equipped with open railings, the plat- shall be 42 inches (1.07 m), plus or form shall be fitted with toe boards; minus 3 inches (7.62 cm), in height. The (B) Having a safety factor of four provisions of paragraphs (j)(1)(iii)(C), based on ultimate strength; (j)(1)(iii)(D), and (j)(1)(iii)(F) of this (C) Bearing a plate or permanent section also apply to personnel plat- marking indicating maximum load rat- forms when such container spreaders ing, which shall not be exceeded, and are used. the weight of the platform itself; (9) Employees shall not be hoisted on (D) Equipped with a device to prevent intermodal container spreaders while a access doors, when used, from opening load is engaged. accidentally; (10) All cranes and derricks used to (E) Equipped with overhead protec- hoist personnel shall be equipped with tion for employees on the platform if an anti-two-blocking device. they are exposed to falling objects or (k) Routine inspection. (1) Designated overhead hazards; persons shall visually inspect each (F) Secured to the load line by means crane and derrick on each day of use other than wedge and socket attach- for defects in functional operating ments, unless the free (bitter) end of components and shall report any defect the line is secured back to itself by a found to the employer. The employer clamp placed as close above the wedge shall inform the operator of the find- as possible. ings. (2) Except in an emergency, the (2) A designated person shall thor- hoisting mechanism of all cranes or oughly inspect all functional compo- derricks used to hoist personnel shall nents and accessible structural fea- operate only in power up and power tures of each crane or device at month- down, with automatic brake applica- ly intervals. tion when not hoisting or lowering. (3) Any defects found during such in- (3) Variable radius booms of a crane spections which may create a safety or derrick used to hoist personnel shall hazard shall be corrected before further

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equipment use. Repairs shall be per- cific period of use. Checks for accu- formed only by designated persons. racy, using known values of load, shall (4) A record of monthly inspections be performed at the time of every cer- shall be maintained for six months in tification survey (see § 1917.50) and at or on the crane or derrick or at the ter- such additional times as may be rec- minal. ommended by the manufacturer. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (iv) When a load indicating device or FR 40199, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40940, June 30, alternative system is so arranged in 2000] the supporting system (crane structure) that its failure could cause the § 1917.46 Load indicating devices. load to be dropped, its strength shall (a)(1) Except as provided in para- not be the limiting factor of the sup- graph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, every porting system (crane structure). crane after October 3, 1984 shall be (v) Marking shall be conspicuously fitted with a load indicating device or placed giving: units of measure in alternative device in proper working pounds or both pounds and kilograms, condition which shall meet the fol- capacity of the indicating system, ac- lowing criteria: curacy of the indicating system, and (i) The type or model or any load in- operating instructions and precautions. dicating or alternate device which is In the case of systems utilizing indica- used shall provide: tions other than actual weights, the (A) A direct indication in the cab of marking shall include data on: the actual weight hoisted or a means of de- means of measurement, capacity of the termining this by referencing a weight system, accuracy of the system, and indication to crane ratings posted and operating instructions and precautions. visible to the operator, except that the If the system used provides no readout, use of a dynamometer or simple scale but is such as to automatically cease alone will not meet this requirement; crane operation when the rated load or limit under any specific condition of (B) Indications in the cab according use is reached, marking shall be pro- to the radius and load at the moment; vided giving the make and model of the or device installed, a description of what (C) A direct means to prevent an it does, how it is operated, and any overload from occurring. necessary precautions regarding the (ii) The accuracy of the load indi- system. All weight indications, other cating device, weight-moment device, types of loading indications, and other or overload protection device shall be data required shall be readily visible to such that any indicated load (or limit), the operator. including the sum of actual weight (vi) All load indicating devices shall hoisted and additional equipment or be operative over the full operating ra- ‘‘add ons’’ such as slings, sensors, dius. Overall accuracy shall be based blocks, etc., is within the range be- on actual applied load and not on full tween 95 percent (5 percent underload) scale (full capacity) load. and 110 percent (10 percent overload) of the actual true total load. Such accu- EXPLANATORY NOTE: For example, if accuracy shall be required over the range of racy of the load indicating device is based on daily operating variables reasonably full scale load and the device is arbitrarily set at plus/minus 10 percent, it would accept anticipated under the conditions of a reading between 90,000 and 110,000 lbs., at use. full capacity of a machine with 100,000 lbs., (iii) The device shall permit the oper- maximum rating, but would also allow a ator to determine, before making any reading between zero and 20,000 lbs., at that lift, that the indicating or substitute outreach (radius) at which the rating would system is operative. In the alternative, be 10,000 lbs., capacity—an unacceptable fig- if a device is so mounted or attached to ure. If, however, accuracy is based on actual preclude such a determination, it may applied load under the same conditions, the acceptable range would remain the same not be used unless it has been certified with the 100,000-lb. load but becomes a figure by the manufacturer to remain oper- between 9,000 and 11,000 lbs., a much different able within the limits stated in para- and acceptable condition, at the 10,000-lb. graph (a)(1)(ii) of this section for a spe- load.

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(vii) When the device uses the radius access to areas from which it is pos- as a factor in its use or in its operating sible to be drawn into the winch. indications, the indicated radius (e) The provisions of § 1917.45(f)(11) (which may be in feet and/or meters, or shall apply to winches. degrees of boom angle, depending on the system used) shall be a figure § 1917.48 Conveyors. which is within the range of a figure no (a) Guards. (1) Danger zones at or ad- greater than 110 percent of the actual jacent to conveyors shall be guarded to radius to a figure which is no less than 97 percent of the actual (true) radius. A protect employees. conversion chart shall be provided (2) An elevated walkway with guard- whenever it is necessary to convert be- rail or equivalent means of protection tween degrees of radius and feet or me- shall be provided where employees ters. cross over moving conveyors, and suit- (viii) The load indicating device re- able guarding shall be provided when quirements of this subparagraph do not employees pass under moving con- apply to a crane: veyors. (A) Of trolley equipped bridge type or (b) Moving parts. Conveyor rollers and overhead type while handling inter- wheels shall be secured in position. modal containers known to be identi- (c) Positioning. Gravity conveyor sec- fied as empty, or loaded, and in either tions shall be firmly placed and se- case in compliance with the provisions cured to prevent them from falling. of § 1917.71, or while hoisting other lifts (d) Braking. (1) When necessary for by means of a lifting beam supplied by safe operation, provisions shall be the crane manufacturer for the pur- made for braking objects at the deliv- pose, and in all cases within the crane ery end of the conveyor. rating; (2) Conveyors using electrically re- (B) While handling bulk commodities leased brakes shall be constructed so or cargoes by means of clamshell buck- that the brakes cannot be released et or magnet; until power is applied, and so that the (C) While used to handle or hold brakes are automatically engaged if hoses in connection with transfer of bulk liquids or other hose handled the power fails or the operating control products; or is returned to the ‘‘stop’’ position. (D) While the crane is used exclu- (e) Stability. Portable conveyors shall sively to handle cargo or equipment be stable within their operating ranges. the total actual gross weight of which When used at variable fixed levels, the is known by means of marking of the unit shall be secured at the operating unit or units hoisted, when such total level. actual gross weight never exceeds (f) Emergency stop devices. Readily ac- 11,200 lbs., and when 11,200 lbs., is less cessible stop controls shall be provided than the rated capacity of the crane at for use in an emergency. Whenever the the maximum outreach that is possible operation of any power conveyor re- under the conditions of use at the time. quires personnel to work in the immediate vicinity of the conveyor, the Con- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 FR 40199, July 25, 1997] veyor or controls shall not be left unattended while the conveyor is in oper- § 1917.47 Winches. ation. (a) Moving winch parts which present (g) Starting powered conveyors. Pow- caught-in hazards to employees shall ered conveyors shall not be started be guarded. until all employees are clear of the (b) Winches shall have clearly identi- conveyor or have been warned that the fiable and readily accessible stop con- conveyor is about to start. trols. (h) Loading and unloading. The area (c) Portable winches shall be secured around conveyor loading and unloading against accidental shifting while in points shall be kept clear of obstruc- use. tions during conveyor operations. (d) Portable winches shall be fitted (i) Lockout/Tagout. (1) Conveyors with limit switches if employees have shall be stopped and their power

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sources locked out and tagged out dur- (1) Personnel controlling the flow of ing maintenance, repair, and servicing, cargo into the bin shall have been noti- unless power is necessary for testing. fied of the entry; and (2) The starting device shall be (2) The power supply to the equip- locked out and tagged out in the stop ment carrying the cargo to the bin position before an attempt is made to shall be turned off, locked out and remove the cause of a jam or overload tagged. of the conveying medium, unless it is (i) Before an employee enters a bin necessary to have the power on to re- containing a bulk commodity such as move the jam. coal or sugar, the employer shall en- (j) Safe practices. (1) Only designated sure that: persons shall operate, repair or service (1) Personnel controlling the flow of cargo into the bin have been notified of powered conveyors. the entry; (2) The employer shall direct employ- (2) The power supply to the equip- ees to stay off operating conveyors. ment carrying the cargo to the bin is (3) Conveyors shall be operated only turned off, locked out and tagged. with all overload devices, guards and (3) The employee entering the bin safety devices in place and operable. wears a lifeline and safety harness; and [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (4) A standby attendant equipped to FR 40200, July 25, 1997] perform a rescue is continuously stationed outside the bin until the em- § 1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins, ployee has left the bin. and associated equipment. (j) Bin top openings that present a hazard to employees shall be covered to (a) Standing and running rigging and prevent employees from falling into associated gear used as a permanent bins. part of spouts, chutes or similar de- (k) Chutes and hoppers shall be re- vices shall be inspected before each use paired only by designated persons. and shall not be used if it has any func- (l)(1) Before power shoveling oper- tional defects. (See also § 1917.50(c)(2) ations begin, a designated person shall for certification requirements.) inspect the equipment to be used. The (b) Direct communication shall be inspection shall include at least the provided between the discharge or ship- eye bolts, wires, and sheaves. board control end of loading spouts and (2) Power shovels and associated chutes and the point in the terminal equipment with defects affecting safe from which the flow of cargo is con- operation shall not be used. trolled. (3) Before adjustments are made to a (c) Chute and hopper openings which power shovel, wire, or associated equip- present a hazard shall be guarded to ment, the power supply to the shovel prevent employees from falling shall be turned off, locked out, and through them. tagged, the belt stopped, and the hop- (d) When employees are working on per closed. hoppers, the hopper shall be equipped with a safe walkway and means of ac- § 1917.50 Certification of marine terminal material handling devices cess. (See also mandatory appendix I, of (e) When necessary for the safety of this part). employees, chutes shall be equipped (a) The employer shall not use any with sideboards to afford protection material handling device listed in para- from falling objects. graph (c) of this section until he has (f) Chutes shall be firmly placed and ascertained that the device has been secured to prevent them from falling. certificated, as evidenced by current (g) When necessary for the safety of and valid documents attesting to com- employees, provisions shall be made for pliance with the requirements of para- braking objects other than bulk com- graph (b) of this section. modities at the delivery end of the (1) Certification surveys are to be chute. completed for the conditions of use (h) Before an employee enters an found at the time such surveys are empty bin: completed, with the understanding

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that equipment owners/users can (4)(i) House fall cargo-handling gear change the configurations of the equip- in use shall be proof load tested as a ment according to the manufacturer’s unit upon initial certification and specifications without affecting the es- every fourth year thereafter. An exam- tablished certification status for the ination shall be carried out in conjunc- equipment. tion with each unit proof load test and (2) In cases of foreign manufactured annually thereafter. The unit test shall cranes, there shall be an owner’s war- consist of a proof load of 25 percent in ranty that the design is adequate for excess of the rated safe working load. the intended use. The warranty shall Examinations shall include all sup- be based on a thorough examination of porting structures and components. the design specifications by a reg- Certificates attesting to the required istered professional engineer familiar tests and examinations shall be readily with the equipment. available for inspection. (b) The certifications required by this (ii) House fall span beams or other section shall be performed: house fall block supports shall be (1) In accordance with part 1919 of marked with the safe working load, this chapter, by persons then currently which shall not be exceeded. accredited by the Occupational Safety (5) Special gear. (i) Special steve- and Health Administration as provided doring gear provided by the employer, in that part; or the strength of which depends upon (2) In accordance with standards es- components other than commonly used tablished and enforced by the state in stock items such as shackles, ropes, or which the device is located or by a po- chains, and that has a Safe Working litical subdivision thereof, which have Load (SWL) greater than five short been found by the Secretary to be com- tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric tons) patible with part 1919 of this chapter, shall be inspected and tested as a unit by persons designated as competent to before initial use (see Table A in para- perform such certification by com- graph (c)(5)(ii) of this section). In addi- petent state authority and recognized tion, any special stevedoring gear that as such by the Secretary. suffers damage necessitating structural (c) The marine terminal material repair shall be inspected and retested handling devices listed below shall be after repair and before being returned certificated in the following manner: to service. (1) Each crane and derrick shall be (ii) Special stevedoring gear provided tested as a unit quadrennially, and by the employer that has a SWL of five shall be examined annually. Certifi- short tons (10,000 lbs or 4.54 metric cates of tests and examinations shall tons) or less shall be inspected and be made readily available for inspec- tested as a unit before initial use action. cording to paragraphs (d) and (e) of this (2) Bulk cargo spouts and suckers, to- section or by a designated person (see gether with any portable extensions Table A in this paragraph (c)(5)(ii)). and rigging or outriggers supporting them vertically, shall be examined an- TABLE A nually. Certificates attesting to the required examination shall be made read- Safe working load Proof load ily available for inspection. Up to 20 short tons 25 percent in excess. (3) Vertical pocket or bucket con- (18.1metric tons). veyors such as banana, sugar, and grain From 20 through 50 short 5 short tons in excess. marine legs (other than those within a tons (18.1 to 45.4 metric tons. grain elevator structure) used within a Over 50 short tons (45.4 met- 10 percent in excess. marine terminal facility shall be exam- ric tons). ined annually. The annual examination shall include all supporting structures, (iii) Every spreader that is not a part rigging and mechanical components of ship’s gear and is used for handling and observation of all steps of oper- intermodal containers shall be in- ations. Certificates attesting to the re- spected and tested before initial use to quired examinations shall be readily a proof load equal to 25 percent greater available for inspection. than its rated capacity. In addition,

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any spreader that suffers damage ne- (2) When certificated equipment is cessitating structural repair shall be out of service for 6 months or more be- inspected and retested after repair and yond the due date of a certification in- before being returned to service. spection, an examination equivalent to (iv) All cargo handling gear covered an initial certification, including unit by this section with a SWL greater proof load test, shall be performed be- than five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.54 fore the equipment re-enters service. metric tons) shall be proof load tested (h) Loose gear obtained after October according to Table A of this section 3, 1983 shall bear a legible mark indi- every 4 years in accordance with para- cating that it has been tested (see graph (b) of this section or by a des- paragraph (c)(6) of this section). Single ignated person. sheave blocks shall be marked with (v) Certificates and inspection and safe working loads and proof test loads. test records attesting to the tests re- Marks relating to testing shall be iden- quired by this section shall be avail- tifiable on the related certificates, able for inspection. which shall be available. (i) Safe working load. (1) The safe (6) Wire rope and loose gear obtained working load of gear as specified in after October 3, 1983, and used for ma- this section shall not be exceeded. terial handling shall have been tested (2) All cargo handling gear provided and certificated before being placed by the employer with a safe working into use in accordance with the provi- load greater than five short tons (10,000 sions of paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of lbs. or 4.54 metric tons) shall have its §§ 1919.31 and 1919.32 through 1919.34 of safe working load plainly marked on it. this chapter as applicable. Certificates (j) Exceptions: The certification re- attesting to the required tests, inspec- quirements of this section do not apply tions and examinations shall be avail- to the following equipment: able. (1) Small industrial crane trucks as (d) Disassembly and reassembly of described on page 8 and illustrated on equipment does not require recertifi- page 13 of ASME B56.1, 1959, ‘‘Safety cation of the equipment provided that Code for Powered Industrial Trucks’’, the equipment is reassembled and used and powered industrial trucks; in a manner consistent with its certifi- (2) Any straddle truck not capable of cation. straddling two or more intermodal con- (e) For equipment certificated in ac- tainers 16 feet (4.88 m) in width; and cordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this (3) Gear used only for handling or section and transferred to a job site in holding hoses, handling ship’s stores or another state, the current certification handling the gangway. shall remain valid until the next in- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49 spection or examination becomes due. FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13, (f) Certification procedures shall not 1996; 62 FR 40200, July 25, 1997; 64 FR 61506, be construed as a substitute for, or Nov. 12, 1999; 65 FR 40940, June 30, 2000] cause for elimination of, normal operational inspection and maintenance § 1917.51 Hand tools. routine throughout the year. (a) Hand tools used by employees (g)(1) Every unit of equipment requir- shall be maintained in safe operating ing quadrennial certification shall condition. have had such quadrennial certifi- (b)(1) Hand-held portable electric cation within the previous 48 months. tools shall be equipped with switches Equipment requiring annual certifi- that must be manually held in a closed cation shall have had such annual cer- position to operate the tool. tification within the previous 12 (2) Portable power-driven circular months, except that no annual certifi- saws shall be equipped with guards cation is required within 12 months above and below the base plate or shoe. after any required quadrennial certifi- The upper guard shall cover the saw to cation. Annual examinations for cer- the depth of the teeth, except for the tification may be accomplished up to minimum arc needed to permit the one month early without effect on sub- base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The sequent due dates. lower guard shall cover the saw to the

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depth of the teeth, except for the min- number or other positive identification imum arc needed to allow proper re- of that specific container, shall be pro- traction and contact with the work. vided to the crane or other hoisting When the tool is withdrawn from the equipment operator and signalman, if work, the lower guard shall automati- any, and to every supervisor and fore- cally and instantly return to the cov- man on the site and in charge of the ering position. operation. (c) Only cutting tools shall be used to (3) Every outbound loaded container cut metal strapping or banding used to which is received at a marine terminal secure cargo. ready to load aboard a vessel without further consolidation or loading shall Subpart D—Specialized Terminals be weighed to obtain the actual gross weight, either at the terminal or else- § 1917.70 General. where, before being hoisted. The provisions of this subpart D shall (4)(i) When container weighing scales apply to specialized terminals in addi- are located at a marine terminal, any tion to any other applicable require- outbound container with a load con- ments of this part. solidated at that terminal shall be weighed to obtain an actual weight be- § 1917.71 Terminals handling inter- fore being hoisted. modal containers or roll-on roll-off (ii) If the terminal has no scales, the operations. actual gross weight may be calculated (a) Every intermodal container shall on the basis of the container’s contents be legibly and permanently marked and the container’s empty weight. The with: weights used in the calculation shall be (1) The weight of the container when posted conspicuously on the container, empty, in pounds; with the name of the person making (2) The maximum cargo weight the the calculation and the date. container is designed to carry, in (5) Open type vehicle carrying con- pounds; and tainers and those built specifically and (3) The sum of the weight of the con- used solely for the carriage of com- tainer and the cargo, in pounds. pressed gases are excepted from para- (b) No container shall be hoisted by graphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section. any crane or derrick unless the fol- (6) Closed dry van containers car- lowing conditions have been met: rying vehicles are exempted from para- (1) The employer shall ascertain from graph (b)(4) of this section provided the carrier whether a container to be that: hoisted is loaded or empty. Empty containers shall be identified before load- (i) The container carries only coming or discharge in such a manner as pletely assembled vehicles and no will inform every supervisor and fore- other cargo; man on the site and in charge of load- (ii) The container is marked on the ing or discharging, or every crane or outside in such a manner that an em- other hoisting equipment operator and ployee can readily discern that the signalman, if any, that such container container is carrying vehicles; and is empty. Methods of identification (iii) The vehicles were loaded into may include cargo plans, manifests or the container at the marine terminal. markings on the container. (7) The weight of loaded inbound con- (2) In the case of a loaded container: tainers from foreign ports shall be de- (i) The actual gross weight shall be termined by weighing or by the method plainly marked so as to be visible to of calculation described in paragraph the crane or other hoisting equipment (b)(4)(ii) of this section or by shipping operator or signalman, or to every su- documents. pervisor and foreman on the site and in (8) Any scale used within the United charge of the operation; or States to weigh containers for the pur- (ii) The cargo stowage plan or equiva- pose of the requirements of this section lent permanently recorded display shall meet the accuracy standards of serving the same purpose, containing the state or local public authority in the actual gross weight and the serial which the scale is located.

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(c) No container or containers shall (C) The speed of hoisting and low- be hoisted if their actual gross weight ering is moderated when heavily exceeds the weight marked as required ladened containers 8 are encountered; in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, or if (D) The lift angle is at 80 to 90 de- it exceeds the capacity of the crane or grees; other hoisting device intended to be (E) The distance between the lifting used. beam and the load is at least 8 feet and (d)(1) Marked or designated areas 2.4 inches (2.5 m); and shall be set aside within a container or (F) The length of the spreader beam roll-on roll-off terminal for passage of is at least 16.3 feet (5 m) for a 20-foot employees to and from active cargo container, and at least 36.4 feet (11.1 m) transfer points, except where transpor- for a 40-foot container. tation to and from those points is pro- (ii) If hoisted from bottom fittings, vided by the employer. the hoisting connections shall bear on (2) The employer shall direct employ- the fittings only, making no other con- ees to stay clear of the area beneath a tact with the container. The angles of suspended container. the four bridle legs shall not be less (e) Each employee working in the im- than 30° to the horizontal in the case of mediate area of container handling 40 foot (12.2 m) containers, 37° in the equipment or in the terminal’s traffic case of 30 foot (9.1 m) containers, and lanes shall wear a high visibility vest 45° in the case of 20 foot (6.1 m) con- (or equivalent protection). 7 tainers. NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (e): High visibility (iii) Lifting containers by fork lift vests or equivalent protection means high trucks or by grappling arms from visibility/retro-reflective materials which above or from one side may be done are intended to make the user clearly visible only if the container is designed for by day through the use of high visibility (flu- this type of handling. orescent) material and in the dark by vehicle (iv) Other means of hoisting may be headlights through the use of retro-reflective used only if the containers and hoist- material. For example, an acceptable area of material for a vest or equivalent protection ing means are designed for such use. is .5 m2 (760 in.2) for fluorescent (background) (2)(i) When using intermodal con- material and .13m2 (197 in.2) for retro-reflec- tainer spreaders that employ lanyards tive material. Vests or equivalent protec- for activation of load disengagement, tion, such as high visibility/retro-reflective all possible precautions shall be taken coveralls, that are available for industrial to prevent accidental release of the use, may also be acceptable. load. (f) Containers shall be handled using (ii) Intermodal container spreader lifting fittings or other arrangements twistlock systems shall be designed suitable and intended for the purpose and used so that a suspended load can- as set forth in paragraphs (f)(1) through not accidentally be released. (f)(4) of this section, unless damage to (3) Flat bed trucks or container chas- an intermodal container makes special sis used to move intermodal containers means of handling necessary. shall be equipped with pins, flanges, or (1) Loaded intermodal containers of other means to prevent the container 20 feet (6.1 m) or more in length shall from shifting. be hoisted as follows: (4) After July 27, 1998, flat bed, low (i) When hoisting containers by the boy trailers (mafis) and other similar top fittings, the lifting forces shall be equipment used to transport containers applied vertically from at least four shall be marked with their cargo ca- such fittings. A less than vertical lift is pacities and shall not be overloaded. permitted only under the following (5) Each tractor shall have all brake conditions: air lines connected when pulling trail- (A) The container being lifted is an ers equipped with air brakes and shall ISO closed box container; have the brakes tested before com- (B) The condition of the box is sound; mencing operations.

7 Decals on hard hats will not be considered 8 A heavily laden container is one that is equivalent protection for the purposes of this loaded to within 20 percent of its rated ca- paragraph. pacity.

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(g)(1) Intermodal containers shall be (7) VTL operations may not be con- inspected for defects in structural ducted when the wind speed exceeds members or fittings before handling. the lesser of: (2) Any intermodal container found (i) 55 km/h (34 mph or 30 knots) or to be unsafe shall be identified as such, (ii) The crane manufacturer’s rec- promptly removed from service and re- ommendation for maximum wind paired before being returned to service. speed. (h) Containers shall not be hoisted (8) The employer shall ensure that unless all engaged chassis twist locks each interbox connector used in a VTL are released. operation: (i) Vertical tandem lifts. The following (i) Automatically locks into corner requirements apply to operations in- castings on containers but only volving the lifting of two or more unlocks manually (manual twistlocks intermodal containers by the top con- or latchlocks are not permitted); tainer (vertical tandem lifts or VTLs). (ii) Is designed to indicate whether it These requirements do not apply to op- is locked or unlocked when fitted into erations involving the lifting of two or a corner casting; more interconnected platform con- (iii) Locks and releases in an iden- tainers. tical direction and manner as all other (1) Each employee involved in VTL interbox connectors in the VTL; operations shall be trained and com- (iv) Has been tested and certificated petent in the safety-related work prac- by a competent authority authorized tices, safety procedures, and other re- under § 1918.11 of this chapter (for quirements in this section that pertain interbox connectors that are part of a to their respective job assignments. vessel’s gear) or § 1917.50 (for other (2) No more than two intermodal con- interbox connectors): tainers may be lifted in a VTL. (A) As having a load-bearing surface (3) Before the lift begins, the em- area of 800 mm2 when connected to a ployer shall ensure that the two con- corner casting with an opening that is tainers lifted as part of a VTL are 65.0 mm wide; and empty. (B) As having a safe working load of NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (i)(3): The lift begins 98 kN (10,000 kg) with a safety factor of immediately following the end of the prelift five when the load is applied by means required by paragraph (i)(5) of this section. of two corner castings with openings Thus, the weight may be determined during that are 65.0 mm wide or equivalent de- the prelift using a load indicating device vices; meeting § 1917.46(a)(1)(i)(A) on the crane (v) Has a certificate that is available being used to lift the VTL. for inspection and that attests that the (4) The lift shall be performed using interbox connector meets the strength either a shore-based container gantry criteria given in paragraph (i)(8)(iv) of crane or another type of crane that: this section; and (i) Has the precision control nec- (vi) Is clearly and durably marked essary to restrain unintended rotation with its safe working load for lifting of the containers about any axis, and an identifying number or mark (ii) Is capable of handling the load that will enable it to be associated volume and wind sail potential of with its test certificate. VTLs, and (9) The employer shall ensure that (iii) Is specifically designed to handle each container and interbox connector containers. used in a VTL and each corner casting (5) The employer shall ensure that to which a connector will be coupled is the crane operator pauses the lift when inspected immediately before use in the vertically coupled containers have the VTL. just been lifted above the supporting (i) Each employee performing the in- surface to assure that each interbox spection shall be capable of detecting connector is properly engaged. defects or weaknesses and be able to (6) Containers below deck may not be assess their importance in relation to handled as a VTL. the safety of VTL operations.

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(ii) The inspection of each interbox when vertically connected containers connector shall include: a visual exam- are in motion. ination for obvious structural defects, (1) The safe work zone shall be suffi- such as cracks; a check of its physical cient to protect employees in the event operation to determine that the lock is that a container drops or overturns. fully functional with adequate spring (2) The written transport plan re- tension on each head; and a check for quired by paragraph (j)(2) of this sec- excessive corrosion and deterioration. tion shall include the safe work zone (iii) The inspection of each container and procedures to ensure that employ- and each of its corner castings shall in- ees are not in this zone when a VTL is clude: a visual examination for obvious in motion. structural defects, such as cracks; a [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 check for excessive corrosion and dete- FR 40200, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40940, June 30, rioration; and a visual examination to 2000; 73 FR 75289, Dec. 10, 2008; 79 FR 22020, ensure that the opening to which an Apr. 21, 2014] interbox connector will be connected has not been enlarged, that the welds § 1917.73 Terminal facilities handling are in good condition, and that it is menhaden and similar species of fish (see also § 1917.2, definition of free from ice, mud or other debris. hazardous cargo, material, sub- (iv) The employer shall establish a stance or atmosphere). system to ensure that each defective or (a)(1) Tanks in terminal areas used damaged interbox connector is re- for receiving or storing bailwater for moved from service. recirculating into vessel holds in dis- (v) An interbox connector that has charging operations shall be opened or been found to be defective or damaged ventilated to minimize contamination shall be removed from service and may of water circulated to the vessel. not be used in VTL operations until re- Bailwater tanks shall be thoroughly paired. drained upon completion of each day’s (vi) A container with a corner casting operations and shall be left open to the that exhibits any of the problems listed air. Drainage is unnecessary when in paragraph (i)(9)(iii) of this section bailwater has been treated to remove may not be lifted in a VTL. hydrogen sulfide-producing contami- (vii) The requirements of paragraph nants and the efficiency of such treat- (i)(9) of this section do not apply to ment has been established by the em- ship-to-shore VTLs. ployer. (j) Transporting vertically coupled con- (2) Before employees enter a dock tainers. (1) Equipment other than tank, it shall first be drained, rinsed cranes used to transport vertically con- and tested for hydrogen sulfide and ox- nected containers shall be either spe- ygen deficiency. Employees shall not cifically designed for this application enter the tank when the hydrogen sul- or evaluated by a qualified engineer fide level exceeds 20 ppm or oxygen and determined to be capable of oper- content is less than 19.5 percent, except ating safely in this mode of operation. in emergencies. (2) The employer shall develop, im- (3) Tests shall be conducted by des- plement, and maintain a written plan ignated personnel with suitable test for transporting vertically connected equipment and respiratory protective containers. The written plan shall es- equipment complying with the provi- tablish procedures to ensure safe oper- sions of § 1910.134 of this chapter. ating and turning speeds and shall ad- (b) Pipelines and hoses on the dock or dress all conditions in the terminal terminal used for receiving and circu- that could affect the safety of VTL-relating used bailwater shall be com- lated operations, including commu- pletely drained upon completion of nication and coordination among all each day’s operation and left open to employees involved in these oper- the air. ations. (c) At least four units of respiratory (k) Safe work zone. The employer protective equipment consisting of sup- shall establish a safe work zone within plied-air respirators or self-contained which employees may not be present breathing apparatus complying with

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the requirements of § 1910.134 of this pliance with the requirements of this chapter shall be available in a suitably section. labeled cabinet for immediate use in (2) For employees wearing corrective case of emergency caused by oxygen spectacles, eye protection equipment deficiency or hydrogen sulfide. Any required by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec- employee entering a tank in an emer- tion must be of a type which can be gency shall, in addition to respiratory worn over spectacles. Prescription protective equipment, wear a lifeline ground safety lenses may be sub- and safety harness to facilitate rescue. stituted if they provide equivalent pro- At least two other employees, simi- tection. larly equipped, shall be continuously stationed outside the tank to observe (3) For additional requirements cov- and to provide rescue services. ering eye protection against radiant (d) The plant superintendent and energy, see § 1917.152(h). foremen shall be trained and knowl- (b) Eye protection equipment shall be edgeable about the hazards of hydrogen maintained in good condition. sulfide and oxygen deficiency. They (c) Used eye protection equipment shall be trained in the use of appro- shall be cleaned and disinfected before priate respiratory and other protective reissuance to another employee. equipment, and in rescue procedures. Other supervisory plant personnel shall [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 be informed of these hazards and in- FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 74 FR 46359, Sept. 9, structed in the necessary safety meas- 2009; 81 FR 16091, Mar. 25, 2016] ures, including use of respiratory and § 1917.92 Respiratory protection. rescue equipment. (e) Supervisory personnel shall be on (See § 1917.1(a)(2)(x)). hand at dockside to supervise dis- [65 FR 40941, June 30, 2000] charging of bailwater from vessels. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65 § 1917.93 Head protection. FR 40940, June 30, 2000] (a) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protec- Subpart E—Personal Protection tive helmet when working in areas § 1917.91 Eye and face protection. where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects. (a)(1)(i) The employer shall ensure (b)(1) The employer must ensure that that each affected employee uses pro- head protection complies with any of tective eye and face protection devices that comply with any of the following the following consensus standards: consensus standards: (i) American National Standards In- (A) ANSI/ISEA Z87.1–2010, Occupa- stitute (ANSI) Z89.1–2009, ‘‘American tional and Educational Personal Eye National Standard for Industrial Head and Face Protection Devices, incor- Protection,’’ incorporated by reference porated by reference in § 1917.3; in § 1917.3; (B) ANSI Z87.1–2003, Occupational (ii) American National Standards In- and Educational Personal Eye and stitute (ANSI) Z89.1–2003, ‘‘American Face Protection Devices, incorporated National Standard for Industrial Head by reference in § 1917.3; Protection,’’ incorporated by reference or in § 1917.3; or (C) ANSI Z87.1–1989 (R–1998), Practice (iii) American National Standards In- for Occupational and Educational Eye stitute (ANSI) Z89.1–1997, ‘‘American and Face Protection, incorporated by National Standard for Personnel Pro- reference in § 1917.3; (ii) Protective eye and face protec- tection—Protective Headwear for In- tion devices that the employer dem- dustrial Workers—Requirements,’’ in- onstrates are at least as effective as corporated by reference in § 1917.3. protective eye and face protection de- (2) Head protection devices that the vices that are constructed in accord- employer demonstrates are at least as ance with one of the above consensus effective as head protection devices standards will be deemed to be in com- that are constructed in accordance

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with one of the above consensus stand- who are engaged in work in which they ards will be deemed to be in compli- may be pulled into the water: ance with the requirements of this sec- (i) When such employees are working tion. in isolation, or (c) Protective hats previously worn (ii) Where physical limitations of shall be cleaned and disinfected before available working space creates a haz- issuance by the employer to another ard of falling into the water, or employee. (iii) Where the work area is ob- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 structed by cargo or other obstacles so FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 74 FR 46359, Sept. 9, as to prevent employees from obtaining 2009; 77 FR 37599, June 22, 2012] safe footing for their work. (2) PFDs (life preservers, life jackets, § 1917.94 Foot protection. or work vests) worn by each affected (a) The employer shall ensure that employee must be United States Coast each affected employee wears protec- Guard (USCG) approved pursuant to 46 tive footwear when working in areas CFR part 160 (Type I, II, III, or V PFD) where there is a danger of foot injuries and marked for use as a work vest, for due to falling or rolling objects or ob- commercial use, or for use on vessels. jects piercing the sole. (3) Personal flotation devices shall be (b)(1) The employer must ensure that maintained in safe condition and shall protective footwear complies with any be considered unserviceable when dam- of the following consensus standards: aged so as to affect buoyancy or fas- (i) ASTM F–2412–2005, ‘‘Standard Test tening capability. Methods for Foot Protection,’’ and (c) Emergency facilities. When employ- ASTM F–2413–2005, ‘‘Standard Speci- ees are exposed to hazardous sub- fication for Performance Requirements stances which may require emergency for Protective Footwear,’’ which are bathing, eye washing or other facili- incorporated by reference in § 1917.3; ties, the employer shall provide such (ii) ANSI Z41–1999, ‘‘American Na- facilities and maintain them in good tional Standard for Personal Protec- working order. tion—Protective Footwear,’’ which is [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 incorporated by reference in § 1917.3; or FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30, (iii) ANSI Z41–1991, ‘‘American Na- 2000] tional Standard for Personal Protec- tion—Protective Footwear,’’ which is § 1917.96 Payment for protective incorporated by reference in § 1917.3. equipment. (2) Protective footwear that the em- (a) Except as provided by paragraphs ployer demonstrates is at least as ef- (b) through (f) of this section, the pro- fective as protective footwear that is tective equipment, including personal constructed in accordance with one of protective equipment (PPE), used to the above consensus standards will be comply with this part, shall be pro- deemed to be in compliance with the vided by the employer at no cost to requirements of this section. employees. [62 FR 40201, July 25, 1997, as amended at 74 (b) The employer is not required to FR 46359, Sept. 9, 2009] pay for non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes § 1917.95 Other protective measures. or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty (a) Protective clothing. (1) Employees prescription safety eyewear, provided performing work that requires special that the employer permits such items protective clothing shall be directed by to be worn off the job-site. the employer to wear the necessary (c) When the employer provides special protective clothing. metatarsal guards and allows the em- (2) When necessary, protective cloth- ployee, at his or her request, to use ing previously worn shall be cleaned shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal and disinfected before reissuance. protection, the employer is not re- (b) Personal flotation devices (PFDs). quired to reimburse the employee for (1) The employer shall provide, and the shoes or boots. shall direct the wearing of PFDs for (d) The employer is not required to those employees, such as line handlers, pay for:

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(1) Everyday clothing, such as long- cept where vehicles are prohibited. sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes, Curbs or bull rails installed after Octo- and normal work boots; or ber 3, 1983, shall be at least 10 inches (2) Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or (25.4 cm) in height. other items, used solely for protection (2) The provisions of paragraph (a)(1) from weather, such as winter coats, of this section also apply at the edge of jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, any fixed level above the common floor hats, raincoats, ordinary sunglasses, area from which vehicles may fall, ex- and sunscreen. cept at loading docks, platforms and (e) The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the em- skids where cargo is moved by vehicles. ployee has lost or intentionally dam- (b) Employee protection. (1) Guardrails aged the PPE. shall be provided at locations where (f) Where an employee provides ade- employees are exposed to floor or wall quate protective equipment he or she openings or waterside edges, including owns, the employer may allow the em- bridges or gangway-like structures ployee to use it and is not required to leading to pilings or vessel mooring or reimburse the employee for that equip- berthing installations, which present a ment. The employer shall not require hazard of falling more than 4 feet (1.22 an employee to provide or pay for his m) or into the water, except as speci- or her own PPE, unless the PPE is ex- fied in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. cepted by paragraphs (b) through (e) of (2) Guardrails are not required: this section. (i) At loading platforms and docks; (g) This section shall become effec- (ii) At waterside edges used for cargo tive on February 13, 2008. Employers must implement the PPE payment re- handling; quirements no later than May 15, 2008. (iii) On the working sides of work platforms, skids or similar workplaces; NOTE TO § 1917.96: When the provisions of or another OSHA standard specify whether or not the employer must pay for specific (iv) On railroad rolling stock, high- equipment, the payment provisions of that way vehicles, intermodal containers or standard shall prevail. similar equipment. [72 FR 64429, Nov. 15, 2007] (3) Where guardrails are impracti- cable due to machinery requirements Subpart F—Terminal Facilities or work processes, an alternate means of protecting employees from falling, § 1917.111 Maintenance and load lim- such as nets, shall be used. its. (c) Criteria for guardrails. Guardrails (a) The structural integrity of docks, shall meet the following criteria: piers, wharves, terminals and working (1) They shall be capable of with- surfaces shall be maintained. standing a force of at least 200 pounds (b) Maximum safe load limits, in (890 N) applied in any direction at mid- pounds per square foot (kilograms per span of the top rail (when used), or at square meter), of floors elevated above the uppermost point if there is no top ground level, and pier structures over rail. the water shall be conspicuously posted (2) If not of solid baluster, grillwork, in all cargo areas. slatted or similar construction, guard- (c) Maximum safe load limits shall rails shall consist of top rails and not be exceeded. (d) All walking and working surfaces midrails. Midrails, when used, shall be in the terminal area shall be main- positioned at approximately half the tained in good repair. height of the top rail. (3) The top surface of guardrails in- § 1917.112 Guarding of edges. stalled before October 3, 1983, shall be (a) Vehicle protection. (1) Vehicle at least 36 inches (0.91 m) high. Those curbs, bull rails, or other effective bar- installed after October 3, 1983, shall be riers at least six inches (15.24 cm) in 42 inches (1.07 m), plus or minus 2 height shall be provided at the water- inches (5.1 cm), high. side edges of aprons and bulkheads, ex-

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(4) Any non-rigid railing such as prevent entry into the area where the chain or wire rope shall have a max- door may fall or slide. imum sag limit at the mid-point be- (3) Vertically operated doors par- tween posts of not more than 6 inches tially opened for work or ventilation (15.24 cm). shall be secured to prevent accidental (5) Top rails shall be free of puncture closing. and laceration hazards. (b) Tackle operated. (1) The door shall (6) Rail ends shall not overhang to be connected to its lifting tackle with constitute a hazard, but this does not shackles or equally secure means. prohibit scrollwork, boxed ends or (2) Lifting bridles and tackles shall similar non-hazardous projections. have a safety factor of five, based upon (d) Toeboards. Toeboards shall be pro- maximum anticipated static loading vided when employees below could be conditions. exposed to falling objects such as tools. (3) Devices shall be provided to hold 1 Toeboards shall be at least 3 ⁄2 inches overhead doors in the open position (8.9 cm) in height from top edge to and to secure them when closed. floor level, and be capable of with- (4) Lifting gear and hardware shall be standing a force of 50 pounds (222 N) applied in any direction. Drainage clear- maintained in safe condition. ance under toeboards is permitted. (5) Lifting ropes, when used, shall be (e) Stair railings. Stair railings shall placed out of the work area and off the be capable of withstanding a force of at floor. least 200 pounds (890 N) applied in any (c) Horizontal sliding. (1) Horizontal direction, and shall not be more than sliding door rollers shall be con- 36 inches (0.91 m) nor less than 32 structed to prevent the door from inches (0.81 m) in height from the upper jumping from overhead tracks. top rail surface to the tread surface in (2) Sliding doors shall be secured to line with the leading edge of the tread. prevent them from swinging. Railings and midrails shall be provided at any stairway having four or more § 1917.115 Platforms and skids. risers, as follows: (a) Platforms and skids extending (1) For stairways less than 44 inches from piers, transit sheds or lofts and (1.12 m) wide, at least one railing; and used for landing or hooking on drafts (2) For stairways more than 44 inches shall be provided at the open sides with (1.12 m) but less than 88 inches (2.24 m) guardrails meeting the requirements of wide, a stair rail or handrail on each § 1917.112(c) or alternate means, such as side, and if 88 or more inches wide, an nets, to protect employees against additional intermediate handrail. falls. (f) Condition. Railings shall be main- (b) Any employee working below a tained free of sharp edges and in good second-story platform or skid shall be repair. protected from falling objects by a net [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 stretched from the platform or skid to FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30, the vessel. 2000] (c) Platforms and skids shall be strong enough to bear the loads han- § 1917.113 Clearance heights. dled and shall be maintained in safe Clearance heights shall be promi- condition. Safe working loads, which nently posted where the height is in- shall be posted or marked on or adja- sufficient for vehicles and equipment. cent to platforms and skids, shall have a minimum safety factor of five for any § 1917.114 Cargo doors. part, based upon maximum anticipated (a) Mechanically operated. (1) Cargo static loading conditions and the ulti- door counterweights shall be guarded. mate strength of the construction ma- (2) Lift trucks and cranes shall not be terial. used to move mechanically operated (d) The employer shall provide and doors except when necessary during re- maintain platform and skid attach- pair on the doors, in which case ropes ments that will prevent accidental or other guarding shall be provided to movement of the skid or platform.

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§ 1917.116 Elevators and escalators. (3) Rail supports and fastenings; (a) ‘‘Elevator’’ means a permanent (4) Roller and slides; hoisting and lowering mechanism with (5) Belt and belt tension; a car or platform moving vertically in (6) Handholds and fastenings; guides and serving two or more floors (7) Floor landings; of a structure. The term excludes such (8) Guardrails; devices as conveyors, tiering or piling (9) Lubrication; machines, material hoists, skip or fur- (10) Safety switches; nace hoists, wharf ramps, lift bridges, (11) Warning signs and lights; car lifts and dumpers. (12) Illumination; (b) ‘‘Escalator’’ means a power-driven (13) Drive pulley; continuous moving stairway prin- (14) Bottom (boot) pulley and clear- cipally intended for the use of persons. ance; (c) No elevator or escalator with a (15) Pulley supports; defect which affects safety shall be (16) Motor; used. (17) Drive mechanism; (d) Elevator safety devices shall not (18) Brake; be overridden or made inoperable. (19) Electrical switches; (e) Elevators and escalators shall be (20) Vibration and misalignment; thoroughly inspected at intervals not (21) ‘‘Skip’’ on up or down run when exceeding one year. Additional month- mounting the step (indicating worn ly inspections for satisfactory oper- gears); and ation shall be conducted by designated (22) Emergency exit ladders. persons. Records of the results of the (b) Inspection records. Inspection latest annual elevator inspections shall records shall be kept for at least one be posted in elevators. Records of an- year. The record of the most recent in- nual escalator inspections shall be spection shall be posted in the vicinity posted in the vicinity of the escalator of the manlift or in the terminal. or be available at the terminal. (c) Emergency stop. An emergency (f) Elevator landing openings shall be stop device shall be available within provided with doors, gates or equiva- easy reach from any position on the lent protection which shall be in place belt. when the elevator is not at that land- (d) Instructions. Manlift use instruc- ing, to prevent employees from falling tions shall be conspicuously posted. into the shaft. (e) Top floor warning sign and light. (g) The elevator’s or escalator’s max- An illuminated sign and red light that imum load limits shall be posted and are visible to the user shall be provided not exceeded. Elevator load limits under the top floor opening of the shall be posted conspicuously both in- manlift to warn the user to get off at side and outside of the car. that floor. (h) Elevators shall be operated only (f) Bottom floor warning sign. A sign by designated persons except for auto- visible to descending passengers shall matic or door interlocking elevators be provided to warn them to get off at which provide full shaft door closing the bottom floor. and automatic car leveling. (g) Upper limit stop. An automatic [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49 stop device shall be provided to stop FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13, the manlift when a loaded step passes 1996] the top landing, except that manlifts installed after October 3, 1983 shall § 1917.117 Manlifts. have two such devices. (a) Inspection. Manlifts shall be in- (h) Handholds and steps. Each step spected monthly by a designated per- shall be provided with a corresponding son. Safety switches shall be checked handhold. weekly. Manlifts found to be unsafe (i) Emergency ladder. A fixed emer- shall not be operated until repaired. In- gency ladder accessible from any posi- spections shall include at least the fol- tion on the lift and in accordance with lowing: the requirements of § 1917.118(d) shall (1) Step fastenings; be provided for the entire run of the (2) Rails; manlift.

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(j) Landings. (1) Clear and unob- (4) Ladders used only for fire-fighting structed landing spaces shall be pro- or emergency purposes. vided at each level. Manlifts con- (b) Definitions—(1) Cage (basket structed after October 3, 1983 and that guard) means a barrier enclosing or have a distance of 50 feet (15.24 m) or nearly enclosing a ladder’s climbing more between floor landings shall have space and fastened to one or both of an emergency landing every 25 feet the ladder’s side rails or to another (7.62 m) or less of manlift travel. structure. (2) Open sides of emergency landings (2) Fixed ladder means a ladder, in- shall be protected by guardrails. cluding individual rung ladders, perma- (3) Floor landing entrances and exits nently attached to a structure, build- shall be guarded by mazes, self-closing ing or piece of equipment. gates, or equivalent devices. (3) Ladder safety device means a sup- (4) Landings shall be of sufficient size port system limiting an employee’s and strength to support 250 pounds drop or fall from the ladder, and which (1,112 N). may incorporate friction brakes, life- (k) Floor opening guards. The ascend- lines and lanyards, or sliding attaching sides of manlift floor openings shall ments. be provided with cones or bevel guards to direct the user through the open- (4) Well means a permanent complete ings. enclosure around a fixed ladder, which (l) Maintenance. Manlifts shall be is attached to the walls of the well. equipped, maintained, and used in ac- (c) Defects. (1) Ladders with broken, cordance with the manufacturer’s spec- split or missing rungs, steps or rails, ifications, which shall be available at broken welds or connections, corrosion the terminal. or wastage or other defect which may (m) Bottom pulley. (1) The lower pul- affect safe use shall be removed from ley shall be supported by the lowest service. landing. (2) Ladder repairs shall provide (2) Sides of the bottom pulley support strength at least equivalent to that of shall be guarded to prevent contact the original ladder. with the pulley or the steps. (d) Ladder specifications. (1)(i) Ladders (n) Top clearance. A clearance of at installed before October 3, 1983, shall be least 11 feet (3.35 m) shall be provided capable of withstanding without dam- between the top landing and the ceil- age a minimum concentrated load, ap- ing. plied uniformly over a 31⁄2 inch (8.9 cm) (o) Brakes. Manlifts shall be equipped width at the rung center, of 200 pounds with brakes that are: (890 N). (1) Self-engaging; (ii) Ladders installed after October 3, (2) Electrically released; and 1983 shall be capable of withstanding (3) Capable of stopping and holding 250 pounds (1,112 N) applied as described the manlift when the descending side is in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section. If loaded with the maximum rated load. used by more than one employee simul- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65 taneously, the ladder as a unit shall be FR 40941, June 30, 2000] capable of simultaneous additional loading in 250 pound (1,112 N) incre- § 1917.118 Fixed ladders. ments for each additional employee, (a) Scope and applicability. This sec- applied to a corresponding number of tion applies to all fixed ladders except: rungs. The unit shall have a safety fac- (1) Ladders forming an integral part tor of four (4), based on ultimate of railway cars, highway carriers, strength, in the designed service. cargo containers or other transpor- (2)(i) Ladders installed before Octo- tation carrier equipment; ber 3, 1983, shall have rungs evenly (2) Climbing devices such as step spaced from nine to 161⁄2 inches (22.9 to bolts or structural members of tanks 41.9 cm) apart, center to center. and towers; (ii) Ladders installed after October 3, (3) Ladders built into or vertically 1983 shall have rungs evenly spaced attached to tubular scaffold framing; from 12±2 inches (30.5±5.08 cm) apart, and center to center.

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(3)(i) Ladders installed before Octo- opened for passage, are within the cage ber 3, 1983 shall have a width between or well at intervals not exceeding 30 side rails of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm). feet (9.14 m). (ii) Ladders installed after October 3, (3) Ladders equipped with ladder safe- 1983 shall have a width between side ty devices shall have rest platforms; rails of at least 12 inches (30.48 cm). (i) Capable of supporting a load of 100 (4) The minimum distance between pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa); the rung center line and the nearest (ii) Located at intervals of 150 feet permanent object behind the rung shall (45.7 m) or less; and be 4 inches (10.16 cm), except that in (iii) Protected by guardrails com- ladders installed after October 3, 1983, plying with § 1917.112(c) of three sides. the minimum distance shall be 7 inches (4) Where used, ladder safety devices (17.78 cm) unless physical limitations shall: make a lesser distance, not less than (i) Be installed and maintained in ac- 41⁄2 inches (11.43 cm), necessary. cordance with the manufacturer’s in- (5) When a ladder passes through an structions, which shall be available for opening or past overhead obstructions, inspection; a minimum 24 inch (.61 m) clearance (ii) Be repaired only with replace- shall exist between the climbing side ment parts having performance capa- and any obstruction. Where this dis- bility at least equal to that of the tance is less than 30 inches (0.76 m), a original parts; deflection device shall be installed for (iii) Have a connection length be- guidance through the opening. tween carrier centerlines and safety (6) The side rails of ladders shall ex- belts of 10±2 inches (25.4±5.08 cm); and tend at least 36 inches (0.91 m) above (iv) Be installed in a manner that the top landing surface, unless grab does not reduce the ladder’s structural bars or equivalent holds are provided. capability. (7) Ladders whose pitch exceeds 90° to (5) Ladder cages or wells shall: the horizontal (slanting backward on (i) Be of rigid construction that al- the climbing side) shall not be used. lows unobstructed use but prevents an (e) Protection against falls. (1) Fixed employee from falling through or dis- ladders more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in lodging the cage or well by falling height shall be provided with a cage, against it; well, or ladder safety device. (ii) Have smooth inner surfaces; (2) When a well or cage is used, lad- (iii) Extend at least 36 inches (0.91m) ders with length of climb exceeding 30 above landings; and feet (9.14 m) shall comply with the fol- (iv) Extend to within 8 feet (2.44 m) lowing provisions: above the ground or base, except that a (i) The ladder shall consist of mul- maximum of 20 feet (6.1 m) is permitted tiple sections not exceeding 30 feet (9.14 where the cage or well would extend m) each; into traffic lanes. (ii) Each section shall be horizontally (6) Ladders installed after (effective offset from adjacent sections, except as date of standard) on radio, microwave specified in paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this communications, electrical power and section, and similar towers, poles and structures, (iii) A landing platform capable of including stacks and chimneys, shall supporting a load of 100 pounds per meet the requirements of this para- square foot (4.79 kPa) and fitted with graph (e). guardrails complying with Sec. (f) Individual rung ladders. Ladders 1917.112(c) shall be provided at least consisting of individual rungs that are every 30 feet (9.14 m), except as speci- attached to walls, conical manhole sec- fied in paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this sections or river cells shall: tion. (1) Be capable of supporting a load of (iv) For ladders installed after Octo- 350 pounds (1557 N) without deforma- ber 3, 1983, offset sections and landing tion; platforms are not required if hinged (2) Form a continuous ladder, uni- platforms capable of supporting 100 formly spaced vertically from 12 inches pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa), and to 16 inches (30.5 to 40.6 cm) apart, with which are kept closed except when a minimum width of 10 inches (25.4 cm)

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and projecting at least 41⁄2 inches (11.43 (3) Have a minimum width between cm) from the wall; side rails of 12 inches (30.48 cm) for lad- (3) Be so constructed that an employ- ders 10 feet (3.05 m) in height. Width ee’s foot cannot slide off the ends; and between rails shall increase at least 1⁄4 (4) Be firmly attached and without inch (0.64 cm) for each additional 2 feet sharp edges. (0.61 m) of ladder length. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (e) Maintenance and inspection. (1) FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30, The employer shall maintain portable 2000] ladders in safe condition. Ladders with the following defects shall not be used § 1917.119 Portable ladders. and either shall be tagged as unusable (a) Scope and applicability. This sec- if kept on the premises or shall be re- tion applies to all portable ladders, in- moved from the worksite: cluding job-made ladders for temporary (i) Broken, split or missing rungs, use, unless otherwise specified. cleats or steps; (b) Standards for existing manufactured (ii) Broken or split side rails; portable ladders. (1) Rungs of manufac- (iii) Missing or loose bolts, rivets or tured portable ladders obtained before fastenings; October 3, 1983, shall be capable of sup- (iv) Defective ropes; or porting a 200-pound (890 N) load with- (v) Any other structural defect. out deformation. (2) Ladders shall be inspected for de- (2) Rungs shall be evenly spaced from fects prior to each day’s use, and after 9 to 161⁄2 inches (22.9 to 41.9 cm), center any occurrence, such as a fall, which to center. could damage the ladder. (3) Rungs shall be continuous mem- (f) Ladder usage. (1) Ladders made by bers between rails. Each rung of a dou- fastening rungs or devices across a sin- ble-rung ladder (two side rails and a gle rail are prohibited. center rail) shall extend the full width (2) Ladders shall not be used: of the ladder. (i) As guys, braces or skids; or (4) Width between side rails at the (ii) As platforms, runways or scaf- base of the ladder shall be at least 12 folds. inches (30.48 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05 (3) Metal and wire-reinforced ladders m) or less in overall length, and shall with wooden side rails shall not be used increase at least 1⁄4 inch (0.64 cm) for when employees on the ladder might each additional 2 feet (0.61 m) of ladder come into contact with energized elec- length. trical conductors. (c) Standards for manufactured portable ladders. Portable manufactured (4) Individual sections from different ladders obtained after January 21, 1998 multi-sectional ladders or two or more shall bear identification indicating single straight ladders shall not be tied that they meet the appropriate ladder or fastened together to achieve addi- construction requirements of the fol- tional length. lowing standards: (5) Except for combination ladders, self-supporting ladders shall not be ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Requirements used as single straight ladders. for Portable Wood Ladders (6) Unless intended for cantilever op- ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Requirements eration, non-self-supporting ladders for Portable Metal Ladders shall not be used to climb above the ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Requirements top support point. for Portable Reinforced Plastic Lad- (7) Ladders shall extend at least 36 ders inches (0.91 m) above the upper support (d) Standards for job-made portable lad- level if employees are to leave or ders. Job-made ladders shall: mount the ladder at that level, except (1) Have a minimum and uniform dis- that where such extension is imprac- tance between rungs of 12 inches (30.48 tical other equivalent means such as cm), center to center; grab bars may be used to provide a (2) Are capable of supporting a 250- hand grip. pound (1,112 N) load without deforma- (8) Ladders shall be securely position; and tioned on a level and firm base.

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(9) Ladders shall be fitted with slip- 75° from the horizontal may be used if resistant bases and secured at top or they: bottom to prevent the ladder from slip- (i) Are capable of a single con- ping. centrated load of 200 pounds (890 N) at (10) The employer shall direct that the tread centers; ladders shall be placed so that employ- (ii) Have open treads at least 4 inches ees climbing are not exposed to injury (10.16 cm) in depth and 18 inches (45.72 from projecting objects or doors that cm) in width with a uniformly spaced open toward the ladder. vertical rise between treads of 6 to 9.5 [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 inches (15.24 to 24.13 cm); and FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40941, June 30, (iii) Have handrails that meet the re- 2000] quirements of § 1917.112(c)(1) on both sides and that are not less than 30 § 1917.120 Fixed stairways. inches (76.2 cm) in height from the (a) Definition. ‘‘Fixed stairway’’ tread surface at the riser face. means interior and exterior stairs serv- (6) Maintenance. Fixed stairways ing machinery, tanks and equipment, shall be maintained in safe condition and stairs to or from floors, platforms and shall not be obstructed. or pits. The term does not apply to [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65 stairs intended only for fire exit pur- FR 40942, June 30, 2000] poses, to articulated stairs (the angle of which changes with the rise and fall § 1917.121 Spiral stairways. of the base support) or to stairs form- (a) Definition. ‘‘Spiral stairway’’ ing an intergral part of machinery. means one with closed circular form, (b) New installations. (1) Fixed stairs uniform sector-shaped treads and a installed after October 3, 1983 shall be supporting column. positioned within the range of 30 de- (b) Requirements. Spiral stairways grees to 50 degrees to the horizontal shall meet the following requirements: with uniform riser height and tread width throughout each run and be ca- (1) Stairways shall conform to the pable of a minimum loading of 100 minimum dimensions of Figure F–1; pounds per square foot (445 N) and a minimum concentrated load of 300 pounds (1,334 N) at the center of any treadspan. Riser height shall be from 6 to 7.5 inches (15.24 to 19.05 cm), stair width a minimum of 22 inches (55.88 cm) between vertical barriers, tread depth a minimum of 12±2 inches (30.48±5.08 cm), and tread nosing shall be straight leading edges. (2) Stair landings shall be at least 20 inches (50.8 cm) in depth. Where doors or gates open on a stairway, a landing platform shall be provided. Door swing shall not reduce effective standing area on the landing to less than 18 inches (45.72 cm) in depth. SPIRAL STAIRWAY—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS (3) Fixed stairs having four or more A (half-tread risers shall have stair railings or hand- width) B rails complying with § 1917.112(c)(1). (4) Railing height from tread surface Normal use by employ- 11 inches (27.94 6 inches (15.24 ± ees. cm). cm). at the riser face shall be 33 3 inches Limited access ...... 9 inches (22.86 5 inches (12.7 (83.82 cm ±7.62 cm). cm). cm). (5) Restricted areas. When physical features require stairs steeper than (2) Stairway risers shall be uniform those provided for by paragraph (b)(1) and shall range from 61⁄2 to 101⁄2 inches of this section, stairs at angles of 50° to (16.5 to 26.67 cm) in height;

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(3) Minimum loading capability shall maintained. Where occasional work be 100 pounds per square foot (4.79kN), tasks require more light than that and minimum tread center con- which is consistently and permanently centrated loading shall be 300 pounds provided, supplemental lighting shall (1334 N); be used. (4) Railings shall conform to the re- (b) The lighting intensity shall be quirements of § 1917.112(c)(1). If balus- measured at the task/working surface, ters are used, there shall be a min- in the plane in which the task/working imum of one per tread. Handrails shall surface is present. be a minimum of 11⁄4 inches (3.18 cm) in (c) Lights shall, so far as possible, be outside diameter; and placed so that they will not shine in (5) Vertical clearance shall be at the eyes of employees. least 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 m) above the top step. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (c) Maintenance. Spiral stairways FR 40201, July 25, 1997] shall be maintained in safe condition. § 1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 plates). FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30, (a) General. The employer shall pro- 2000] vide safe means of passage between dif- § 1917.122 Employee exits. ferent surface levels and across openings. (a) Employee exits shall be clearly (b) [Reserved] marked. (c) Dockboards (car and bridge plates). (b) If an employee exit is not visible (1) Dockboards shall be strong enough from employees’ work stations, direc- to support the loads imposed on them. tional signs indicating routes to the exit shall be posted. (2) Portable dockboards shall be an- (c) Exits shall be readily accessible chored in position or be equipped with and sufficient in number to provide em- devices to prevent their movement. ployees with a convenient means of es- (3) Hand holds or other effective cape in emergencies. A clear passage to means shall be provided on portable the exit shall be maintained. dockboards to permit safe handling. (d) The minimum width of any em- (4) Positive means shall be used to ployee exit shall be 28 inches (71.12 cm). prevent railcars or highway vehicles from being moved while dockboards or [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65 bridge plates are in position. FR 40942, June 30, 2000] (5) Be designed, constructed, and § 1917.123 Illumination. 9 maintained to prevent vehicles from running off the edge. 10 (a) Working and walking areas shall (6) Dockboards shall be well main- be illuminated. Unless conditions de- tained. scribed in the regulations of the United (d) Ramps. (1) Ramps shall be strong States Coast Guard (33 CFR 126.15(1) enough to support the loads imposed on and (n), and 33 CFR 154.570) exist in the them and be designed, constructed, and case of specific operations, illumina- maintained to prevent vehicles from tion in active work areas (for example, running off the edge. 11 cargo transfer points) shall be of an av- (2) Ramps shall be equipped with a erage minimum light intensity of 5 guardrail meeting the requirement of foot-candles. The illumination in other § 1917.112(c)(1) if the slope is more than work areas (for example, farm areas) shall be of an average minimum light intensity of 1 foot-candle except for se- 10 When the gap to be bridged to greater curity purposes when a minimum light than 36 inches (.91 m), an acceptable means 1 of preventing vehicles from running off the intensity of ⁄2 foot-candle shall be edge is a minimum side board height of two and three-quarter inches. 9 The United States Coast Guard, at 33 CFR 11 When the gap to be bridged is greater 126.15(1) and (n), and 33 CFR 154.570 sets out than 36 inches (.91 m), an acceptable means requirements for illumination at ‘‘des- of preventing vehicles from running off the ignated waterfront facilities’’ and ‘‘large oil edge is a minumum side board height of two transfer facilities.’’ and three-quarter inches.

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20 degrees to the horizontal or if em- equipped doors. Separate toilet facili- ployees could fall more than 4 feet (1.22 ties shall be provided for male and fe- m). male employees except when toilet (3) Ramps shall have slip-resistant rooms will be occupied by only one per- surfaces. son at a time. (4) When necessary to prevent dis- (2) Washing and toilet facilities shall placement by vehicle wheels, steel be regularly cleaned and maintained in plates or similar devices used to tem- good order. porarily bridge or cover uneven surfaces or tracks, shall be anchored. (b) Drinking water. (1) Potable drink- (5) Ramps shall be well maintained. ing water shall be accessible to employees at all times. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (2) Potable drinking water containers FR 40201, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30, 2000] shall be clean, containing only water and ice, and shall be fitted with covers. § 1917.125 Guarding temporary haz- (3) Common drinking cups are prohib- ards. ited. Ditches, pits, excavations and sur- (c) Prohibited eating areas. Consump- faces in poor repair shall be guarded by tion of food or beverages in areas where readily visible barricades, rails or hazardous materials are being stored or other equally effective means. handled shall be prohibited. (d) Garbage and overboard discharges. § 1917.126 River banks. Work shall not be conducted in the im- (a) This section applies to temporary mediate vicinity of uncovered garbage installations or temporary operations or in the way of overboard discharges near a river bank. from the vessel’s sanitary lines unless (b) Where working surfaces at river employees are protected from the gar- banks slope so steeply that an em- bage or discharge by a baffle or splash ployee could slip or fall into the water, boards. the outer perimeter of the working surface shall be protected by posting or [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983,, as amended at 76 other portable protection such as rop- FR 33610, June 8, 2011] ing off. In these situations, employees must wear a personal flotation device § 1917.128 Signs and marking. meeting the requirements of (a) General. Signs required by this § 1917.95(b). part shall be clearly worded and leg- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 ible, and shall contain a key word or FR 40201, July 25, 1997] legend indicating the reason for the sign. § 1917.127 Sanitation. (1) Key words are such words as Dan- (a) Washing and toilet facilities. (1) The ger, Warning, Caution. employer shall provide accessible (2) Legends are more specific expla- washing and toilet facilities sufficient nations such as High Voltage, Close for the sanitary requirements of em- Clearance, Pedestrian Crossing. ployees. The facilities shall have: (b) Specific. Every marine terminal (i) Running water, including hot and shall have conspicuously posted signs cold or tepid water at a minimum of one accessible location (when cargo as follows: handling is conducted at locations (1) Locations of first aid facilities; without permanent facilities, potable (2) Locations of telephones; water may be provided in lieu of run- (3) Telephone numbers of the closest ning water); ambulance service, hospital or other (ii) Soap; source of medical attention, police, fire (iii) Individual hand towels, clean in- department, and emergency squad (if dividual sections of continuous tow- any); and eling, or air blowers; and (4) Locations of firefighting and (iv) Fixed or portable toilets in sepa- emergency equipment and fire exits. rate compartments with latch-

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Subpart G—Related Terminal to keep employees clear of any danger Operations and Equipment zones: (1) They shall be equipped with hoods § 1917.151 Machine guarding. completely enclosing those portions of (a) Definition. ‘‘Guarded’’ means the saw above the table and the mate- shielded, fenced, or enclosed by covers, rial being cut; casings, shields, troughs, spillways or (2) They shall have spreaders to pre- railings, or guarded by position or loca- vent material from squeezing the saw. tion. Examples of guarding methods Spreaders shall be in true alignment are guarding by location (positioning with the saw. Spreaders may be re- hazards so they are inaccessible to em- moved only during grooving, dadoing, ployees) and point of operation guard- or rabbeting operations, and shall be ing (using barrier guards, two-hand replaced at the completion of such op- tripping devices, electronic safety de- erations; and vices, or other such devices). (3) They shall have non-kickback fin- (b) General. (1) Danger zones on ma- gers or dogs to oppose the tendency of chines and equipment used by employ- the saw to pick up material or throw ees shall be guarded. material toward the operator. (2) Where chips and dust produced by (d) Swing cutoff saws. (1) Swing cutoff machine operation may result in a haz- saws shall have hoods completely en- ard to the operator, the machinery closing the upper half of the saw, the shall be equipped with an effective ex- arbor end and the point of operation at haust system at the point of origin, or all saw positions to protect the oper- other equally effective means shall be ator from material thrown up by the provided to protect the operator. saw. The hood shall automatically (3) Fixed machinery shall be secured cover the lower portion of the blade, so to prevent shifting. that when the saw returns to the back (4) A power cut-off device for machin- of the table the hood rises on top of the ery and equipment shall be provided at fence, and when the saw is moved for- the operator’s working position. ward the hood drops on top, remaining (5) Machines driven by belts and in contact with the table or the mate- shafting shall be fitted with a belt- rial. locking or equivalent protective device (2) Swing cutoff saws shall have a de- if the belt can be shifted. vice to return the saw automatically to (6) In operations where injury to the the back of the table without rebound. operator might result if motors were to The device shall not be dependent upon restart after power failures, provisions rope, cord or springs. shall be made to prevent machines from automatically restarting upon (3) Devices shall be provided to pre- restoration of power. vent saws from swinging beyond the (7) The power supply to machines front or back edges of the table. shall be turned off, locked out, and (4) Inverted swing cutoff saws shall tagged out during repair, adjustment, have hoods covering the part of the saw or servicing. protruding above the table top or the (8) Machines shall be maintained in a material being cut. Hoods shall auto- safe working condition. matically adjust to the thickness of, (9) Only designated employees shall and remain in contact with, material maintain or repair machinery and being cut. equipment. (e) Radial saws. Unless fixed or manu- (10) Machines with defects that affect ally adjustable enclosures or guards the safety of operation shall not be provide equivalent protection, radial used. saws shall be guarded as follows: (c) Hand-fed circular ripsaws and (1) The upper hood of radial saws hand-fed circular crosscut table saws. Un- shall enclose the upper portion of the less fixed or manually adjustable en- blade up to and including the end of closures or guarding provides equiva- the saw arbor and shall protect the op- lent protection, hand-fed circular erator from being struck by debris. The ripsaws and hand-fed circular crosscut sides of the lower exposed portion of table saws shall be guarded as follows the blade shall be guarded to the blade

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diameter by a device automatically ad- be constructed with the spindle end, justing to the thickness of the stock nut and outer flange exposed. When the and remaining in contact with the work entirely covers the side of the stock. The lower guard may be re- wheel, the side covers of the guard may moved only when the saw is used for be removed. bevel cuts; (3) Guarding is not required: (2) Radial saws used for ripping shall (i) For wheels used for internal work have non-kickback fingers or dogs on while the wheel is contained within the both sides to oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw to pick up material or work being ground; or throw material toward the operator; (ii) For mounted wheels 2 inches (5 (3) Adjustable stop shall be provided cm) and smaller in diameter used in to prevent travel of radial saw blades portable operations. beyond the table’s edge; (4) Work rests shall be used on fixed (4) Radial saws shall be installed so grinding machines. Work rests shall be that the cutting head returns to the rigidly constructed and adjustable for starting position without rebound wheel wear. They shall be adjusted when released; and closely to the wheel with a maximum (5) The employer shall direct that opening of 1⁄8-inch (3.18 mm) and shall employees perform ripping and plough- be securely clamped. Adjustment shall ing against the saw turning direction. not be made while the wheel is in mo- Rotation direction and an indication of tion. the end of the saw to be used shall be (5) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on conspicuously marked on the hood. the spindle. The spindle nut shall be (f) Band saws and band resaws. (1) Saw tightened only enough to hold the blades and band saw wheels shall be enclosed or guarded, except for the work- wheel in place. ing portion of the blade between the (6) Grinding machine wheels shall bottom of the guide rolls and the table, turn at a speed that is compatible with to protect employees from point-of-op- the rated speed of the wheel. eration hazards and flying debris. (7) Flanges and blotters shall be used (2) Band saws shall be equipped with only with wheels designed for their use. brakes to stop the band saw wheel if Flanges shall be of a type ensuring re- the blade breaks. tention of pieces of the wheel in case of (3) Band saws shall be equipped with breakage. a tension control device to keep the (8) Abrasive wheels with operational blade taut. defects shall not be used. (g) Abrasive wheels and machinery. (1) (h) Rotating parts, drives and connec- Abrasive wheels shall be used only on tions. (1) Rotating parts, such as gears machines having enclosure guards to and pulleys, that are located 7 feet (2.13 restrain pieces of grinding wheels and m) or less above working surfaces shall to protect employees if the wheel be guarded to prevent employee con- breaks, except as provided in paragraphs (g)(2) and (g)(3) of this section. tact with moving parts. Where the operator must stand in front (2) Belt, rope and chain drives shall of the safety guard opening, the safety be guarded to prevent employees from guard shall be adjustable or have an coming into contact with moving adjustable tongue or piece at the top of parts. the opening. The safety guard or the (3) Gears, sprockets and chains shall tongue shall be adjusted so that they be guarded to prevent employees from are always close to the periphery of the coming into contact with moving wheel. Guards shall be aligned with the parts. This requirement does not apply wheel and the strength of fastenings to manually operated sprockets. shall be greater than the strength of the guard. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65 (2) When the work provides equiva- FR 40942, June 30, 2000] lent protection, or when the machine is designed as a portable saw, guards may

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§ 1917.152 Welding, cutting and heat- (i) In flammable or potentially flam- ing (hot work) 12 (See also § 1917.2, mable atmospheres: definition of Hazardous cargo, ma- (ii) On or in equipment or tanks that terials, substance, or atmosphere). have contained flammable gas or liquid (a) Definition. ‘‘Hot work’’ means riv- or combustible liquid or dust-pro- eting, welding, flame cutting or other ducing material, until a designated fire or spark-producing operation. person has tested the atmosphere in- (b) Hot work in confined spaces. Hot side the equipment or tanks and deter- work shall not be performed in a con- mined that it is not hazardous; or fined space until a designated person (iii) Near any area in which exposed has tested the atmosphere and deter- readily ignitable materials such as mined that it is not hazardous. bulk sulphur, baled paper or cotton are (c) Fire protection. (1) To the extent stored. Bulk sulphur is excluded from possible, hot work shall be performed this prohibition if suitable precautions in designated locations that are free of are followed, the person in charge is fire hazards. knowledgeable and the person per- (2) When hot work must be performed forming the work has been instructed in a location that is not free of fire in preventing and extinguishing sul- hazards, all necessary precautions shall phur fires. be taken to confine heat, sparks, and (8)(i) Drums, containers or hollow slag so that they cannot contact flam- structures that have contained flammable or combustible material. mable or combustible substances shall (3) Fire extinguishing equipment either be filled with water or cleaned, suitable for the location shall be imme- and shall then be ventilated. A des- diately available and shall be main- ignated person shall test the atmos- tained in readiness for use at all times. phere and determine that it is not haz- (4) When the hot work operation is ardous before hot work is performed on such that normal fire prevention pre- or in such structures. cautions are not sufficient, additional (ii) Before heat is applied to a drum, personnel shall be assigned to guard container or hollow structure, an open- against fire during hot work and for a ing to release built-up pressure during sufficient time after completion of the heat application shall be provided. work to ensure that no fire hazard re- (d) Gas welding and cutting. (1) Com- mains. The employer shall instruct all pressed gas cylinders: employees involved in hot work oper- (i) Shall have valve protection caps ations as to potential fire hazards and in place except when in use, hooked up the use of firefighting equipment. or secured for movement. Oil shall not (5) Drums and containers which con- be used to lubricate caps; tain or have contained flammable or (ii) Shall be hoisted only while se- combustible liquids shall be kept cured, as on a cradle or pallet, and closed. Empty containers shall be re- shall not be hoisted by magnet, choker moved from the hot work area. sling or cylinder caps; (6) When openings or cracks in floor- (iii) Shall be moved only by tilting or ing cannot be closed, precautions shall rolling on their bottom edges; be taken to ensure that no employees (iv) Shall be secured when moved by or flammable or combustible materials vehicle; on the floor below are exposed to (v) Shall be secured while in use; sparks dropping through the floor. (vi) Shall have valves closed when Similar precautions shall be taken re- cylinders are empty, being moved or garding cracks or holes in walls, open stored; doorways and open or broken windows. (vii) Shall be secured upright except (7) Hot work shall not be performed: when hoisted or carried; (viii) Shall not be freed when frozen by prying the valves or caps with bars 12 The U.S. Coast Guard, at 33 CFR 126.15(c), or by hitting the valve with a tool; requires prior permission of the Captain of the Port if welding or other hot work is to be (ix) Shall not be thawed by boiling carried out at a facility where dangerous water; cargoes as defined by 33 CFR 126.07 are lo- (x) Shall not be exposed to sparks, cated or being handled. hot slag, or flame;

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(xi) Shall not be permitted to become the workplace but shall be tagged and part of electrical circuits or have elec- may not be used again before it is re- trodes struck against them to strike paired; and arcs; (vi) If a plug or safety device leaks, (xii) Shall not be used as rollers or the cylinder shall be tagged, removed supports; from service, and moved to a location (xiii) Shall not have contents used where the leak will not be hazardous. for purposes not authorized by the sup- (3) Hose. (i) Fuel gas and oxygen plier; hoses shall be easily distinguishable (xiv) Shall not be used if damaged or from each other by color or sense of defective; touch. Oxygen and fuel hoses shall not (xv) Shall not have gases mixed with- be interchangeable. Hoses having more in, except by gas suppliers; than one gas passage shall not be used. (xvi) Shall be stored so that oxygen (ii) When oxygen and fuel gas hoses cylinders are separated from fuel gas are taped together, not more than four cylinders and combustible materials by (4) of each 12 inches (10.16 cm of each either a minimum distance of 20 feet 30.48 cm) shall be taped. (6.1 m) or a barrier having a fire-resist- (iii) Hose shall be inspected before ance rating of 30 minutes; and use. Hose subjected to flashback or (xvii) Shall not have objects that showing evidence of severe wear or might either damage the safety device damage shall be tested to twice the or obstruct the valve placed on top of normal working pressure but not less the cylinder when in use. than 200 p.s.i. (1378.96 kPa) before (2) Use of fuel gas. Fuel gas shall be reuse. Defective hose shall not be used. used only as follows: (iv) Hose couplings shall not unlock (i) Before regulators are connected to or disconnect without rotary motion. cylinder valves, the valves shall be (v) Hose connections shall be opened slightly (cracked) and closed clamped or securely fastened to with- immediately to clear away dust or dirt. stand twice the normal working pres- Valves shall not be cracked if gas could sure but not less than 300 p.s.i. (2068.44 reach possible sources of ignition; kPa) without leaking. (ii) Cylinder valves shall be opened (vi) Gas hose storage boxes shall be slowly to prevent regulator damage ventilated. and shall not be opened more than 11⁄2 turns. Any special wrench required for (4) Torches. (i) Torch tip openings emergency closing shall be positioned shall only be cleaned with devices de- on the valve stem during cylinder use. signed for that purpose. For manifolded or coupled cylinders, at (ii) Torches shall be inspected before least one wrench shall be immediately each use for leaking shut-off valves, available. Nothing shall be placed on hose couplings and tip connections. top of a cylinder or associated parts Torches with such defects shall not be when the cylinder is in use. used. (iii) Pressure-reducing regulators (iii) Torches shall not be lighted from shall be attached to cylinder valves matches, cigarette lighters, other when cylinders are supplying torches flames or hot work. or devices equipped with shut-off (5) Pressure regulators. Pressure regu- valves; lators, including associated gauges, (iv) Cylinder valves shall be closed shall be maintained in safe working and gas released from the regulator or order. manifold before regulators are re- (6) Operational precaution. Gas weld- moved; ing equipment shall be maintained free (v) Leaking fuel gas cylinder valves of oil and grease. shall be closed and the gland nut tight- (e) Arc welding and cutting. (1) Manual ened. If the leak continues, the cyl- electrode holders. (i) The employer inder shall be tagged, removed from shall ensure that only manual elec- service, and moved to a location where trode holders intended for arc welding the leak will not be hazardous. If a reg- and cutting and capable of handling ulator attached to a valve stops a leak, the maximum current required for such the cylinder need not be removed from welding or cutting shall be used.

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(ii) Current-carrying parts passing taining the circuit conductor or through those portions of the holder through a separate wire at the source gripped by the user and through the of the current. Grounding circuits shall outer surfaces of the jaws of the holder have resistance low enough to permit shall be insulated against the max- sufficient current to flow to cause the imum voltage to ground. fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the (2) Welding cables and connectors. (i) current. Arc welding and cutting cables shall be (vi) Ground connections shall be me- insulated, flexible and capable of han- chanically and electrically adequate to dling the maximum current required carry the current. by the operations, taking into account (4) When electrode holders are left the duty cycles. unattended, electrodes shall be re- (ii) Only cable free from repair or moved and holders placed to prevent splice for 10 feet (3 m) from the elec- employee injury. trode holder shall be used unless insu- (5) Hot electrode holders shall not be lated connectors or splices with insu- dipped in water. lating quality equal to that of the (6) The employer shall ensure that cable are provided. when arc welders or cutters leave or (iii) When a cable other than the lead stop work or when machines are mentioned in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this moved, the power supply switch shall section wears and exposes bare conduc- be kept in the off position. tors, the portion exposed shall not be (7) Arc welding or cutting equipment used until it is protected by insulation having a functional defect shall not be equivalent in performance capacity to used. the original. (iv) Insulated connectors of equiva- (8)(i) Arc welding and cutting oper- lent capacity shall be used for con- ations shall be separated from other necting or splicing cable. Cable lugs, operations by shields, screens, or cur- where used as connectors, shall provide tains to protect employees in the vicin- electrical contact. Exposed metal parts ity from the direct rays and sparks of shall be insulated. the arc. (3) Ground returns and machine (ii) Employees in areas not protected grounding. (i) Ground return cables from the arc by screening shall be pro- shall have current-carrying capacity tected by appropriate filter lenses in equal to or exceeding the total max- accordance with paragraph (h) of this imum output capacities of the welding section. When welders are exposed to or cutting units served. their own arc or to each other’s arc, (ii) Structures or pipelines, other they shall wear filter lenses complying than those containing gases or flam- with the requirements of paragraph (h) mable liquids or conduits containing of this section. electrical circuits, may be used in the (9) The control apparatus of arc weld- ground return circuit if their current- ing machines shall be enclosed, except carrying capacity equals or exceeds the for operating wheels, levers, and han- total maximum output capacities of dles. the welding or cutting units served. (10) Input power terminals, top (iii) Structures or pipelines forming a change devices and live metal parts temporary ground return circuit shall connected to imput circuits shall be have electrical contact at all joints. enclosed and accessible only by means Arcs, sparks or heat at any point in the of insulated tools. circuit shall cause rejection as a (11) When arc welding is performed in ground circuit. wet or high-humidity conditions, em- (iv) Structures or pipelines acting ployees shall use additional protection, continuously as ground return circuits such as rubber pads or boots, against shall have joints bonded and main- electric shock. tained to ensure that no electrolysis or (f) Ventilation and employee protection fire hazard exists. in welding, cutting and heating—(1) Me- (v) Arc welding and cutting machine chanical ventilation requirements. The frames shall be grounded, either employer shall ensure that general me- through a third wire in the cable con- chanical ventilation or local exhaust

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systems shall meet the following re- (B) Metals containing lead other than quirements: as an impurity, or coated with lead- (i) General mechanical ventilation bearing materials; shall maintain vapors, fumes and (C) Cadmium-bearing or cadmium- smoke below a hazardous level. coated base metals; and (ii) Local exhaust ventilation shall (D) Metals coated with mercury-bear- consist of movable hoods positioned ing materials. close to the work and shall be of such (iii) Employees performing hot work capacity and arrangement as to keep in confined or enclosed spaces involv- breathing zone concentrations below ing beryllium-containing base or filler hazardous levels. metals shall be protected by local ex- (iii) Exhausts from working spaces haust ventilation and wear supplied air shall be discharged into the open air, respirators or self-contained breathing clear of intake air sources; apparatus, in accordance with the re- (iv) Replacement air shall be clean quirements of § 1910.134. and respirable; and (iv) The employer shall ensure that (v) Oxygen shall not be used for ven- employees performing hot work in the tilation, cooling or cleaning clothing open air that involves any of the met- or work areas. als listed in paragraphs (f)(3)(i) and (f)(3)(ii) of this section shall be pro- (2) Hot work in confined spaces. Except tected by respirators in accordance as specified in paragraphs (f)(3)(ii) and with the requirements of § 1910.134, and (f)(3)(iii) of this section, when hot work those working on beryllium-containing is performed in a confined space the base or filler metals shall be protected employer shall ensure that: by supplied air respirators, in accord- (i) General mechanical or local ex- ance with the requirements of haust ventilations shall be provided; or § 1910.134. (ii) Employees in the space shall (v) Any employee exposed to the wear supplied air respirators in accord- same atmosphere as the welder or ance with § 1910.134 and a standby on burner shall be protected by the same the outside shall maintain communica- type of respiratory and other protection with employees inside the space tive equipment as that worn by the and shall be equipped and prepared to welder or burner. provide emergency aid. (4) Inert-gas metal-arc welding. Em- (3) Welding, cutting or heating of toxic ployees shall not engage in and shall metals. (i) In confined or enclosed not be exposed to the inert-gas metal- spaces, hot work involving the fol- arc welding process unless the following metals shall only be performed lowing precautions are taken: with general mechanical or local ex- (i) Chlorinated solvents shall not be haust ventilation that ensures that used within 200 feet (61 m) of the ex- employees are not exposed to haz- posed arc. Surfaces prepared with ardous levels of fumes: chlorinated solvents shall be thor- (A) Lead base metals; oughly dry before welding is performed (B) Cadmium-bearing filler mate- on them. rials; and (ii) Employees in areas not protected (C) Chromium-bearing metals or met- from the arc by screening shall be pro- als coated with chromium-bearing ma- tected by appropriate filter lenses in terials. accordance with the requirements of (ii) In confined or enclosed spaces, paragraph (h) of this section. When hot work involving the following met- welders are exposed to their own arc or als shall only be performed with local to each other’s arc, filter lenses com- exhaust ventilation meeting the re- plying with the requirements of para- quirements of paragraph (f)(1) of this graph (h) of this section shall be worn section or by employees wearing sup- to protect against flashes and radiant plied air respirators in accordance with energy. § 1910.134; (iii) Employees exposed to radiation (A) Zinc-bearing base or filler metals shall have their skin covered com- or metals coated with zinc-bearing ma- pletely to prevent ultraviolet burns terials; and damage. Helmets and hand shields

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shall not have leaks, openings or high- TABLE G–1—FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTION ly reflective surfaces. AGAINST RADIANT ENERGY—Continued (iv) Inert-gas metal-arc welding on stainless steel shall not be performed Operation Shade No.

unless exposed employees are protected Heavy gas welding, over 1⁄2 inch 6 or 8. either by local exhaust ventilation or Shielded Metal-Arc Welding 1⁄16 10 by wearing supplied air respirators. to 5⁄32-inch electrodes. (g) Welding, cutting and heating on Inert-gas Metal-Arc Welding 11. (Non-ferrous) 1/16- to 5/32- preservative coatings. (1) Before hot inch electrodes. work is commenced on surfaces cov- Shielded Metal-Arc Welding: ered by a preservative coating of un- 3/16- to 1⁄4-inch electrodes .. 12. known flammability, a test shall be 5/16- and 3⁄8-inch electrodes 14. made by a designated person to determine the coating’s flammability. Pre- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 servative coatings shall be considered FR 40202, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40942, June 30, highly flammable when scrapings burn 2000] with extreme rapidity. (2) Appropriate precaution shall be § 1917.153 Spray painting (See also taken to prevent ignition of highly § 1917.2, definition of Hazardous flammable hardened preservative coat- cargo, materials, substance, or at- ings. Highly flammable coatings shall mosphere). be stripped from the area to be heated. (a) Scope. This section covers paint- An uncoiled fire hose with fog nozzle, ing operations connected with mainte- under pressure, shall be immediately nance of structures, equipment and available in the hot work area. gear at the marine terminal and of (3) Surfaces covered with preserva- transient equipment serviced at the tive coatings shall be stripped for at terminal. It does not apply to overall least 4 inches (10.16 cm) from the area painting of terminal structures under of heat application or employees shall construction, major repair or rebuild- be protected by supplied air respirators ing of terminal structures, or portable in accordance with the requirements of spraying apparatus not used regularly § 1910.134 of this chapter. in the same location. (h) Protection against radiant energy. (1) Employees shall be protected from (b) Definitions—(1) Spraying area radiant energy eye hazards by spec- means any area where flammable va- tacles, cup goggles, helmets, hand pors, mists or combustible residues, shields or face shields with filter lenses dusts or deposits may be present due to complying with the requirements of paint spraying operations. this paragraph. (2) Spray booth means an enclosure (2) Filter lenses shall have an appro- containing a flammable or combustible priate shade number, as indicated in spraying operation and confining and Table G–1, for the work performed. limiting the escape of paint, vapor and Variations of one or two shade num- residue by means of a powered exhaust bers are permissible to suit individual system. preferences. (3) Approved means, for the purpose of (3) If filter lenses are used in goggles this section, that the equipment has worn under the helmet, the shade num- been approved for the specified use by a bers of both lenses equals the value nationally recognized testing labora- shown in Table G–1 for the operation. tory. (c) Spray painting requirements for in- TABLE G–1—FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTION door and outdoor spraying areas and AGAINST RADIANT ENERGY booths. (1) Shut-off valves, containers Operation Shade No. or piping with attached hoses or flexible connections shall have shut-off Soldering ...... 2. valves closed at the connection when Torch Brazing ...... 3 or 4. Light cutting, up to 1 inch ...... 3 or 4. not in use. Medium cutting, 1-6 inches ...... 4 or 5. (2) Pumps used to transfer paint sup- Heavy cutting, over 6 inches ...... 5 or 6. plies shall have automatic pressure-re- Light gas welding, up to 1⁄8 inch 4 or 5. Medium gas welding, 1⁄8-1⁄2 inch 5 or 6. lieving devices.

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(3) Hoses and couplings shall be in- ceptible to spontaneous heating and ig- spected before use. Hoses showing dete- nition. rioration, leakage or weakness in the (4) Filters shall be noncombustible or carcass or at the couplings shall be re- of an approved type. The same filter moved from service. shall not be used when spraying with (4)(i) No open flame or spark-pro- different coating materials if the com- ducing equipment shall be within 20 bination of materials may spontane- feet (6.1 m) of a spraying area unless it ously ignite. is separated from the spraying area by (5) Spraying areas shall be mechani- a fire-retardant partition. cally ventilated for removal of flam- (ii) Hot surfaces shall not be located mable and combustible vapor and mist. in spraying areas. (6) Mechanical ventilation shall be in (iii) Whenever combustible residues operation during spraying operations may accumulate on electrical installa- and long enough thereafter to exhaust tions, wiring shall be in rigid conduit hazardous vapor concentrations. or in boxes containing no taps, splices (7) Rotating fan elements shall be or connections. nonsparking or the casing shall consist (iv) Portable electric lights shall not of or be lined with nonsparking mate- be used during spraying operations. rial. Lights used during cleaning or repair- (8) Piping systems conveying flam- ing operations shall be approved for the mable or combustible liquids to the location in which they are used. spraying booth or area shall be made of (5) When flammable or combustible metal and be both bonded and ground- liquids are being transferred between ed. containers, both containers shall be (9) Air exhausted from spray oper- bonded and grounded. ations shall not contaminate makeup air or other ventilation intakes. Ex- (6)(i) Spraying shall be performed hausted air shall not be recirculated only in designated spray booths or unless it is first cleaned of any haz- spraying areas. ardous contaminants. (ii) Spraying areas shall be kept as (10) Original closed containers, ap- free from combustible residue accumu- proved portable tanks, approved safety lations as practicable. cans or a piping system shall be used to (iii) Residue scrapings, debris, rags, bring flammable or combustible liquids and waste shall be removed from the into spraying areas. spraying area as they accumulate. (11) If flammable or combustible liq- (7) Spraying with organic peroxides uids are supplied to spray nozzles by and other dual-component coatings positive displacement pumps, the pump shall only be conducted in sprinkler- discharge line shall have a relief valve equipped spray booths. discharging either to a pump section or (8) Only the quantity of flammable or detached location, or the line shall be combustible liquids required for the op- equipped with a device to stop the eration shall be allowed in the spraying prime mover when discharge pressure area, and in no case shall the amount exceeds the system’s safe operating exceed a one-day supply. pressure. (9) Smoking shall be prohibited and (12) Wiring, motors and equipment in ‘‘No Smoking’’ signs shall be posted in a spray booth shall be of approved ex- spraying and paint storage areas. plosion-proof type for Class I, Group D (d) Additional requirements for spraying locations and conform to subpart S of areas and spray booths. (1) Distribution Part 1910 of this chapter for Class I, Di- or baffle plates shall be of noncombus- vision 1, Hazardous Locations. Wiring, tible material and shall be removable motors and equipment within 20 feet or accessible for cleaning. They shall (6.1m) of any interior spraying area and not be located in exhaust ducts. not separated by vapor-tight partitions (2) Any discarded filter shall be re- shall not produce sparks during oper- moved from the work area or placed in ation and shall conform to the require- water. ments of subpart S of Part 1910 of this (3) Filters shall not be used when the chapter for Class I, Division 2, Haz- material being sprayed is highly sus- ardous Locations.

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(13) Outside electrical lights within exceed a pressure of 30 psi. Compressed 10 feet (3.05m) of spraying areas and air shall not be used to clean employ- not separated from the areas by parti- ees. tions shall be enclosed and protected from damage. § 1917.155 Air receivers. (e) Additional requirements for spray (a) Application. This section applies booths. (1) Spray booths shall be sub- to compressed air receivers and equip- stantially constructed of noncombus- ment used for operations such as clean- tible material and have smooth inte- ing, drilling, hoisting and chipping. It rior surfaces. Spray booth floors shall does not apply to equipment used to be covered with noncombustible mate- convey materials or in such transpor- rial. As an aid to cleaning, paper may tation applications as railways, vehi- be used to cover the floor during paint- cles or cranes. ing operations if it is removed after the (b) Gauges and valves. (1) Air receivers painting is completed. shall be equipped with indicating pres- (2) Spray booths shall be separated sure gauges and spring-loaded safety from other operations by at least 3 feet valves. Safety valves shall prevent re- (0.91m) or by fire-retardant partitions ceiver pressure from exceeding 110 per- or walls. cent of the maximum allowable work- (3) A space of at least 3 feet (0.91m) ing pressure. on all sides of the spray booth shall be maintained free of storage or combus- (2) No other valves shall be placed be- tible materials. tween air receivers and their safety (4) Metal parts of spray booths, ex- valves. haust ducts, piping and airless high- § 1917.156 Fuel handling and storage. pressure spray guns and conductive objects being sprayed shall be grounded. (a) Liquid fuel. (1) Only designated (5) Electric motors driving exhaust persons shall conduct fueling oper- fans shall not be located inside booths ations. or ducts. (2) In case of spillage, filler caps shall (6) Belts shall not enter ducts or be replaced and spillage disposed of be- booths unless the belts are completely fore engines are started. enclosed. (3) Engines shall be stopped and oper- (7) Exhaust ducts shall be made of ators shall not be on the equipment steel, shall have sufficient access doors during refueling operations. to permit cleaning, and shall have a (4) Smoking and open flames shall be minimum clearance of 18 inches (0.46m) prohibited in areas used for fueling, from combustible materials. Any in- fuel storage or enclosed storage of stalled dampers shall be fully opened equipment containing fuel. when the ventilating system is oper- (5) Equipment shall be refueled only ating. at designated locations. (8) Spray booths shall not be alter- (6) Liquid fuels not handled by pump nately used to spray different types of shall be handled and transported only coating materials if the combination of in portable containers or equivalent the materials may spontaneously ig- means designed for that purpose. Port- nite unless deposits of the first mate- able containers shall be metal, have rial are removed from the booth and tight closures with screw or spring cov- from exhaust ducts before spraying of ers and shall be equipped with spouts the second material begins. or other means to allow pouring with- [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 65 out spilling. Leaking containers shall FR 40942, June 30, 2000] not be used. (7) Flammable liquids may be dis- § 1917.154 Compressed air. pensed in the open from a tank or from Employees shall be protected by chip other vehicles equipped for delivering guarding and personal protective fuel to another vehicle only if: equipment complying with the provi- (i) Dispensing hoses do not exceed 50 sions of subpart E of this part during feet (15.24 m) in length; and cleaning with compressed air. Com- (ii) Any powered dispensing nozzles pressed air used for cleaning shall not used are of the automatic-closing type.

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(8) Liquid fuel dispensing devices liquefied gas fuels shall also comply shall be provided with an easily acces- with paragraph (a) of this section. sible and clearly identified shut-off de- (ii) Using matches or flames to check vice, such as a switch or circuit break- for leaks is prohibited. er, to shut off the power in an emer- (iii) Containers shall be examined be- gency. fore recharging and again before reuse (9) Liquid fuel dispensing devices, for the following: such as pumps, shall be mounted either (A) Dents, scrapes and gouges of pres- on a concrete island or be otherwise sure vessels; protected against collision damage. (B) Damage to valves and liquid level (b) Liquefied gas fuels—(1) Fueling lo- gauges; cations. (i) Liquefied gas powered equip- (C) Debris in relief valves; ment shall be fueled only at designated locations. (D) Leakage at valves or connections; (ii) Equipment with permanently and mounted fuel containers shall be (E) Deterioration or loss of flexible charged outdoors. seals in filling or servicing connec- (iii) Equipment shall not be fueled or tions. stored near underground entrances, el- (4) Fuel storage. (i) Stored fuel con- evator shafts or other places where gas tainers shall be located to minimize ex- or fumes might accumulate. posure to excessive temperatures and (2) Fuel containers. (i) When remov- physical damage. able fuel containers are used, the es- (ii) Containers shall not be stored cape of fuel when containers are ex- near exits, stairways or areas normally changed shall be minimized by: used or intended for egress. (A) Automatic quick-closing cou- (iii) Outlet valves of containers in plings (closing in both directions when storage or transport shall be closed. uncoupled) in fuel lines; or Relief valves shall connect with vapor (B) Closing fuel container valves and spaces. allowing engines to run until residual (5) Vehicle storage and servicing. (i) fuel is exhausted. Liquefied gas fueled vehicles may be (ii) Pressure-relief valve openings stored or serviced inside garages or shall be in continuous contact with the shops only if there are no fuel system vapor space (top) of the cylinder. leaks. (iii) Fuel containers shall be secured (ii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles to prevent their being jarred loose, under repair shall have container shut- slipping or rotating. off valves closed unless engine oper- (iv) Containers shall be located to ation is necessary for repairs. prevent damage to the container. If lo- (iii) Liquefied gas fueled vehicles cated within a compartment, that com- shall not be parked near open flames, partment shall be vented. Containers sources of ignition or unventilated near the engine or exhaust system open pits. shall be shielded against direct heat radiation. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (v) Container installation shall pro- FR 40202, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40943, June 30, vide the container with at least the ve- 2000] hicle’s road clearance under maximum § 1917.157 Battery charging and chang- spring deflection, which shall be to the ing. bottom of the container or to the lowest fitting on the container or housing, (a) Only designated persons shall whichever is lower. change or charge batteries. (vi) Valves and connections shall be (b) Battery charging and changing protected from contact damage. Per- shall be performed only in areas des- manent protection shall be provided for ignated by the employer. fittings on removable containers. (c) Smoking and other ignition (vii) Defective containers shall be re- sources are prohibited in charging moved from service. areas. (3) Fueling operations. (i) To the ex- (d) Filler caps shall be in place when tent applicable, fueling operations for batteries are being moved.

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(e) Parking brakes shall be applied or cell connectors shall be insulated or before batteries are charged or otherwise protected. changed. (l) Metallic objects shall not be (f) When a jumper battery is con- placed on uncovered batteries. nected to a battery in a vehicle, the (m) When batteries are being ground lead shall connect to ground charged, the vent caps shall be in away from the vehicle’s battery. Igni- place. tion, lights and accessories on the vehi- (n) Chargers shall be turned off when cle shall be turned off before connec- leads are being connected or discon- tions are made. nected. (g) Batteries shall be free of corro- (o) Installed batteries shall be se- sion buildup and cap vent holes shall be cured to avoid physical or electrical open. contact with compartment walls or (h) Adequate ventilation shall be pro- components. vided during charging. [48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62 (i) Facilities for flushing the eyes, FR 40202, July 25, 1997] body and work area with water shall be provided wherever electrolyte is han- § 1917.158 Prohibited operations. dled, except that this requirement does (a) Spray painting and abrasive blast- not apply when employees are only ing operations shall not be conducted checking battery electrolyte levels or in the vicinity of cargo handling oper- adding water. ations. (j) Carboy tilters or siphons shall be (b) Welding and burning operations used to handle electrolyte in large con- shall not be conducted in the vicinity tainers. of cargo handling operations unless (k) Battery handling equipment such hot work is part of the cargo oper- which could contact battery terminals ation.

APPENDIX I TO PART 1917—SPECIAL CARGO GEAR AND CONTAINER SPREADER TEST REQUIREMENTS (MANDATORY) [SEE § 1917.50(c)(5)]

Type gear Test requirement Tested by Proof test

A. All Special Cargo Handling Gear Purchased or Manufactured on or After January 21, 1998

1. Safe Working Prior to initial use ...... OSHA accredited agency only ..... Up to 20 short 125% SWL Load—greater tons. than 5 short tons (10,000 lbs./4.5 metric tons). Prior to reuse after structural From 20 to 50 5 short tons in damage repair short tons excess of SWL Every four years after initial proof OSHA accredited agency or des- Over 50 short 110% SWL load test ignated person (40)(1) 125% tons SWL

2. Safe Working Prior to initial use OSHA accredited agency or des- 125% SWL Load—5 short Prior to reuse after structural ignated person tons or less. damage repair

3. Intermodal Prior to initial use container spreaders not part of vessel’s cargo handling gear. Prior to reuse after structural OSHA accredited agency only damage repair Every four years after initial proof OSHA accredited agency or des- 125% SWL load test. ignated person.

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B. All Special Cargo Handling Gear in Use Prior to January 21, 1998

1. Any Safe Every four years starting on Jan- OSHA accredited agency or des- Up to 20 short Working Load. uary 21, 1998. ignated person. tons. Prior to initial use or prior to OSHA accredited agency From 20 to 50 5 short tons in reuse after structural damage short tons excess of repair SWL Over 50 short 110% SWL tons

2. Intermodal Every four years starting on Jan- OSHA accredited agency or des- container uary 21, 1998 ignated person spreaders not part of ship’s gear. Prior to initial use or prior to OSHA accredited agency 125% SWL reuse after structural damage repair

[65 FR 40943, June 30, 2000] 1918.43 Handling hatch beams and covers.

PART 1918—SAFETY AND HEALTH Subpart F—Vessel’s Cargo Handling Gear REGULATIONS FOR LONGSHORING 1918.51 General requirements (See also § 1918.11 and appendix III of this part). Subpart A—General Provisions 1918.52 Specific requirements. 1918.53 Cargo winches. Sec. 1918.54 Rigging gear. 1918.1 Scope and application. 1918.55 Cranes (See also § 1918.11). 1918.2 Definitions. 1918.3 Incorporation by reference Subpart G—Cargo Handling Gear and 1918.4 OMB control numbers under the Pa- Equipment Other Than Ship’s Gear perwork Reduction Act. 1918.5 Compliance duties owed to each em- 1918.61 General (See also appendix IV of this ployee. part). 1918.62 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear. Subpart B—Gear Certification 1918.63 Chutes, gravity conveyors and rollers. 1918.11 Gear certification (See also §§ 1918.2, 1918.64 Powered conveyors. definition of ‘‘Vessel’s cargo handling 1918.65 Mechanically-powered vehicles used gear’’ and 1918.51). aboard vessels. 1918.66 Cranes and derricks other than ves- Subpart C—Gangways and Other Means sel’s gear. of Access 1918.67 Notifying ship’s officers before using certain equipment. 1918.21 General requirements. 1918.68 Grounding. 1918.22 Gangways. 1918.69 Tools. 1918.23 Jacob’s ladders. 1918.70–1918.80 [Reserved] 1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders. 1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See also Subpart H—Handling Cargo § 1918.86). 1918.26 Access to barges and river towboats. 1918.81 Slinging. 1918.82 Building drafts. Subpart D—Working Surfaces 1918.83 Stowed cargo; tiering and breaking down. 1918.31 Hatch coverings. 1918.84 Bulling cargo. 1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporary landing 1918.85 Containerized cargo operations. surfaces. 1918.86 Roll-on roll-off (Ro-Ro) operations 1918.33 Deck loads. (see also § 1918.2, Ro-Ro operations, and 1918.34 Other decks. § 1918.25). 1918.35 Open hatches. 1918.87 Ship’s cargo elevators. 1918.36 Weather deck rails. 1918.88 Log operations. 1918.37 Barges. 1918.89 Handling hazardous cargo (See also § 1918.2 and § 1918.99). Subpart E—Opening and Closing Hatches Subpart I—General Working Conditions 1918.41 Coaming clearances. 1918.42 Hatch beam and pontoon bridles. 1918.90 Hazard communication.

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