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Seeking Buen Vivir : Re-Imagining Livelihoods in the Shifting Political Economic Landscape of Cangahua, Ecuador

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Seeking Buen Vivir : Re-Imagining Livelihoods in the Shifting Political Economic Landscape of Cangahua, Ecuador SEEKING BUEN VIVIR : RE-IMAGINING LIVELIHOODS IN THE SHIFTING POLITICAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE OF CANGAHUA, ECUADOR Malena V. Rousseau A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2017 Approved by: Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld Amanda Thompson Paul Leslie Jocelyn Chua Florence Babb © 2016 Malena V. Rousseau ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Malena Rousseau: Seeking Buen Vivir: Re-imagining Livelihoods in the Shifting Political Economic Landscape of Cangahua, Ecuador (Under the direction of Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld) In 2008 the constitution of Ecuador was rewritten by its new president—Rafael Correa—to make buen vivir, or good living, the framework from which the government operated. The new constitution resulted in a national plan for good living/living well, El Plan Nacional de Buen Vivir, based on the Andean indigenous cosmovision of sumak kawsay, or living well. This plan is an ambitious attempt to improve quality of life in the nation by improving the accessibility and breadth of government-sponsored social programs dedicated to improving the livelihoods of Ecuador’s marginalized populations. At the same time, the structure and culture of historically marginalized communities in Ecuador are rapidly changing as their local economies increasingly engage with the global marketplace. My dissertation research examines how residents of Cangahua, a rural impoverished parish located an hour north of Quito, pursue lives of buen vivir while maintaining a resilient local culture despite limited prospects for economic prosperity and increased immersion in the global economy. I use a combination of interviews with parish residents and stakeholders, a household survey of 126 heads of household, and participant observation to examine how buen vivir programs and ideology promote wellbeing in the everyday lives of Cangahua residents. Despite challenges to living well, Cangahua residents have developed and maintained several avenues of collective resilience to create wellbeing and protect themselves from the uncertainties of the shifting environment. This research contributes to buen vivir literature by investigating the on-the-ground effects of buen vivir policy. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Words cannot express how thankful I am for the many people who helped me reach my goal of obtaining a Ph.D. I am especially thankful to my dissertation advisor and committee chair, Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld. From his suggestion that I look into the flower- growing industry in the Cayambe area for my dissertation research to introducing me to other scholars who work in the area to getting me through the entirety of the dissertation writing process, his advice and support have been invaluable. Rudi showed me that I was a worthy scholar who deserved to make it to this point. I truly could not have finished my dissertation without his guidance, encouragement, and patience. I am also grateful to my committee members, who gave me the valuable advice and insight needed to improve my research and writing. I especially want to acknowledge Paul Leslie and Amanda Thompson, who were on board with my nonlinear trajectory from the beginning of my doctoral studies. I would also like to thank Jocelyn Chua and Florence Babb, who were newcomers to my committee but were very instrumental in helping me complete this dissertation manuscript. Further, I would like to acknowledge the faculty members who helped me along the way. In particular, I would not be a doctoral student without Dale Hutchinson. Dale took a chance on me and accepted me into the anthropology Ph.D. program. Although I ultimately moved away from my initial pursuit of bioarchaeology, I am always grateful to Dale for giving me a chance at UNC. Also, although the partnership did not work out, I am thankful to Mark Sorensen for serving as an advisor and mentor during my early years of the program. Also, I would like to acknowledge other UNC faculty members who have been mentors and informal advisors along the way, especially Donald Nonini, Dottie Holland, Arturo Escobar, Suzanne Maman, and Gail Henderson. iv Of course, this dissertation would not have been possible without the people of Cangahua and Cayambe, Ecuador. I cannot express how much I appreciate the people of Cangahua, who welcomed me into their community and allowed me to take a peek into their lives. I am especially grateful to my informants, who trusted me to present their thoughts and aspirations to a broader audience. I am forever indebted to the family of Alejandro Toapanta, who gave me food, lodging, entertainment, support, and accepted me as a member of their family and community. Words cannot express how thankful I am to have met this family and how proud I am to be an honorary member of their household. I am particularly thankful for Jorge Toapanta, my fieldwork assistant who served as a male companion and cultural interpreter during trips throughout the Cangahua countryside. As a younger woman of color from the United States, he provided me with security, support, and validity I required while traversing the most culturally traditional areas of Cangahua. Jorge endured several ordeals for helping me including a dog bite, being accused of espionage on behalf of the Americans, and ripping a new pair of jeans beyond repair as we traveled around the parish. Similarly, I am thankful for the help and support of Blanca Acero, who helped me navigate the “down mountain” communities of Cangahua. Further, I am grateful to the families of the barrio central who embraced me as their “veci” ( vecina ) and helped make my time in the parish a home away from home. Finally, without the support of the two presidents of the Junta Parroquial of Cangahua during my various fieldwork visits—Manuel Maria Ulcuango Farinango and José Bayardo Lanchimba Farinango—this project would not have been possible. I also would like to acknowledge Dr. Schuberth Moreira, the director of the Cangahua Subcentro, for his insights into healthcare and health practices in Cangahua. I would also like to thank my stateside family, friends, and colleagues who provided levity, support, and encouragement throughout graduate school. My wife, Laurie, showed me the true meaning of love as she travelled with me through the ups and downs of working v towards a Ph.D. I am deeply indebted to her for the contributions and sacrifices she made to ensure that I made it to the finish line. I could not have done this without her. I would like to acknowledge our kids—our daughter Maelle, who was born shortly after my last fieldwork trip, and our niece, Miracle, who came to live with us while I was in the middle of dissertation writing. I hope that they will follow our example and become determined, empowered women who live out their dreams. Also, I must express gratitude for my cohort in the doctoral program. I could not have asked for a better group of friends and colleagues, especially during the first year core classes. There are too many others to name individually but I am equally grateful for having them in my life over the years. Finally, this dissertation is for my parents—June and Alan—who loved, supported, and encouraged me from day one and for my sister, Maria, who suffered a debilitating stroke after being diagnosed with aplastic anemia just before I left for my last fieldwork visit to Cangahua. A series of health crises in my immediate family during the final stages of my dissertation put my research, and life in general, into chaos but also gave me a new sense of determination and purpose. I wholly believe that I became a better person and a better medical anthropologist as I helped my family navigate the healthcare system at some of the lowest points in our lives. Despite living in the richer country with a “better” healthcare system, the parallels between the classism, racism, and lack of access faced by my parents and sister and those faced by my informants in Cangahua were startlingly similar. This realization allowed me to put my research experiences and critical analyses into a perspective that would not have been apparent to me otherwise. Health and access to quality healthcare is a human right regardless of citizenship or residence. May the United States and Ecuador rapidly move towards ensuring the rights to health and healthcare for all! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 Cangahua Parish.............................................................................................................4 Research Aims and Methods........................................................................................13 Map of Manuscript.......................................................................................................22 CHAPTER 2: THE HACIENDA, LAND REFORM, AND NEOLIBERAL LANDSCAPES: 20th CENTURY GEOGRAPHIES OF LIVELIHOODS IN CANGAHUA......................................................................................................................24 Hacienda Guachalá and Agrarian Reform in Cangahua...............................................27
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